DOCSLIB.ORG

The Fish Meal and Fish Oil Industry Its Role in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Fish Meal and Fish Oil Industry Its Role in The EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Directorate-General for Research WORKING PAPER THE FISH MEAL AND FISH OIL INDUSTRY ITS ROLE IN THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY Fisheries Series FISH 113 EN This study was requested by the European Parliament's committee on Fisheries within the annual research programme. Thispaper ispublished in EN only. Author: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (UK), Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd (UK) Responsible Official: MrsBeatriz OLIVEIRA-GOUMAS Division for Agriculture, Regional Policy, Transport and Development ASP 06D141 Tel: (+32) 284 29 36 Fax: (+32) 284 69 29 E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed in December 2003. Further information on DG4 publications can be accessed through : www.europarl.eu.int/studies Luxembourg, European Parliament, 2004 The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher isgiven prior notice and sent a copy. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Directorate-General for Research WORKING PAPER THE FISH MEAL AND FISH OIL INDUSTRY ITS ROLE IN THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY Fisheries Series FISH 113 EN 02-2004 Fish Meal and Fish Oil Industry EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Introduction The raw materials used by the fish meal and fish oil industry are derived from directed industrial fisheries 1 and from the by-products of fisheries for human consumption (fish trimmings). The interaction between the CFP and the fish meal and fish oil industries is through the directed fisheries for teleost 'feed fish' from which fish meal and fish body oils are derived, and sharks from which some liver oils are extracted. The reformed CFP (EC, 2002) is a move away from single stock management towards an ecosystem based approach to fisheries management in line with the requirements of the Rio Convention of Biological Diversity (1992) and the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995). The Commission has advocated a long-term strategy to promote the protection of vulnerable species and habitats and suggests that this is achieved through means such as gear restrictions and closed areas and seasons. Within the context of the fish meal and fish oil industry this will affect the directed fisheries for teleost 2 feed fish (e.g. sandeels, Norway pout, sprats and blue whiting) which are used to produce fish meal and fish body oils, and the significantly smaller directed fishery for sharks from which some fish liver oils are derived. Fish trimmings, such as offal, which are derived from the processing of fish targeted for human consumption, are also an important source of raw material for the fish meal and fish oil industry. However, the effect of the CFP on these fisheries is considered outside of the remit of this report as the fish meal and fish oil industries use only the by-products of these fisheries. The European Commission has asked ICES to evaluate the impact of industrial fishing on marine ecosystems (EC, 2002). This will include monitoring industrial fisheries to ensure that their impact on fish species used for human consumption and other marine species remains low. Industrial fishers use purse seines and light otter trawls to catch feed fish and long lines and tangle nets to catch sharks. Purse seines, long lines and tangle nets operate in the water column, and otter trawls operate closer to the sea floor but with only sporadic contact with it. The direct effects of these gears on the ecosystem therefore involve the accidental catching of other species and limited disturbance to the sea floor. The indirect effects of these fisheries will involve the predators and prey of species caught in directed industrial fisheries. The fisheries for feed fish are controlled by a series of management measures including total allowable catch (TACs), by-catch limits and closed areas. Apart from TACs, the management measures have been established to prevent damage to species dependent on feed fish and the juveniles of other species. The fisheries for sharks are unregulated. The feed fish fisheries support a substantial part of the Danish, Swedish and Finnish fishery sectors. In Denmark for example, 41% of the fishers rely in some way on the feed fish fishery. The employment dependency on the shark fisheries is reported as being no more than 200. 1 For the purposes of this report, industrial fisheries are defined as all fisheries which target fish not destined for human consumption and which enter an industrial process. Some fish species are used for both industrial pur- poses and for human consumption. 2 'Bony' fish e.g. gadoids, clupeids and sandeels. iii PE 341.942 Fish Meal and Fish Oil Industry The main demand for fish meal and fish body oils is as animal feed in agriculture and aquaculture. The European Union is one of the major consumers of feed fish products, accounting for approximately 18% and 19% of world meal and oil consumption respectively between 1997-2001. In 2002, the main consumers of fish meal within the EU were the aquaculture industry (33%), the pig industry (32%) and the poultry industry (29%). Fish liver oils provide health benefits to humans and are used in health supplements. The squalene oil in shark liver is used in cancer and AIDS inhibiting drugs. 