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The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia

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The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia The well-being of the elderly in Asia : a four-country comparative study / Albert I. Hermalin, editor. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, c2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 This work is protected by copyright law (which includes certain exceptions to the rights of the copyright holder that users may make, such as fair use where applicable under U.S. law), but made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license. You must attribute this work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). This work may be copied, distributed, displayed, and performed - and derivative works based upon it - but for non-commercial purposes only. For details, see the full license deed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia ^e-. A Four-Country Comparative Study Albert I. Hermalin, Editor Ann Arbor THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2002 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America © Printed on acid-free paper 2005 2004 2003 2002 4321 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. US CIP data applied for. ISBN 0-472-11280-5 Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Authors KJX Preface xxi 1 Aging in Asia: Facing the Crossroads 1 Albert I. Hermalin andLora G Myers The Source and Nature of the Challenges 3 Demographic Responses and Their Limitations 6 Non-Demographic Responses 12 Goals of the Volume 15 Tools and Perspectives 17 History of the Project, Data Collected, and Other Products 18 Impact 21 2 The Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Context of the Four Study Countries 25 John Knodel, Mary Beth Ofstedal, and Albert I. Hermalin Population Aging and Sociodemographic Change in World Context 26 Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Context of the Four Study Countries 35 Political and Cultural Setting 36 Demographic Change 44 Socioeconomic Change 49 Changing Characteristics of the Elderly 52 Demographic and Social Characteristics of the Sample Elderly 54 Conclusions 59 3 Policies and Programs in Place and under Development 65 Mary Beth Ofstedal, Angelique Chan, Napaporn Chayovan, Yi-Li Chuang, Aurora Perez, Kalyani Mehta, and Albert I. Hermalin Social Security Retirement Programs 68 Health Care Programs 75 Other Programs and Policies Targeted to the Older Population 85 Conclusions 94 Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 vi Contents 4 Theoretical Perspectives, Measurement Issues, and Related Research 101 Albert I. Hermalin The Demography of Aging 101 Related Disciplines and Their Perspectives 104 The Conceptual Framework 107 Societal Changes and Their Impact on the Elderly 110 The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Development 114 Asian Interests in Research on Aging 119 Measuring and Understanding Living Arrangements 122 Identifying and Measuring Intergenerational Support Dimensions 123 Measuring Work and Leisure 128 The Economic Status of the Elderly 129 Health Status and Health Care Utilization 130 Vulnerable Groups and Their Levels of Disadvantage 131 Cross-Cutting Issues, Transitions, and Policy Recommendations 132 5 Patterns and Determinants of Living Arrangements 143 John Knodel and Mary Beth Ofstedal Measurement Issues 144 Trends in Coresidence 147 General Patterns of Household Composition 149 Coresidence in Relation to Children's Gender and Marital Status 154 Determinants of Living Arrangements 162 Multivariate Results 170 Conclusions 179 6 Intergenerational Support and Transfers 185 Ann Biddlecom, Napaporn Chayovan, and Mary Beth Ofstedal Measurement Issues 187 Background 190 Norms and Attitudes about Family Support 194 Availability of Children and Social Contact 196 Current Flows of Intergenerational Support 197 Conclusions 219 7 Work, Retirement, and Leisure 231 Albert I. Hermalin, Angelique Chan, Ann Biddlecom, and Mary Beth Ofstedal Trend and Levels of Labor Force Participation 237 Modeling the Retirement Process 247 Correlates of Labor Force Participation 251 Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 Contents vii Attitudes and Preferences Related to Work and Retirement 265 Leisure Activities of the Elderly 275 Conclusions 283 8 Economic Well-Being: Insights from Multiple Measures of Income and Assets 295 Albert I. Hermalin, Ming-Cheng Chang, and Carol Roan Measurement Issues Related to Economic Well-Being 296 Levels of Income in Absolute and Relative Terms 301 Major Sources of Income 306 Factors Affecting Levels of Income 308 Household Income and Indirect Sources of Support 319 Subjective Measures of Economic Well-Being 324 Assets and Home Ownership 327 Changes in Economic Well-Being over Time 344 Conclusions 348 9 Physical and Mental Health of the Elderly 361 Zachary Zimmer, Josefina N. Natividad, Mary Beth Ofstedal, and Hui-Sheng Lin Methodological Issues 362 Health Risk Behaviors 366 Physical Health 371 Emotional and Cognitive Health 385 Self-Assessed Health 388 Conclusions 398 10 Patterns of Health Care Utilization 413 Mary Beth Ofstedal and Josefina N. Natividad Health Insurance Coverage 417 Health-Seeking Behaviors 425 Use of Specific Medical Services 429 Unmet Need for Health Services 450 Conclusions 455 11 The Vulnerable and Their Potential Disadvantages 461 Albert I. Hermalin, Mary Beth Ofstedal, and Kalyani Mehta Methods and Measurement Issues 462 Research Findings 469 Cross-Country Profiles of Relative Risks 486 Multivariate Results 492 Summary of Disadvantages Faced by the Sociodemographic Groups 499 Policy and Programmatic Implications 503 Conclusions 508 Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 viii Contents 12 Capturing Change: Transitions at Older Ages and Cohort Succession 519 Albert I. Hermalin Cohort Succession and Its Implications for Population Aging 521 Transitions over the Later Life Course 532 Conclusions 539 13 Making the Choices: Policies and Research for the Coming Years 543 Albert I. Hermalin Major Findings and Their Implications 544 Anticipating the Future: Demographic, Social, and Economic Trends and Their Interconnections 555 Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World 563 Developing a Research Agenda 574 Looking Backward and Looking Forward 577 Appendix A: Survey Design Information and Methodological Notes 583 Appendix B: Guide to Archived Data 590 Appendix C: Project-Related Publications 592 Index 599 Generated for anonymous (University of Michigan) on 2014-05-27 12:29 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015060636282 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-3.0 Figures 1.1. Factors Affecting the Weil-Being of the Older Population, Policy Developments, and Their Interrelationships 7 4.1. Conceptual Framework of Factors Affecting Well-Being of the Elderly and Others, and Policy Formation 108 7.1. Labor Force Participation Rates for the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, and Singapore: 1970-1990 238 7.2. Percent of Older Males and Females in Labor Force, by Age and Country: 1980s and 1995-1996 242 8.1. Interrelationships among Various Dimensions of Economic Well-Being 300 8.2. Ratio of Mean Income in Sociodemographic Groups to Overall Mean Income, by Country 312 8.3. Sufficiency of Income for the Cohort 60 and Older, 1989 and 1996 346 8.4. Distribution of Sufficiency of Income in 1996 by Level of Sufficiency in 1989 347 10.1 Determinants of Health Services Utilization 415 11.1A. Philippines: Relative Risks of Economic Disadvantages for Sociodemographic Groups 471 11. IB. Philippines: Relative Risks of Health Disadvantages for Sociodemographic Groups 472 11.1C. Philippines: Relative Risks of Social Disadvantages for Sociodemographic Groups 473 11.2 A. Thailand: Relative Risks of Economic Disadvantages for Sociodemographic Groups 475 11.2B. Thailand:
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