DOCSLIB.ORG

1877 Beberapa Catatan Tentang Bulu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1877 Beberapa Catatan Tentang Bulu sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Oseana, Volume XX, Nomor 4, 1995 : 35 – 41 ISSN 0216 – 1877 BEBERAPA CATATAN TENTANG BULU BABI MARGA DIADEMA oleh Herri Sugiarto dan Supardi *) ABSTRACT SOME NOTES ON DIADEMATID SEA URCHINS Diadematid sea urchins of the tropical Indo-west Pacific and Atlantic lives among corals, rocks, sand flats, and can be found on seagrass beds. Its depth distribution extends from low tide to about 30 meter depth. In the Indo–west Pacific Diadema spp. are generally more tightly concentrated into a band of 0–4 m depth on reef margins, moving into the intertidal only at high tide. Diadematids are generally associated with cavities, crevices, or overhangs for shelter from predation, although Diadema spp. can be found in aggregations on sand flats and seagrass beds away from shelter. Diadematids are typically more abundant in sheltered backreef habitats than in areas directly exposed to wave impact. Several, aspects of its biology like systematic, morphology, distribution, habitat, reproduction, predator, resource and feeding mechanism, are discussed. PENDAHULUAN Diadema setosum, Diadema savignyi dan Diadema mexicanum. Biota ini hidup tersebar Bulu babi merupakan biota laut pada kedalaman antara 0 – 30 meter. Di penghuni ekosistem terumbu karang dan ekosistem terumbu karang, bulu babi marga padang lamun yang sangat umum dijumpai di Diadema dapat menempati zona rataan pasir, perairan dangkal. Biota ini tersebar luas zona pertumbuhan algae, zona lamun dan mengikuti penyebaran terumbu karang. daerah tubir. Bentuk umum dari bulu babi marga Makanan dari bulu babi marga Diadema sebagaimana kelompok regularia Diadema adalah berupa daun lamun, algae lainnya adalah seperti bola tertekan yang dan dianggap sebagai biota herbivora. Tetapi membulat-oval. Berbeda dari kelompok sesuai dengan tempat hidupnya biota ini bisa bintang laut dan bintang mengular, pada biota beradaptasi sesuai dengan lingkungannya. ini tangan teredukasi sama sekali tetapi tetap Dalam hal ini macam pakan bervariasi dari memperlihatkan pola simetris pentaradial. nabati sampai hewani, seperti krustasea, fora- Bulu babi marga Diadema terdiri dari minifera, polip karang dan algae benang empat jenis yaitu Diadema antillarum, (BIRKELAND 1989). 35 Oseana, Volume XX No. 4, 1995 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Secara ekonomis bulu babi marga Bangsa : DIADEMATOIDA Diadema tidaklah mempunyai nilai yang S u k u : DIADEMATIDAE berarti. Di Pulau-pulau Seribu dan di beberapa Marga : DIADEMA tempat di Maluku, bulu babi marga Diadema Suku Diadematidae mempunyai sekitar dimakan sebagai makanan tambahan. Secara 6 marga yaitu marga Astropyga, ekologis bulu babi marga Diadema ikut andil Centrostephanus, Chaetodiadema, Diadema, dalam proses bioerosi, disamping itu juga Echinothrix dan Lissodiadema. Marga ikut mempengaruhi populasi dan biomasa Diadema merupakan marga yang relatif kecil dari kelompok algae dan lamun yaitu dengan 4 jenis. Keempat jenis dari (BIRKELAND 1989). marga Diadema hidup di perairan tropis dan Dalam tulisan ini secara umum akan subtropis, yaitu : diuraikan mengenai sistematika, ekologi, daur 1. Diadema antillarum, hidup di hidup, pakan dan cara makan, serta asosiasi Karibia dan predator dari biota ini. 2. Diadema mexicanum, hidup di pantai barat Amerika KLASIFIKASI DAN MORFOLOGI 3. Diadema setosum 4. Diadema savignyi Klasifikasi Kedua jenis Diadema yang disebutkan Bulu babi marga Diadema termasuk belakangan hidup menyebar di kawasan Indo kedalam filum Echinodermata. Nama echino Pasifik Barat. berarti