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POLITECNICO DI MILANO DEPARTMENT of CIVIL and ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING – Environmental Section

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POLITECNICO DI MILANO DEPARTMENT of CIVIL and ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING – Environmental Section POLITECNICO DI MILANO DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING – Environmental Section AWARE – Assessment on Waste and Resources – Research group LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THE CARBONATION POTENTIAL OF LIME IN DIFFERENT MARKETS AND BEYOND Customer: EuLA – the European Lime Association Authors: Prof. Mario Grosso (Principal Investigator) Eng. Laura Biganzoli, Francesco Pietro Campo, Sara Pantini, Camilla Tua July 2020 Report n. 845.0202.70.02 To refer to this report, please use the following reference: Grosso M., Biganzoli L., Campo F. P., Pantini S., Tua C. 2020. Literature review on the assessment of the carbonation potential of lime in different markets and beyond. Report prepared by Assessment on Waste and Resources (AWARE) Research Group at Politecnico di Milano (PoliMI), for the European Lime Association (EuLA). Pp. 333. CHAPTER AUTHORS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY F. P. Campo, C. Tua, M. Grosso 2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE WORK F. P. Campo, M. Grosso 3 INTRODUCTION: LIME USE AND APPLICATIONS F. P. Campo, M. Grosso 3.1 USE OF LIME IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY L. Biganzoli, M. Grosso 3.2.1 USE OF LIME IN SAND LIME BRICK C. Tua, M. Grosso APPLICATION 3.2.2 USE OF LIME IN LIGHT-WEIGHT LIME C. Tua, M. Grosso CONCRETE 3.2.3 USE OF LIME IN MORTARS F. P. Campo, M. Grosso 3.2.4 USE OF LIME IN HEMP LIME F. P. Campo, M. Grosso 3.2.5 USE OF LIME IN OTHER CONSTRUCTION F. P. Campo, M. Grosso MATERIALS 3.3.1 USE OF LIME IN SOIL STABILISATION F. P. Campo, C. Tua, M. Grosso 3.3.2 USE OF LIME IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS F. P. Campo, M. Grosso 3.4.1 USE OF LIME IN DRINKING WATER C. Tua, M. Grosso TREATMENT 3.4.2 USE OF LIME IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT C. Tua, M. Grosso PLANT 3.4.3 USE OF LIME IN SLUDGE TREATMENT C. Tua, M. Grosso 3.4.4 USE OF LIME IN FLUE GAS CLEANING L. Biganzoli, C. Tua, M. Grosso SYSTEMS 3.4.5 USE OF LIME IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL C. Tua, F. P. Campo, M. Grosso PROTECTION APPLICATIONS 3.5.1 USE OF LIME IN FERTILISER C. Tua, M. Grosso 3.5.2 USE OF LIME IN OTHER AGRICULTURE F. P. Campo, M. Grosso APPLICATIONS 3.6.1 USE OF LIME IN CALCIUM CARBIDE F. P. Campo, M. Grosso 3.6.2 USE OF LIME IN OTHER CHEMICAL F. P. Campo, M. Grosso INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS 3.7.1 USE OF LIME IN THE NON-FERROUS L. Biganzoli, M. Grosso METALLURGY 3.7.2 USE OF LIME IN THE TREATMENT OF THE RED GYPSUM FROM TITANIUM DIOXIDE L. Biganzoli, M. Grosso INDUSTRY 3.7.3 USE OF LIME IN THE ALUMINIUM L. Biganzoli, M. Grosso PRODUCTION PROCESS 3.7.4 USE OF LIME IN OTHER INDUSTRIAL F. P. Campo, M. Grosso CONSUMERS APPLICATIONS 3.8 USE OF LIME IN THE PULP AND PAPER S. Pantini, M. Grosso 4. CONCLUSIONS OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW F. P. Campo, C. Tua, M. Grosso ON LIME CARBONATION ANNEX A – APPLICATIONS WITH CONCLUSIVE F. P. Campo, M. Grosso INFORMATION ON CARBONATION ANNEX B – LIST OF OPTIMAL pH-RANGE IN SOIL C. Tua, M. Grosso ANNEX C - LITERATURE REVIEW ABOUT THE EFFECT OF LIMING ON SOC LEVELS FOR THE C. Tua, M. Grosso EUROPEAN CONTEXT ANNEX D - CARBONATION OF CEMENT F. P. Campo, M. Grosso TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 6 2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE WORK ................................................................................................ 12 3. INTRODUCTION: LIME USE AND APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................... 16 3.1 USE OF LIME IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY ............................................................................................. 18 3.2 USE OF LIME IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ........................................................................................... 61 3.2.1 USE OF LIME IN SAND LIME BRICK ......................................................................................................... 61 3.2.2 USE OF LIME IN LIGHT-WEIGHT LIME CONCRETE - AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE ....................... 66 3.2.3 USE OF LIME IN MORTARS...................................................................................................................... 76 3.2.4 USE OF LIME IN HEMP LIME ................................................................................................................... 80 3.2.5 USE OF LIME IN OTHER CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ............................................................................ 