Theology and Form
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
NICHOLAS DENYSENKO THEOLOGY AND FORM CONTEMPORARY ORTHODOX ARCHITECTURE IN AMERICA UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS NOTRE DAME, INDIANA University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 undpress.nd.edu Copyright © 2017 by the University of Notre Dame All Rights Reserved Published in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Denysenko, Nicholas E., author. Title: Theology and form : contemporary Orthodox architecture in America / Nicholas Denysenko. Description: Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016053422 (print) | LCCN 2017000898 (ebook) | ISBN 9780268100124 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 0268100128 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780268100148 (pdf) | ISBN 9780268100155 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Orthodox Eastern church buildings — United States — History — 20th century. | Architecture and society — United States — History — 20th century. | Church architecture — United States — History — 20th century. | Liturgy and architecture — United States — History — 20th century. Classification: LCC NA5212 .D46 2017 (print) | LCC NA5212 (ebook) | DDC 246/.950973 — dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053422 ∞This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). To Greg Denysenko My big brother who understands my sense of awe and wonder LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 2.1 Architectural Plan of St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church 52 Table C.1 Immigrant, Liturgical Renewal, and American Church Models 226 FIGURES Figure 2.1 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, exterior (cour- tesy of Maya Gregoret) 53 Figure 2.2 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, site plan (cour- tesy of Oleh Gregoret) 53 Figure 2.3 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, interior (cour- tesy of Maya Gregoret) 54 Figure 2.4 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, parish hall (courtesy of Maya Gregoret) 56 Figure 2.5 Icon of Kyiv Sophia (photo by author) 61 Figure 2.6 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, sanctuary, icons (photo by author) 62 ix x List of Tables and Figures Figure 2.7 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, museum, ban- dura (photo by author) 67 Figure 2.8 St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, museum, De- mocracy, oil painting by Orysia Sinitowich-Gorsky (photo by au- t8hor) 6 Figure 3.1 St. Matthew Orthodox Church, exterior (photo by au- t6hor) 7 Figure 3.2 St. Matthew Orthodox Church, narthex (photo by au- t7hor) 7 Figure 3.3 St. Matthew Orthodox Church, dome (photo by author) 79 Figure 3.4 St. Matthew Orthodox Church, iconostasis (photo by au- t1hor) 8 Figure 3.5 St. Matthew Orthodox Church, Theophany icon, painted by Wayne Hajos (photo courtesy of John Hudak) 82 Figure 3.6 Icon of Platytera and Mystical Supper (photo by author) 83 Figure 3.7 St. Matthew House (photo by author) 94 Figure 4.1 Holy Virgin Cathedral, exterior (photo by author) 101 Figure 4.2 Holy Virgin Cathedral, interior (photo courtesy of Helen Sinelnikoff-Nowak) 103 Figure 4.3 Shrine of St. John Maximovich (photo courtesy of Helen Sinelnikoff-Nowak) 104 Figure 4.4 Icon of the Ancient of Days, painted by Archimandrite Kyprian Pyzhov (photo courtesy of Helen Sinelnikoff-Nowak) 106 Figure 4.5 Icon of the Mystical Supper (photo courtesy of Helen Sinelnikoff-Nowak) 106 Figure 4.6 Icon of St. John Maximovich (photo courtesy of Helen Sinelnikoff-Nowak) 124 Figure 5.1 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, exterior (photo by author) 144 List of Tables and Figures xi Figure 5.2 Greek Orthodox Manor (photo by author) 144 Figure 5.3 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, fountain (photo by author) 145 Figure 5.4 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, lightree (photo by author) 146 Figure 5.5 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, narthex (photo by author) 147 Figure 5.6 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, sanctuary (photo by author) 148 Figure 5.7 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, interior (photo by author) 149 Figure 5.8 Platytera Theotokos icon (photo by author) 150 Figure 5.9 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, bishop’s cathedra (photo by author) 151 Figure 5.10 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, chapel in base- ment (photo by author) 152 Figure 5.11 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, gallery (photo by author) 158 Figure 6.1 Three Hierarchs Chapel (photo by author) 169 Figure 6.2 Three Hierarchs Chapel, original iconostasis (photo cour- tesy of Georges Florovsky Library at St. Vladimir’s Seminary) 172 Figure 6.3 Three Hierarchs Chapel, diakonikon (skeuophylakion) (photo by author) 173 Figure 6.4 Three Hierarchs Chapel, Pantocrator in the dome (photo by author) 175 Figure 6.5 Holy Transfiguration Church, New Skete Monastery (photo by author) 184 Figure 6.6 Church of the Holy Wisdom, New Skete Monastery (photo by author) 185 xii List of Tables and Figures Figure 6.7 Church of the Holy Wisdom, New Skete Monastery, nave (photo by author) 188 Figure 6.8 Church of the Holy Wisdom, New Skete Monastery, sanc- tuary templon (photo by author) 189 Figure 6.9 Church of the Holy Wisdom, New Skete Monastery, nave, frescoes of Father Alexander Men, Archbishop Michael Ramsey, Patri- arch Athenagoras, and Pope Paul VI (without halos), painted by Dea- con Iakov Ferencz (photo by author) 190 Figure 6.10 Church of the Holy Wisdom, New Skete Monastery, nave, frescoes of Mother Maria Skobtsova, Dorothy Day, Father Lev Gillet, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, and Father Alexander Schmemann (with- out halos), painted by Deacon Iakov Ferencz (photo by author) 191 Figure 7.1 Joy of All Who Sorrow Orthodox Church (JOY) mission (photo by author) 211 Figure 7.2 Joy of All Who Sorrow Orthodox Church (JOY) mission, iconostasis (photo by author) 212 Figure 7.3 Joy of All Who Sorrow Orthodox Church (JOY) mission, relics (photo by author) 214 Figure 7.4 Joy of All Who Sorrow Orthodox Church (JOY) mission, Pantocrator (photo by author) 214 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project began in 2011 and I am grateful for the feedback I re- ceived from participants at the Eastern Orthodox Studies and Space, Place, and Religious Meaning groups of the American Academy of Re- ligion, the Environment and Art seminar of the North American Academy of Religion, and colleagues at Loyola Marymount University. Special thanks to the following friends and colleagues who have vetted chapter drafts and offered valuable feedback throughout the writing and editing process: Jeanne Kilde, Richard Vosko, Adam DeVille, David Fagerberg, Dorian Llywelyn, SJ, Father Oliver Herbel, Deacon Andrei Psarev, Sister Vassa Larin, Father Michael Plekon, and Kevin Seasoltz, OSB, of blessed memory. I am particularly grateful to Gil Klein, my colleague in Theological Studies at Loyola Marymount Uni- versity, who engaged me in several conversations and offered feedback and encouragement as I wrestled with the project. The book would have been impossible without the enthusiastic cooperation of numer- ous representatives of the parishes and communities I profiled in this study. Warm and hearty thanks to Maya Gregoret and Wanda Bah- met of St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church, along with Oleh Gregoret of blessed memory; Wayne Hajos, Susan Petry, Anastasia Bo- richevsky, and Father Constantine White at St. Matthew Orthodox Church, along with Charles Alexander at Broken Boxes; Father Peter Perekrestov, Vladimir Krassovsky, and Helen Sinelnikoff-Nowak of Holy Virgin Cathedral; Father Angelo Artemis of Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church; Paul Meyendorff, Father Alexander Rentel, Father John Erickson (emeritus), and Matthew Garklavs of St. Vladimir’s Seminary, along with Father Alexis Vinogradov of St. Gregory the Theologian Orthodox Church in Wappingers Falls, New York; the xiii xiv Acknowledgments monks and nuns of New Skete Monastery, who graciously hosted me for a four-hour discussion on various topics after Vespers on June 14, 2014, especially Brother Stavros Winner; and Father John Tomasi of Joy of All Who Sorrow Orthodox Church (JOY) mission in Culver City. Everyone mentioned here represents a living Orthodox commu- nity in America, and I am immensely grateful for the hospitality with which I have been received during every visit and interview. As always, special thanks to Tresja and Sophia for enduring the hundreds of long hours I devoted to this project. INTRODUCTION Most books about architecture are written by architectural historians or practicing architects. In this book, the reader will encounter refer ences to architectural history, including classical works by Cyril Mango and Thomas Mathews, along with new scholarship by Vasileios Ma rinis and Nicholas Patricios.1 The reader should note that this book will not be following the pattern established by these luminaries, as I am neither an architect nor an architectural historian. Because I am a stu dent and scholar of liturgical studies and sacramental theology with a passion for ecclesiology, the objectives of my book do not follow the traditional patterns of architectural history. I begin with a few experiences that motivated and inspired this study. As a child and teenager, I attended Saints Volodymyr and Ol’ha Orthodox parish in St. Paul, Minnesota, where my grandfather was the pastor. Composed largely of post–World War II immigrants from Ukraine, the parish could not afford a new structure and gathered in a historic building that had functioned as a theater and church over the course of its long history. The worship space in the building was vast and had an impressive acoustical delay, which embellished the strong immigrant voices that sang the responses to the liturgy. Saints Volo dymyr and Ol’ha was one of three Ukrainian Orthodox parishes in the larger Twin Cities area, and the three parishes began the process of 1 2 THEOLOGY AND FORM negotiating a union to strengthen the community and stem the immi nent attrition threatening its continuing existence. The union negoti ations failed, but the parish surged forward and decided to build a new structure in Arden Hills, Minnesota, renamed St. Katherine Ukrainian Orthodox Church.