duri dan dermata/dermis berarti lapisan kulit. Jadi nama Echinodermata kurang lebih Morfologi berarti binatang yang mempunyai kulit berduri. Bulu babi marga Diadema termasuk Bulu babi termasuk kedalam kelas Echinoidea. kedalam kelompok bulu babi yang mempunyai Kelas Echinoidea ini mempunyai dua anak cangkang beraturan (regularia). Bentuk luar kelas yaitu anak kelas Perischoechinoidea cangkang berupa buah delima atau dengan dan anak kelas Euechinoidea. bentuk lebih tertekan/memipih memberikan Anak kelas Euechinoidea ini mem- kesan setengah bola. Sebagaimana bentuk punyai empat induk bangsa (super ordo) yaitu umum bulu babi regularia, cangkang Diadema induk bangsa Diadematacea, Echinacea, tersusun dari ratusan keping-keping kecil Guathostomata dan Atelostomata (ARNOLD yang terpolakan dengan arsitektur yang unik & BIRTLES 1989). Bulu babi marga Diadema (Gambar 1). termasuk kedalam induk bangsa Berbeda dengan kelas Asteroidea dan Diadematacea. Ophiuroidea, pada bulu babi tangan yang Urutan sistematik menurut CLARK & berpola pentaradial absen sama sekali. Tetapi COURTMAN–STOCK (dalam ARNOLD & lempengan-lempengan kapur tetap tersusun BIRTLES 1989), adalah sebagai berikut : dengan pola pentaradial simetri. Lima pasang Filum : ECHINODERMATA jalur keping ambulakral tersusun bergantian Kelas : ECHINOIDEA dengan lima pasang jalur keping Anak kelas : EUECHINOIDEA interambulakral. Induk bangsa : DIADEMATACEA 36 Oseana, Volume XX No. 4, 1995 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Keping-keping ambulakral berukuran keping genital. Pada keping genital terdapat lebih kecil dan mempunyai lubang-lubang gonopore yang berhubungan ke sistem untuk keluar masuknya kaki tabung. Sedang reproduksi. Lima keping okular berukuran keping interambulakral berukuran lebih besar relatif lebih kecil. Pada salah satu keping dan melebar. Duri-duri utama (primary spines) genital, biasanya yang berukuran paling besar terletak pada keping interambulakral. terdapat keping batu ajau "medreporite" disini Sedangkan duri-duri kecil (secondary spines) tempat bermuaranya sistem pembuluh air. tersebar di semua keping (ambulakral dan Sistem peristomial dikelilingi oleh interambulakral). sederetan keping-keping berukuran kecil. Pada bagian tengah dari sisi aboral Bagian tengah dibangun oleh semacam selaput terdapat kelompok keping "periproct" atau kulit tempat menempelnya organ lentera sistem apikal dan pada bagian tengah dari sisi Aristoteles. Organ lentera Aristoteles berfungsi oral terdapat kelompok keping peristomial. sebagai rahang dan gigi. Keping-keping ambulakral dan interambu- Posisi anus, ukuran keping genital, lakral berada antara sistem apikal dan sistem sebaran duri-duri primer, bentuk lentera peristomial. Aristoteles, ada atau tidaknya lubang antara Sistem apikal, pada bagian tengah keping interambulakral adalah merupakan terdapat lubang anus yang dikelilingi oleh karakter morfologis yang penting untuk keping-keping "periproct" dibatasi oleh 10 indikasi ke tingkat marga dan jenis. Bulu babi keping yang tersusun bergantian. Lima keping marga Diadema dewasa bisa mencapai ukuran utama yang berukuran lebih besar disebut cangkang 90 mm. 37 Oseana, Volume XX No. 4, 1995 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Bulu babi jenis Diodema setosum bisa tersebar luas di daerah Karibia. Sedangkan dibedakan dari jenis Diadema savignyi dari bulu babi jenis Diadema setosum dan Diadema hadir dan absennya bintik putih sekitar sistem savignyi tersebar luas di kawasan Indo Pasifik apikal dan terdapatnya cincin merah bata di Barat, yaitu dari pantai timur benua Afrika pangkal kerucut anus. Kedua tanda tersebut sampai ke Hawaii dan dari daerah Jepang didapatkan pada Diadema setosum