2. The structure of the fish meal and fish oil industry in the European Union 2.1. The industrial fisheries The industrial fishery for feed fish is conducted by both EU registered vessels (landing 1 524 000t annually) and non-EU vessels which land into EU ports (landing 277 000t annually). Trimmings from the fish processing industry produce 912 500t annually. The directed fishery for sharks conducted by EU countries, lands between 7 000 to 14 000t annually. The two main target fish of the industrial feed fish fisheries are sandeels and sprats which formed 42% (642 000t) and 31% (472 000t) respectively of the EU feed fish fisheries annually between 1998-2002. Most sandeels are caught in the North Sea, whilst sprat are caught in the Baltic, North Sea and Kattegat/Skagerrak. Other important industrial feed fish include herring (186 000t landed annually), blue whiting (111 000t), and Norway pout (96 000t). Approximately 87% of the EU’s industrial herring is taken in directed fisheries in the Baltic. Their small size in this region makes them unmarketable for human consumption. Herring is also caught as by-catch in the sprat fisheries in the Baltic, Kattegat/Skagerrak and North Sea and forms between 0-35%, 17% and 8% of the catch respectively. Blue whiting is taken in directed fisheries in the North Sea and east Atlantic. One of the problems associated with the Atlantic blue whiting fishery is that so little is known about the biology and ecology of this species, yet species is increasingly targeted. Norway pout is caught in the North Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak but its use in the fish meal sector has decreased significantly because of management measures which restrict by-catch and the availability of alternative target fisheries. Denmark is the largest of the EU industrial fishing nations and takes 69% of the total EU feed fish catch. Other EU countries catching feed fish, including the candidate countries, are Sweden (19.4%), Finland (5.0%), the UK (3.2%), Ireland (2.6%) and Poland (1.7%). Latvia and Lithuania have banned the targeting of fish for industrial purposes. Between 9 to 15 vessels are reported to target shark in the Eastern Atlantic, and this is conducted by vessels registered in the UK, Spain and Portugal. 2.2. Trimmings Trimmings from other fisheries represent 33% of the total supply of raw material to the fish meal and fish body oil industry. It is estimated that 80% of the trimmings from fish processing enter the fish meal and fish body oil industry in Denmark, although this figure is only 10% in Spain. In the UK, Germany and France, between 33-50% of fish trimmings enter the fish meal and fish body oil industry. iv PE 341.942 Fish Meal and Fish Oil Industry 2.3. Fish meal and fish oil processing Table ES1 shows the number of fish meal processing plants in the EU and their dependence on the directed feed fish fisheries and trimmings. Table ES1. Fish meal plants in the EU and their reliance on directed industrial fisheries and trimmings from other fisheries Factories % trimmings % feed fish Denmark 4 10 90 France 3 100 0 Germany 1 100 0 Ireland 1 60 40 Spain 10 100 0 Sweden 1 25 75 UK 3 85 15 Source: IFFO (2002), Digest of Selected Statistics, Annual Conference, Cancun The number of fish meal plants has fallen in the last 20 years. The Danish sector has seen a reduction from 20 to 4 plants, whilst the UK sector has seen a reduction from 10 to 3. 3. Production, import and export of fish meal and fish oil 3.1. Fish meal and fish oil processing Fish meal and fish body oils are derived from directed fisheries for feed fish (providing 67% of raw material) and trimmings produced as by-products of processing fish for human consumption (providing 33% of raw material). Fish meal is produced by cooking the fish, before pressing them to remove water and body oil, and finally drying them at temperatures of between 70ºC to 100ºC depending upon the meal type manufactured. After extraction from the fish meal, fish body oils are purified through centrifugion. Fish oil represents around 5- 6% of the total raw material body weight. Between 1997 and 2001, the EU was the world’s fourth largest producer of fish meal at 9%, and the second largest producer of fish body oil at 16%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fish and Omega-3: Questions and Answers for Health Professionals
    Fish and omega-3: Questions and answers for health professionals The Heart Foundation recommends all Australians should aim to include 2–3 serves of fish (including oily fish) per week as part of a heart-healthy diet. This provides around 250–500 milligrams (mg) of marine-sourced omega-3s (EPA, DHA) per day. The Heart Foundation also recommends that all Australians should aim for 1 gram of plant-sourced omega-3 (ALA) each day. The Heart Foundation based these recommendations on a scientific review of evidence. For more information, you can access the full text article in the journal Heart, Lung and Circulation, available at www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(15)00167-5/abstract Marine-sourced and plant-sourced omega-3s should be included as part of a heart-healthy diet that includes vegetables and legumes, fruit, wholegrain cereals, lean meats and their alternatives, fish, nuts and seeds, reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt, healthier fats and oils, and limits salt. Key messages Fish The Heart Foundation recommends all Australians should aim to include 2–3 serves of fish (including oily fish) per week as part of a heart-healthy diet. This provides around 250–500 mg of marine-sourced omega-3s (EPA, DHA) per day. Because the body cannot produce omega-3s they need to be sourced through diet. The scientific evidence supports fish as the best dietary source of omega-3s and found higher fish intake was consistently associated with lower rates of heart disease (heart failure and sudden cardiac death) and stroke. Fish with the highest levels of omega-3 include salmon, blue-eye trevalla, blue mackerel, herring, canned sardines, canned salmon and some varieties of canned tuna.