92 3.3 USE OF LIME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING ......................................................................................................... 93 3.3.1 USE OF LIME IN SOIL STABILISATION ...................................................................................................... 93 3.3.2 USE OF LIME IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS ................................................................................................ 102 3.4 USE OF LIME IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION .................................................................................... 106 3.4.1 USE OF LIME IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT .................................................................................. 106 3.4.2 USE OF LIME IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - BIOSOLIDS AND INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 113 3.4.3 USE OF LIME IN SLUDGE TREATMENT - DREDGING SEDIMENTS TREATMENTS ................................... 121 3.4.4 USE OF LIME IN THE FLUE GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 127 3.4.5 USE OF LIME IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION APPLICATION .............................................. 148 3.5 USE OF LIME IN AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................ 153 3.5.1 USE OF LIME IN FERTILISERS ................................................................................................................. 153 3.5.2 USE OF LIME IN OTHER AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS ......................................................................... 173 3.6 USE OF LIME IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ............................................................................................. 174 3.6.1 USE OF LIME IN CALCIUM CARBIDE ...................................................................................................... 174 3.6.2 USE OF LIME IN OTHER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS ............................................................. 177 3.7 USE OF LIME IN OTHER INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS ................................................................................. 178 3.7.1. USE OF LIME IN THE NON-FERROUS METALLURGY ............................................................................. 178 3.7.2. USE OF LIME IN THE TREATMENT OF THE RED GYPSUM FROM TITANIUM DIOXIDE INDUSTRY ........ 225 3.7.3. USE OF LIME IN THE ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS ................................................................. 237 3.7.4 USE OF LIME IN OTHER INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS APPLICATIONS ...................................................... 258 3.8. USE OF LIME IN THE PULP AND PAPER - PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE (PCC) PRODUCTION ... 259 4. CONCLUSIONS OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW ON LIME CARBONATION .................................................... 285 ANNEX A – APPLICATIONS WITH CONCLUSIVE INFORMATION ON CARBONATION ..................................... 305 ANNEX B - LIST OF OPTIMAL pH-RANGE IN SOIL ........................................................................................... 315 ANNEX C - LITERATURE REVIEW ABOUT THE EFFECT OF LIMING ON SOC LEVELS FOR THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................................ 316 ANNEX D – CARBONATION OF CEMENT ........................................................................................................ 321 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAC: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete AC: Accelerated Carbonation ACBF: Air Cooled Blast Furnace ACC: Accelerated Carbonation Curing ACT: Accelerated Carbonation Technology AMD: Acid Mine Drainage ANC: Acid Neutralization/Neutralizing Capacity AOD: Argon Oxygen Decarburization APCR: Air Pollution Control Residues BAT: Best Available Techniques BF: Blast Furnace BFS: Blast Furnace Slag BHC: Blended Hydraulic slag Cement BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOF: Basic Oxygen Furnace BOS: Basic Oxygen Steel BREF: Best Available Techniques Reference Document CAH: Calcium-Aluminate-Hydrates CAPCON: CAPture and CONversion CCE: Calcium Carbonate Equivalent CCM: Carbon Capture Machine CL: Carbide Lime CLSM: Controlled Low-Strength Material COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand CR: Carbonation Rate CS: Carbon Steel CSH: Calcium-Silicate-Hydrates De-S slag: Desulphurization slag DM: Dry Matter EAACA: European Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Association 1 EAF C: Electric Arc Furnace for Carbon steel production EAF: Electric Arc Furnace EC: Enhanced Carbonation ENEA: Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (Italian National Agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development) EU: European Union EuLA: European Lime Association
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