dan absen Selatan sampai ke Karang Penghalang Besar pada Diadema savignyi. (Great Barrier Reef) di Australia. Di daerah Karibia, bulu babi jenis HABITAT DAN SEBARAN Diadema antillarum tidak dimanfaatkan sebagai produk perikanan. Sedangkan Habitat dikawasan Indo Pasifik Barat bulu babi jenis Bulu babi marga Diadema mempunyai Diadema setosum dimakan oleh nelayan lokal tempat hidup dan sebaran menurutkan pola terutama di Filipina dan Indonesia (AZIZ sebaran terumbu karang. Selain itu bulu babi 1993). ini juga tersebar di pantai berbatu dan di Suatu misteri belum terungkapkan yaitu padang lamun. bulu babi jenis Diadema antillarum yang Di daerah ekosistem terumbu karang, hidup di Karibia pada tahun 1983 dan 1991 bulu babi marga Diadema bisa menempati mengalami kematian massal. Penyebab rataan pasir, daerah pertumbuhan algae dan kematian massal ini belum sepenuhnya daerah tubir karang. Di zona rataan pasir dan terungkapkan, tetapi diduga disebabkan oleh daerah pertumbuhan algae, bulu babi ini sejenis mikroba laut (AZIZ 1995). hidup mengelompok dalam kelompok besar. DARSONO & AZIZ (1979), melaporkan MAKANAN DAN CARA MAKAN bahwa bulu babi jenis Diadema setosum di Pulau Tikus, gugus Pulau Pari bisa Bulu babi marga Diadema sebagaimana mengelompok sampai 3.000 individu meliputi kelompok regularia pada umumnya adalah area seluas 7.850 m2. Sedangkan di daerah pemakan tumbuhan atau herbivora. tubir karang bulu babi ini hidup dalam Makanannya bisa berupa daun lamun dan kelompok kecil atau hidup menyendiri dalam algae. Tetapi berdasarkan analisis isi lambung lubang karang mati. dan percobaan akuarium ternyata bahwa bulu Kehidupan mengelompok adalah babi marga Diadema cenderung sebagai merupakan adaptasi khusus untuk melindungi pemakan segala atau omnivora (LAWRENCE diri dari serangan ikan predator dan juga 1975, AZIZ 1978). mempermudah pertemuan sel telur dan sperma Bulu babi marga Diadema sebagaimana di saat musim memijah (PEARCE & ARCH bulu babi kelompok regularia lainnya 1969) menggunakan organ lentera Aristoteles secara aktif untuk memotong dan mengunyah Sebaran makanannya. Selanjutnya LAWRENCE Bulu babi marga Diadema tersebar (1975) melaporkan bahwa bulu babi jenis luas di sepanjang pantai bersuhu panas (tropis Diadema antillarum dan Diadema setosum dan subtropis). Penyebarannya terutama mengkonsumsi lamun, algae coklat, krustaea, bersamaan dengan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asociación a Sustratos De Los Erizos Regulares (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) En La Laguna Arrecifal De Isla Verde, Veracruz, México
    Asociación a sustratos de los erizos regulares (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) en la laguna arrecifal de Isla Verde, Veracruz, México E.V. Celaya-Hernández, F.A. Solís-Marín, A. Laguarda-Figueras., A. de la L. Durán-González & T. Ruiz Rodríguez Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Post. 70-305, México D.F. 04510, México; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Recibido 15-VIII-2007. Corregido 06-V-2008. Aceptado 17-IX-2008. Abstract: Regular sea urchins substrate association (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on Isla Verde lagoon reef, Veracruz, Mexico. The diversity, abundance, distribution and substrate association of the regular sea urchins found at the South part of Isla Verde lagoon reef, Veracruz, Mexico is presented. Four field sampling trips where made between October, 2000 and October, 2002. One sampling quadrant (23 716 m2) the more representative, where selected in the southwest zone of the lagoon reef, but other sampling sites where choose in order to cover the south part of the reef lagoon. The species found were: Eucidaris tribuloides tribuloides, Diadema antillarum, Centrostephanus longispinus rubicingulus, Echinometra lucunter lucunter, Echinometra viridis, Lytechinus variegatus and Tripneustes ventricosus. The relation analysis between the density of the echi- noids species found in the study area and the type of substrate was made using the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The substrates types considerate in the analysis where: coral-rocks, rocks, rocks-sand, and sand and Thalassia testudinum.