    [Show full text]
  • Resources for Fish Feed in Future Mariculture
    Vol. 1: 187–200, 2011 AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Published online March 10 doi: 10.3354/aei00019 Aquacult Environ Interact OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS AS I SEE IT Resources for fish feed in future mariculture Yngvar Olsen* Trondhjem Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ABSTRACT: There is a growing concern about the ability to produce enough nutritious food to feed the global human population in this century. Environmental conflicts and a limited freshwater supply constrain further developments in agriculture; global fisheries have levelled off, and aquaculture may have to play a more prominent role in supplying human food. Freshwater is important, but it is also a major challenge to cultivate the oceans in an environmentally, economically and energy- friendly way. To support this, a long-term vision must be to derive new sources of feed, primarily taken from outside the human food chain, and to move carnivore production to a lower trophic level. The main aim of this paper is to speculate on how feed supplies can be produced for an expanding aquaculture industry by and beyond 2050 and to establish a roadmap of the actions needed to achieve this. Resources from agriculture, fish meal and fish oil are the major components of pellet fish feeds. All cultured animals take advantage of a certain fraction of fish meal in the feed, and marine carnivores depend on a supply of marine lipids containing highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, with ≥3 double bonds and ≥20 carbon chain length) in the feed. The availability of HUFA is likely the main constraint for developing carnivore aquaculture in the next decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Bulletin/U S Dept of Commerce National
    CHANGES IN CATCH AND EFFORT IN THE ATLANTIC MENHADEN PURSE-SEINE FISHERY 1940-68 WILLIAM R. NICHOLSON' ABSTRACf The catch, number of vessel weeks, and catch per vessel week in the Atlantic menhaden fishery increased during the 1950's. During this period fishing methods improved and the efficiency of vessels increased. Improvements included use of airplanes for spotting schools, aluminum purse boats, nylon nets, power blocks, and fish pumps for catching and handling fish, and larger and faster carrier vessels that could range farther from port. The catch and catch per vessel week began declining north of Chesapeake Bay in the early 1960's. By 1966, fish north of Chesapeake Bay had become so scarce that plants either closed or operated far below their capacity. In Chesapeake Bay the number of vessel weeks increased, and the catch and catch per vessel week decreased through the early and mid 1960's. Variations in catch, effort, and catch per unit of effort showed no trends in the South Atlantic. The annual' mean IIumber of purse-seine sets per day varied in different areas and ranged from about 2.0 to 4.5. The annual mean catch per set ranged from about 11 to 25 metric tons. Catch and effort statistics are important in eval­ BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FISHERY uating and managing any fishery. They may be used in measuring changes in actual or apparent Atlantic menhaden are found from central abundance, estimating population sizes and mor­ Florida to Nova Scotia and at one time or an­ tality rates, and determining optimum fishing other have been exploited over most of this rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Fatty Acids Content in Five Fish Species (C. Latticeps; D. Rostratus; S. Schall; S. Mystus and H. Bebe) from River Niger in Edo State, Nigeria
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(3): 289-299 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 3(2016) pp. 289-299 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.503.035 Determination of Fatty Acids Content in Five Fish Species (C. latticeps; D. rostratus; S. schall; S. mystus and H. bebe) from River Niger in Edo State, Nigeria Oyase Anthony1*, Jemerigbe Richard2 and L. Elakhame3 1College of Agricultural Technology, Agenebode, Edo State, Nigeria 2College of Education, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria 3Ambrose Alli University, Department of Zoology, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Five West Africa freshwater fishes namely Clarotes lapticeps; Distichodus K eywo rd s