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Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Yakima Project, Washington

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Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Yakima Project, Washington Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Yakima Project, Washington Technical Series No. PN-YDFP-002 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Northwest Region Boise, Idaho January 2005 U.S. Department of the Interior Mission Statement The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mission Statement The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. This document should be cited as follows: Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds, Storage Dam Fish Passage Study, Yakima Project, Washington, Technical Series No. PN-YDFP-002, Bureau of Reclamation, Boise, Idaho, January 2005. Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Yakima Project, Washington Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds Prepared by: S. Mark Nelson Ecological Research and Investigations Group Technical Service Center Bureau of Reclamation Denver Colorado 80225 Bureau of Reclamation Technical Series No. PN-YDFP-002 January 2005 Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1 Methods..................................................................................................................................... 2 Sampling of biological, chemical, and physical parameters.................................. 2 Data analysis........................................................................................................................ 3 Results....................................................................................................................................... 4 Environmental parameters............................................................................................... 4 Benthic invertebrate distributions and relationship with environmental parameters............................................................................................................................ 5 Standing crop/ drift biomass............................................................................................ 6 Organic matter..................................................................................................................... 6 Discussion ................................................................................................................................7 Benthos distribution ........................................................................................................... 7 Organic matter..................................................................................................................... 7 Linkages with fish ............................................................................................................... 8 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ 9 Literature................................................................................................................................. 10 Tables Table 1 - Environmental variables at sampling sites ................................15 Table 2 - Aquatic macroinvertebrate biomass ..........................................17 Figures Figure 1 - Macroinvertebrate food resources.............................................18 Figure 2 - Environmental variables–substrate ...........................................19 Figure 3 - Environmental variables–velocity and width..............................20 Figure 4 - Environmental variables–depth and temperature......................21 Figure 5 - Biplot of macroninvertebrate sampling sites and.......................22 associated environmental variables Figure 6 - Biplot of taxa and associated environmental variables..............23 Figure 7 - Functional feeding groups associated with pool habitats ..........24 Figure 8 - Functional feeding groups associated with lotic habitats...........25 Figure 9 - Correlation of invertebrate mass with coarse-particulate- .........26 organic matter and boulders Figure 10 - Macroinvertebrate biomass at Bumping, Cle Elum, ..................27 and pool sites Figure 11 - Abundance of juvenile salmonid food items found at ................28 Bumping, Cle Elum, and pool sites Appendix A .................................................................................... 29 i Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds Introduction Anadromous salmonids are being considered for reintroduction above Cle Elum and Bumping reservoirs in the Yakima Basin in Washington State. Fish passage at the dams is proposed to develop self-sustaining populations of anadromous salmonids, and permanent passage features will be designed after interim passage facilities are evaluated. The abundance and types of aquatic macroinvertebrates associated with these watersheds will have some bearing on the capability of anadromous salmonids to develop self- sustaining populations above the dams. Macroinvertebrate data will provide information on habitat qualities and information on the potential for survival and growth of juvenile anadromous salmonids. Resource availability and basic productivity of rivers and streams have been recognized as major controlling factors in regulating fish populations (McFadden and Cooper, 1962). In large part, food resources for juvenile salmonids in lotic systems consist of benthos and invertebrates in the drift. Drift can be composed of benthic invertebrates that are moving, emerging invertebrates, and terrestrial invertebrates; but is often positively related to the amount of benthos present on the stream bottom (e.g., Perrin and Richardson, 1997; Siler et al., 2001). A variety of invertebrates are important as food items for fishes, and changes in invertebrate communities may result in changes in condition of fish communities (e.g., Ellis and Gowing, 1957; Waters, 1982; Bowlby and Roff, 1986; Wilzbach et al., 1986). Binns and Eiserman (1979) considered benthic macroinvertebrates as a limiting factor for salmonid standing crop in some streams in Wyoming. Juvenile salmon may be sensitive to many of the same parameters that have negative impacts on aquatic invertebrates. Conditions that limit stream invertebrate populations may affect fish populations as well (Cada et al., 1987; Deegan and Peterson, 1992; Plotnikoff and Polayes, 1999; Boss and Richardson, 2002). Growth rates of salmonids are often linked to food availability (Ensign et al., 1990) and increased food may lead to increased growth rates and ultimately higher survival. Juvenile salmon are both gape-limited predators and subject to gape-limited predation, therefore faster growth can improve their ability as predators and decrease their vulnerability to predation (e.g., Sommer et al., 2001). Higher densities of juvenile salmon (i.e., smaller territory size) have been found with increased food abundance (Dill et al., 1981). Differences in the ability of streams to produce salmonids are often related to food availability rather than physical habitat (Bisson and Bilby, 1998). Observational scales are critical in determining characteristics important in salmonid production, and overall maximum production may be related to geology and associated water quality, while other physical factors control fish carrying capacity on a local scale (e.g., Kwak and Waters, 1997). Information on stream invertebrate characteristics may be critical in supporting salmonid reintroduction into watersheds above Reclamation reservoirs. This paper documents macroinvertebrate assemblages (including functional-feeding groups) and biomass associated with tributaries flowing into Cle Elum and Bumping reservoirs. Environmental parameters that may control macroinvertebrate assemblages were also measured and analyzed as part of this study. Because of the importance of organic matter 1 Storage Dam Fish Passage Study Stream Macroinvertebrate Surveys in the Cle Elum and Bumping River Watersheds as a resource (e.g., Vannote et al., 1980) for macroinvertebrate production (Richardson, 1993) and food web support, the amount of organic matter in the system was also quantified. Methods Sampling of biological, chemical, and physical parameters Sampling at 21 sites took place in September of 2003 and 2004 and March/April of 2004. Sampling occurred above the Cle Elum and Bumping reservoirs in the Cle Elum and Bumping watersheds within the Cascades ecoregion (e.g., Cuffney et al., 1997). Sampling focused on riffle/run types of lotic habitat; however, a small number of in- stream pools were also sampled. A 3-minute kick method with a D-frame net (700-800 μm mesh) was used for sampling benthic invertebrates along a ca. 25-m wadeable portion of the streams. Kick-net sampling is useful when a variety of habitat types are present that preclude sampling with more quantitative gear.
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