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 372:265–276 (2008)
    The following appendix accompanies the article Foraging ecology of loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in the central Mediterranean Sea: evidence for a relaxed life history model Paolo Casale1,*, Graziana Abbate1, Daniela Freggi2, Nicoletta Conte1, Marco Oliverio1, Roberto Argano1 1Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome 1 ‘La Sapienza’, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy 2Sea Turtle Rescue Centre WWF Italy, Contrada Grecale, 92010 Lampedusa, Italy *Email: [email protected] Marine Ecology Progress Series 372:265–276 (2008) Appendix 1. Caretta caretta. Taxa identified in gut and fecal samples of 79 loggerhead turtles. Habitat: pelagic (P) or benthic (B). Catch mode: T: Trawl; L: Longline; O: Other (see ‘Materials and meth- ods’ in the main text). N: number of turtles in which the taxon was found. *New record in loggerhead prey species. Notes: (a) size range of the sponge; (b) diameter of the polyp; (c) mean adult size; (d) adult size range; (e) adult size range (tube length); (f) colony size range; (g) adult size range (spines excluded); (h) egg case size range; (i) frond length range; (j) leaf length range; na: not applicable. Phylum, Kingdom, (Subclass) (Suborder) Species Habitat Catch N Frequency Common name Size (cm) Class Order Family mode of prey (notes) (%) ANIMALIA Porifera B O 1 1.3 Sponges na Demospongiae Hadromerida Chondrosiidae Chondrosia reniformis B T 7 8.9 Kidney sponge na Demospongiae Hadromerida Suberitidae Suberites domuncula* B T, O 9 11.4 Hermit crab sponge 5–20 (a) Demospongiae Halichondrida Axinellidae Axinella sp. B L, T 2 2.5 Sponges na Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia officinalis* B L 1 1.3 Bath sponge 10–40 (a) Cnidaria Anthozoa Madreporaria Dendrophyllidae Astroides calycularis* B T 1 1.3 Orange coral 1–2 (b) Anthozoa Madreporaria Favidae Cladocora cespitosa B T 1 1.3 Stony coral 0.5–1 (b) Anthozoa Actinaria Hormathiidae Calliactis parasitica* B T 2 2.5 Hermit crab anemone 2–5 (b) Anthozoa Actinaria Actiniidae Anemonia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Density, Spatial Distribution and Mortality Rate of the Sea Urchin Diadema Mexicanum (Diadematoida: Diadematidae) at Two Reefs of Bahías De Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico
    Density, spatial distribution and mortality rate of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum (Diadematoida: Diadematidae) at two reefs of Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico Julia Patricia Díaz-Martínez1, Francisco Benítez-Villalobos2 & Antonio López-Serrano2 1. División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Campus Puerto Ángel, Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México.C.P. 70902; [email protected] 2. Instituto de Recursos, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Campus Puerto Ángel, Distrito de San Pedro Pochutla, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México.C.P. 70902; [email protected], [email protected] Received 09-VI-2014. Corrected 14-X-2014. Accepted 17-XII-2014. Abstract: Diadema mexicanum, a conspicuous inhabitant