rostratus; Synodontis schall; Schilbe mystus and Hyperopisus bebe from the River Fatty acids Niger, Illushi, in Esan South East Local Government Area of Edo State were content in fish, analysed to determine their fatty acids content. The fish specimens were purchased C. latticeps, at the bank of the river, between June 2006 and January 2007. They were put in an D. rostratus, iced box and immediately transported to the laboratory where routine body S. schall, measurement and analysis were carried out. The result of the proximate S. mystus and compositions showed lipid had a value of 5.49; 6.81; 8.80; 5.06 and 6.27. For C H. bebe . laticeps; D rostratus; S. schall; S. mystus and H. bebe respectively. The fatty acid Article Info composition of the fish lipid as determined by GLC showed abundant stearic acid (47.45%; 47.26%; 45.21%; 47.20% and 45.26%) and palmitic acids (16.50%; Accepted: 17.12%; 16.80%; 47.20% and 45.26%) for C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Benefits of Fish Meal in Aquaculture Diets1 R.D
    FA122 The Benefits of Fish Meal in Aquaculture Diets1 R.D. Miles and F.A. Chapman2 Introduction sustainable, managed, and monitored fish stocks, reducing the possibility of over-fishing. The supply is presently Fishmeal is recognized by nutritionists as a high-quality, stable at 6.0 to 6.5 million tons annually. Approximately very digestible feed ingredient that is favored for addition 4 to 5 tons of whole fish are required to produce 1 ton of to the diet of most farm animals, especially fish and shrimp. dry fishmeal. Peru produces almost one-third of the total Fishmeal carries large quantities of energy per unit weight world fishmeal supply. Other principal fishmeal-producing and is an excellent source of protein, lipids (oils), minerals, countries are Chile, China, Thailand, U.S.A., Iceland, and vitamins; there is very little carbohydrate in fishmeal. Norway, Denmark, and Japan (Table 1). Major groups of industrial fish rendered into fishmeal are anchovies, her- What Is Fishmeal rings, menhaden, sardines, shads, and smelts (Table 2). Fishmeal is a generic term for a nutrient-rich feed ingredi- ent used primarily in diets for domestic animals, sometimes Fish can be processed at sea in factory ships or caught and used as a high-quality organic fertilizer. Fishmeal can be stored until they are transported to a processing facility made from almost any type of seafood but is generally on the coast. Fish is a highly perishable raw material, and manufactured from wild-caught, small marine fish that spoilage will occur if it is not processed in a timely manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Channel Catfish Brood Stock – Selection and Management
    Practical Channel Catfish Brood Stock-Selection and Management Jesse A. Chappell. Extension Fisheries Specialist, Assistant Professor, Auburn University , Revised 2008 Introduction The economic impact of commercial aquaculture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the southern region exceeds $2.5 billion. A variety of products originating from this culture is marketed in all 50 states as well as internationally. Employment within the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of the industry approaches 10,000 people. For the industry to remain economically competitive, ever-greater efficiencies at all production levels is required. Very early in the value chain is the efficient production of seed-stock, that is, the juveniles required by all production systems for grow-out animals. The selection of adult fish used to produce the seed are the focus of this brief. At least a portion of the success achieved to date by the catfish industry is due to improved genetics from selection from within the original stocks of wild fish. However, to build upon the success of the industry, quality brood fish must be continually selected, maintained in proper sex ratios, fed and conditioned for high quality egg development and ultimately the output of highly viable fry. Reliable production of industrial levels of fry and robust fingerlings will make certain that fingerling pricing will remain stable and will allow grow-out production levels the capability of rising. Selection Channel catfish begin maturing sexually after their second summer of growth. Females generally begin maturing ahead of males by at least 6 months. While some females are mature during their third summer, most males are not.