along the Mexican Pacific coast, is a key species for the dynamics of coral reefs; nevertheless, studies on population dynamics for this species are scarce. Monthly sampling was carried out between April 2008 and March 2009 at Isla Montosa and La Entrega, Oaxaca, Mexico using belt transects. Population density was estimated as well as abundance using Zippin’s model. The relation- ship of density with sea-bottom temperature, salinity, pH, and pluvial precipitation was analyzed using a step by step multiple regression analysis. Spatial distribution was analyzed using Morisita’s, Poisson and negative binomial models. Natural mortality rate was calculated using modified Berry’s model. Mean density was 3.4 ± 0.66 ind·m-2 in La Entrega and 1.2 ± 0.4 ind·m-2 in Isla Montosa. Abundance of D. mexicanum in La Entrega was 12166 ± 25 individuals and 2675 ± 33 individuals in Isla Montosa. In Isla Montosa there was a positive relationship of density with salinity and negative with sea-bottom temperature, whereas in La Entrega there was not a significant relationship of density with any recorded environmental variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Larval Development of the Tropical Deep-Sea Echinoid Aspidodiademajacobyi: Phylogenetic Implications
    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©2000 Marine Biological Laboratory. The final published version of this manuscript is available at http://www.biolbull.org/. This article may be cited as: Young, C. M., & George, S. B. (2000). Larval development of the tropical deep‐sea echinoid Aspidodiadema jacobyi: phylogenetic implications. The Biological Bulletin, 198(3), 387‐395. Reference: Biol. Bull. 198: 387-395. (June 2000) Larval Development of the Tropical Deep-Sea Echinoid Aspidodiademajacobyi: Phylogenetic Implications CRAIG M. YOUNG* AND SOPHIE B. GEORGEt Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 U.S. Hwy. 1 N., Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946 Abstract. The complete larval development of an echi- Introduction noid in the family Aspidodiadematidaeis described for the first time from in vitro cultures of Aspidodiademajacobyi, Larval developmental mode has been inferredfrom egg a bathyal species from the Bahamian Slope. Over a period size for a large numberof echinodermspecies from the deep of 5 months, embryos grew from small (98-,um) eggs to sea, but only a few of these have been culturedinto the early very large (3071-pum)and complex planktotrophicechino- larval stages (Prouho, 1888; Mortensen, 1921; Young and pluteus larvae. The fully developed larva has five pairs of Cameron, 1989; Young et al., 1989), and no complete red-pigmented arms (preoral, anterolateral,postoral, pos- ontogenetic sequence of larval development has been pub- lished for invertebrate.One of the terodorsal,and posterolateral);fenestrated triangular plates any deep-sea species whose have been described et at the bases of fenestratedpostoral and posterodorsalarms; early stages (Young al., 1989) is a small-bodied sea urchin with a complex dorsal arch; posterodorsalvibratile lobes; a ring Aspidodiademajacobyi, flexible that lives at in the of cilia around the region of the preoral and anterolateral long spines bathyal depths eastern Atlantic 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Equinodermos Del Caribe Colombiano II: Echinoidea Y Holothuroidea Holothuroidea
    Holothuroidea Echinoidea y Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Holothuroidea Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea Autores Giomar Helena Borrero Pérez Milena Benavides Serrato Christian Michael Diaz Sanchez Revisores: Alejandra Martínez Melo Francisco Solís Marín Juan José Alvarado Figuras: Giomar Borrero, Christian Díaz y Milena Benavides. Fotografías: Andia Chaves-Fonnegra Angelica Rodriguez Rincón Francisco Armando Arias Isaza Christian Diaz Director General Erika Ortiz Gómez Giomar Borrero Javier Alarcón Jean Paul Zegarra Jesús Antonio Garay Tinoco Juan Felipe Lazarus Subdirector Coordinación de Luis Chasqui Investigaciones (SCI) Luis Mejía Milena Benavides Paul Tyler Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center Sandra Rincón Cabal Sven Zea Subdirector Recursos y Apoyo a la Todd Haney Investigación (SRA) Valeria Pizarro Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution David A. Alonso Carvajal Fotografía de la portada: Christian Diaz. Coordinador Programa Biodiversidad y Fotografías contraportada: Christian Diaz, Luis Mejía, Juan Felipe Lazarus, Luis Chasqui. Ecosistemas Marinos (BEM) Mapas: Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información LabSIS-Invemar. Paula Cristina Sierra Correa Harold Mauricio Bejarano Coordinadora Programa Investigación para la Gestión Marina y Costera (GEZ) Cítese como: Borrero-Pérez G.H., M. Benavides-Serrato y C.M. Diaz-San- chez (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echi- noidea y Holothuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales Constanza Ricaurte Villota de Invemar No. 30. Santa Marta, 250 p. Coordinadora Programa Geociencias Marinas (GEO) ISBN 978-958-8448-52-7 Diseño y Diagramación: Franklin Restrepo Marín. Luisa Fernanda Espinosa Coordinadora Programa Calidad Ambiental Impresión: Marina (CAM) Marquillas S.A. Palabras clave: Equinodermos, Caribe, Colombia, Taxonomía, Biodiversidad, Mario Rueda Claves taxonómicas, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Yellow Sea, Korea
    Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 29, No. 4: 312-315, October 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2013.29.4.312 Short communication A New Record of Sea Urchin (Echinoidea: Stomopneustoida: Glyptocidaridae) from the Yellow Sea, Korea Taekjun Lee1, Sook Shin2,* 1College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea 2Department of Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea ABSTRACT Sea urchins were collected from waters adjacent to Daludo Island and Mohang harbor in the Yellow Sea, and were identified into Glyptocidaris crenularis A. Agassiz, 1864, of the family Stomopneustidae within the order Stomopneustoida, based on morphological characteristics. This species has two unique morphological characteristics: the ambulacral plate is composed of three primary plates and two demi-plates, and a valve of globiferous pedicellaria consists of with a well-developed long terminal hook and a unique stalk equipped with one to six long lateral processes covering membranes, resembling fins. It is newly recorded in Korea and is described with photographs. This brings the total number of sea urchins reported from the Yellow Sea, Korea, to seven. Keywords: Glyptocidaris crenularis, sea urchin, taxonomy, morphology, Yellow Sea, Korea INTRODUCTION ethyl alcohol and their important morphological characters were photographed using a digital camera (D7000; Nikon, Sea urchins are familiar marine benthic species which are Tokyo, Japan), stereo- and light-microscopes (Nikon SMZ classified into two subclasses: Cidaroidea and Euechinoidea. 1000; Nikon Eclipse 80i) and scanning electron microscope Euechinoidea includes 11 orders (Kroh and Mooi, 2013). Of (JSM-6510; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The specimens were iden- them, the order Stomopneustoida comprises only two species tified on the basis of morphological chracters and described of two families: Glyptocidaris crenularis A.