    [Show full text]
  • Existing Fish Diet Formulation Practice and Its Limitation for Aquaponics System
    Review article Title: Existing fish diet formulation practice and its limitation for aquaponics system By: Abebe Tadesse [email protected] Introduction Aquaculture is farming of aquatic organisms including fish (principal component), crustaceans, mollusks etc… in controlled or semi-controlled manner with human intervention for increased yield for human consumption either as dietary, ecological or as an ingredient for other products. It is characterized by higher production capacity coupled with environmental problem due to higher discharge of nutrient loaded waste to the environment. The major constitutes of these waste water are nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. However, these elements are major nutrient constitute of hydroponic production systems. Hydroponic is a technology which enables to increase plant production by supplementing the major nutrient requirement of the plant. The major issue on hydroponics dissemination to developing world is its nutrient solution preparation cost next to installation cost. Hence, the ancient technology which utilized by Azetic people believed to be a possible alternative for aquaculture and hydroponic existing technical and economical issue and recently called as Aquaponics. Aquaponics combine aquaculture and hydroponic systems and enable to produce two crops (fish and plant) with a single input (fish feed) in closed confinement or open system without hampering the yield potential of independent systems (aquaculture and hydroponics). Fish (aquaculture) deliver nutrients for the plant (hydroponic) and plants filter the water for the fish (Rakocy 2012). Hence, the waste water treatment cost will decrease and the production level will increase. The major nutrient input for the system is fish feed and it is expected that the feed will contain sufficient nutrients in available form for best growth of fish and plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption
    Rapport 12 − 2007 Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption A Risk-Benefit Analysis Based on the Occurrence of Dioxin/PCB, Methyl Mercury, n-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D in Fish by W Becker, P O Darnerud and K Petersson-Grawé LIVSMEDELS VERKET NATIONAL FOOD ADMINISTRATION, Sweden � Produktion: Livsmedelsverkets rapportserie är avsedd för publicering Livsmedelsverket, Box 622 av projektrapporter, metodprövningar, utredningar m m. SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden I serien ingår även reserapporter och konferensmaterial. Teknisk redaktör: För innehållet svarar författarna själva. M Olausson Rapporterna utges i varierande upplagor och tilltrycks Tryck: i mån av efterfrågan. De kan rekvireras från Livsmedels- Kopieringshuset, Uppsala verkets kundtjänst (tel 018-17 55 06) till självkostnadspris (kopieringskostnad + expeditionsavgift). Uppsala 2008-01-07 Abbreviations/Glossary........................................................................................... 3 Preface..................................................................................................................... 5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 6 Overall conclusions............................................................................................. 6 Consumption of fish in Sweden.......................................................................... 8 Content of nutrients and environmental pollutants ............................................. 8 Quantitative risk-benefit
    [Show full text]
  • Plant and Pest Management in Aquaponics D
    PLANT AND PEST MANAGEMENT IN AQUAPONICS D. Allen Pattillo • Aquaculture Extension Specialist Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management • Enhanced Biofiltration >>Surface Area • Nutrient Uptake Ammonia & Nitrate • Additional Revenue Stream >75% of total revenue • Where the plants are grown • Must maintain moisture and high oxygen concentrations for plant roots • Options: – Floating raft – Flood and drain – Nutrient film technique – Towers – Aeroponics • Deficiencies • Nutrients • Light • Moisture • Temperature Stress • Insect Predation • Food Safety Yellowing, reduced growth rates, and reduced flavor quality can be caused by nutrient imbalances Deficiencies related to source water and feed additives • For a raft hydroponic system the optimum ratio varies from • For example: – 1,000 g feed per day will fertilize 16.7 m2 for a feeding rate ratio of 60 g/m2/day. • Higher protein = higher nitrogen – Protein is generally ~6.25% nitrogen – Nitrogen affects plant growth • Leafy greens use more N • Fruiting plants need more K • Protein source relates to sustainability – Fish meal vs. plant protein meals Feed = Fertilizer • Multiple rearing tanks, staggered production – four tilapia rearing tanks – Stock & Harvest every 6 weeks – All-in/all-out production (per tank) Plants provide critical filtration!! Single rearing tank with multiple size groups of plants • 6-week growout time for plants will require • Harvest plants weekly or bi-weekly • restock equal number of seedlings SOW SEEDS Week 1 Week 2 TRANSPLANT Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 HARVEST Surface Area Living Space for the Nitrifying Bacteria Competition for that Space Food aquaponicsplan.com ammonia or nitrite > 0.07 mg / L Good Living Conditions Dissolved Oxygen going into the biofilter > 4 mg / L pH 7.2 – 8.8 Alkalinity > 200 mg / L as CaCO3 • The fish, plants and bacteria in aquaponic systems require adequate levels of maximum health and growth.