    [Show full text]
  • Patrones De Distribución Y Tasas De Bioerosión Del Erizo Centrostephanus Coronatus (Diadematoida: Diadematidae), En El Arrecife De Playa Blanca, Pacífico Colombiano
    Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(1): 67-76, 2004 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu Patrones de distribución y tasas de bioerosión del erizo Centrostephanus coronatus (Diadematoida: Diadematidae), en el arrecife de Playa Blanca, Pacífico colombiano Gerardo Toro-Farmer*, Jaime R. Cantera K., Edgardo Londoño-Cruz, Carlos Orozco & Raul Neira O. Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad del Valle. A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia. * [email protected] Recibido 09-III-2001. Corregido 06-III-2002. Aceptado 24-IX-2002. Abstract: Regular sea-urchins are one of the main bioeroding organisms affecting coral reefs around the world. The abundance, distribution and bioerosion rate of the sea-urchin Centrostephanus coronatus, were determined in different reef zones of Playa Blanca fringing reef (Gorgona Island, Colombian pacific coast) during 1997 and 1998. The erosion rates were determined calcinating the gut content of the sea-urchins to eliminate all organic components and preserve the inorganic portion of calcium carbonate. C. coronatus showed the highest densities towards the central zones of the reef (plain-crest and front) (12.4 ind/m2; range 0-48 ind/m2). The highest mean 2 2 bioerosion rate was 0.103 kgCaCO3/m /yr in the reef plain-crest (0-0.69 kgCaCO3/m /yr). In the other zones, (back reef and reef front) the mean bioerosion rates were 0.071 (range 0-0.39) and 0.052 (range 0-0.31) 2 kgCaCO3/m /yr respectively. According to the present data, it can be seen that the destruction of coralline skele- tons, produced in this reef by sea-urchins is rather low, compared with the abrasion caused by these organisms in other places of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenomic Resolution of the Sea Urchin Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430595; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. A phylogenomic resolution of the sea urchin tree of life Nicolás Mongiardino Koch ([email protected]) – Corresponding author Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA Simon E. Coppard ([email protected]) Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton NY, USA. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Harilaos A. Lessios ([email protected]) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Derek E. G. Briggs ([email protected]) Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA. Rich Mooi ([email protected]) Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA, USA. Greg W. Rouse ([email protected]) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430595; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Background: Echinoidea is a clade of marine animals including sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars and sea biscuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Extinctions: Sensitivity of Marine Larval Types (Permian-Triassic, Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinctions/Bolide Impact/Developmental Strategy) JAMES W
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 83, pp. 6912-6914, September 1986 Evolution Mass extinctions: Sensitivity of marine larval types (Permian-Triassic, Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions/bolide impact/developmental strategy) JAMES W. VALENTINE* AND DAVID JABLONSKIt *Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and tDepartment of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Contributed by James W. Valentine, June 6, 1986 ABSTRACT Developmental types of marine invertebrates mechanism is occlusion of the sun by dust and smoke clouds, may be divided into planktotrophs, which feed on suspended successively lowering temperatures, suppressing primary food items, and nonplanktotrophs, which do not feed but are productivity, and severing food chains in an extreme pertur- supplied with nutrients (yolk) parentally; these may represent bation estimated to have lasted from 6 months to 2 years (14). high mortality-fecundity and low mortality-fecundity strate- Evidence for a bolide impact near the K-T boundary is strong gies, respectively. Most versions ofthe bolide impact hypothesis (12, 15-19), though not conclusive (20). There are also of mass extinction propose occlusion of the sun by dust or reports, not yet confirmed by outside laboratories, of similar smoke and severance of planktonic food chains for months or evidence at the P-Tr boundary in China (21, 22), although a few years, and this should select preferentially against whether this relates to a local or a more general event is not planktotrophs. Yet among fossil prosobranch gastropods, yet clear. planktotrophs survived the end-Cretaceous extinction equally Many scenarios for mass extinction by bolide impact at the as well as nonplanktotrophs.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