    [Show full text]
  • AP42 Chapter 9 Reference
    Background Report Reference AP-42 Section Number: 9.13.1 Background Chapter: 2 Reference Number: 3 Title: "Developments in Fish Handling and Processing: An Engineering Perspective" in Proceedings of the Institute for Mechanical Engineers J.H. Merritt 1989 AP42 Section ?& I Reference - Report Sect. 2 12s Reference __s Developments in fish handling and processing : an engineering perspective J H Merritt, BE, MSc Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology, Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Canada The engineer faces new challenges brought about by demandsror improvedfishery products and the need to make maximum use 01 available resources. In recent years, a/er a period of great expansion, important advances have been made in the handling and processing offish. The wider application ofmodern techniques will enhance the position offish asfood. 1 INDUSTRIAL TRENDS Table I World fish production and disposition (millions of metric tonnes) Fishing and the manufacture of fishery products are tra- ditional activities, fundamental to the well being and llcms 1960 1970 1980 1986 prosperity of the human race. There have been, Fresh 16.9 19.5 15.7 18.2 however, remarkable changes in recent times. Current Froze" 3.5 9.7 15.9 21.4 Cured 7.5 8. I 11.1 13.5 developments in fish handling and processing can be Canned 3.7 6.2 10.3 11.4 viewed in the light of several trends that have exerted a Other 8.6 26.5 18.4 26.9 strong influence. Such an approach might help towards Catch '40.2 70.0 72.0 91.5 anticipation of future needs and developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Wild Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms As Feed in Aquaculture – a Review of Practices and Implications in Europe1
    209 Use of wild fish and other aquatic organisms as feed in aquaculture – a review of practices and implications in Europe1 Tim Huntington Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. Windrush, Warborne Lane Portmore, Nr. Lymington Hampshire SO41 5RJ United Kingdom Summary 210 1. Introduction 212 2. Overview of aquaculture systems and practices in Europe 212 3. Use of fish and other aquatic species as feed for aquaculture and animal feeds in Europe 220 4. Sustainability issues of reduction fisheries and feedfish as inputs for aquaculture and animal feed 234 5. Environmental impact of aquaculture based on feedfish as inputs 248 6. Current and potential alternative uses of feedfish and other aquatic species and the related macro-level impact on food security and poverty alleviation 251 7. Regional issues on the use of fish and/or other aquatic species as feed for aquaculture 257 8. Conclusions and recommendations 260 References 263 Huntington, T. 2009. Use of wild fish and other aquatic organisms as feed in aquaculture – a review of practices and implications in Europe. In M.R. Hasan and M. Halwart (eds.). Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture: practices, sustainability and implications. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 518. Rome, FAO. pp. 209–268. 1 The geographic scope of this report is Europe, with a particular focus on Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Spain, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, Faeroe Islands, Sweden, France, Germany, Greenland,Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Ukraine. 210 Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture – Practices, sustainability and implications SUMMARY The intensive production of mainly carnivorous species in Europe uses fish feeds with a high content of fishmeal and fish oil, currently consuming around 615 000 tonnes of fishmeal and 317 000 tonnes of fish oils per year, thus requiring around 1.9 million tonnes of feedfish.
    [Show full text]
  • The Introduction of Insect Meal Into Fish Diet: the First Economic Analysis on European Sea Bass Farming
    sustainability Article The Introduction of Insect Meal into Fish Diet: The First Economic Analysis on European Sea Bass Farming Brunella Arru 1,*, Roberto Furesi 1, Laura Gasco 2 , Fabio A. Madau 1,* and Pietro Pulina 1 1 Department of Agriculture—University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari (SS), Italy; [email protected] (R.F.); [email protected] (P.P.) 2 Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (To), Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.A.); [email protected] (F.A.M.); Tel.: +39-07-922-9259 (B.A.); +39-07-922-9258 (F.A.M.) Received: 21 January 2019; Accepted: 14 March 2019; Published: 21 March 2019 Abstract: The economic and environmental sustainability of aquaculture depends significantly on the nature and quality of the fish feed used. One of the main criticisms of aquaculture is the need to use significant amounts of fish meal, and other marine protein sources, in such feed. Unfortunately, the availability of the oceanic resources, typically used to produce fish feed, cannot be utilized indefinitely to cover the worldwide feed demand caused by ever-increasing aquaculture production. In light of these considerations, this study estimates how aquaculture farm economic outcomes can change by introducing insect meal into the diet of cultivated fish. Several possible economic effects are simulated, based on various scenarios, with different percentages of insect flour in the feed and varying meal prices using a case study of a specialized off-shore sea bass farm in Italy. The findings indicate that the introduction of insect meal—composed of Tenebrio molitor—would increase feeding costs due to the high market prices of this flour and its less convenient feed conversion ratio than that of fish meal.
    [Show full text]