    1674 Development of pedicellariae in the pluteus larva of Lytechinus pictus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) ROBERT D. BURKE1 Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A. 20742 Received December 11, 1979 BURKE. R. D. 1980. Development of pedicellariae in the pluteus larva of Lytechinus pictus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Can. J. Zool. 58: 1674-1682. Three tridentate pedicellariae develop in the pluteus larva of Lytechinus pictus. Two are located on the right side of the larval body and the third is on the posterior end of the larva. The pedicellariae form from mesenchyme associated with the larval skeleton which becomes enclosed in an invagination of larval epidermis. The mesenchyme within the pedicellaria primordium aggregates into groups of cells that become skeletogenic tissues which secrete the pedicellaria jaws, and smooth and striated muscles. Nerves and sensory cells develop within the epidermis covering the pedicellariae. Pedicellaria formation takes 3 days and occurs about midway through the development of the adult rudiment. During metamorphosis the pedicellariae are shifted to the aboral surface of the juvenile. Pedicellariae that develop in the larvae are fully operable prior to metamorphosis and do not appear to be released from any rudimentary state of development by metamorphosis. At least 16 echinoid species are reported to form pedicellariae in the larva. The precocious development of these adult structures appears to be dispersed throughout the orders of regular urchins. BURKE, R. D. 1980. Development of pedicellariae in the pluteus larva of Lytechinus pictus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Can. J. Zool. 58: 1674-1682. II y a trois pedicellaires tridentes chez la larve pluteus de Lytechinus pictus.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel System for Intensive Diadema Antillarum Propagation As a Step Towards Population Enhancement Aaron R
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A novel system for intensive Diadema antillarum propagation as a step towards population enhancement Aaron R. Pilnick1*, Keri L. O’Neil2, Martin Moe3 & Joshua T. Patterson2,3 The long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum was once an abundant reef grazing herbivore throughout the Caribbean. During the early 1980s, D. antillarum populations were reduced by > 93% due to an undescribed disease. This event resulted in a lack of functional reef herbivory and contributed to ongoing ecological shifts from hard coral towards macroalgae dominated reefs. Limited natural recovery has increased interest in a range of strategies for augmenting herbivory. An area of focus has been developing scalable ex situ methods for rearing D. antillarum from gametes. The ultimate use of such a tool would be exploring hatchery origin restocking strategies. Intensive ex situ aquaculture is a potentially viable, yet difcult, method for producing D. antillarum at scales necessary to facilitate restocking. Here we describe a purpose-built, novel recirculating aquaculture system and the broodstock management and larval culture process that has produced multiple D. antillarum cohorts, and which has the potential for practical application in a dedicated hatchery setting. Adult animals held in captivity can be induced to spawn year-round, with some evidence for annual and lunar periodicity. Fecundity and fertilization rates are both consistently very high, yet challenges persist in both late stage larval development and early post-settlement survival. Initial success was realized with production of 100 juvenile D. antillarum from ~ 1200 competent larvae. While the system we describe requires a signifcant level of investment and technical expertise, this work advances D.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinochrome Identification and Quantification in Pacific Sea Urchin
    marine drugs Article Spinochrome Identification and Quantification in Pacific Sea Urchin Shells, Coelomic Fluid and Eggs Using HPLC-DAD-MS Elena A. Vasileva 1,* , Natalia P. Mishchenko 1 , Van T. T. Tran 2, Hieu M. N. Vo 2 and Sergey A. Fedoreyev 1 1 Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; [email protected] (N.P.M.); [email protected] (S.A.F.) 2 Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, VAST, Khanh Hoa 650000, Vietnam; [email protected] (V.T.T.T.); [email protected] (H.M.N.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-902-527-2055 Abstract: The high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detector (HPLC-DAD-MS) method for quinonoid pigment identification and quantification in sea urchin samples was developed and validated. The composition and quantitative ratio of the quinonoid pigments of the shells of 16 species of sea urchins, collected in the temperate (Sea of Japan) and tropical (South-China Sea) climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean over several years, were studied. The compositions of the quinonoid pigments of sea urchins Maretia planulata, Scaphechinus griseus, Laganum decagonale and Phyllacanthus imperialis were studied for the first time. A study of the composition of the quinonoid pigments of the coelomic fluid of ten species of sea urchins was conducted. The composition of quinonoid pigments of Echinarachnius parma jelly-like egg membrane, of Scaphechinus mirabilis developing embryos and pluteus, was reported for the first time.
    [Show full text]