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Texto Completo UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA “DIVERSIDAD DE ARTRÓPODOS EN PASTOS NATURALES BAJO ESTRÉS HÍDRICO EN EL DISTRITO DE MAÑAZO, PUNO, PERÚ.” TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERA AGRÓNOMA LUCY ISABEL SALVATIERRA MAZA Lima – Perú 2019 La UNALM es titular de los derechos patrimoniales de la presente investigación (Art. 24 - Reglamento de Propiedad Intelectual) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA “DIVERSIDAD DE ARTRÓPODOS EN PASTOS NATURALES BAJO ESTRÉS HÍDRICO EN EL DISTRITO DE MAÑAZO, PUNO, PERÚ.” LUCY ISABEL SALVATIERRA MAZA Tesis para optar el Título de: INGENIERA AGRÓNOMA Sustentada y Aprobada ante el siguiente jurado: ………..…………………….……... ....……..…………………….……... Dr. Percy Ernesto Zorogastúa Cruz Ing. Mg. Sc. Germán Elías Joyo Coronado PRESIDENTE ASESOR ………..…………………….……... ....……..…………………….……... Biol. Mg. Sc. Clorinda Elisa Vergara Cobián Dr. Alexander Regulo Rodríguez Berrio MIEMBRO MIEMBRO LIMA - PERÚ 2019 A mis padres, por el gran apoyo y motivación. A Flavio, por apoyarme en todos mis proyectos. A mis amigos, que me acompañan siempre. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi asesor, el Ing. Mg. Sc. Germán Joyo Coronado, por su paciencia y orientación en el desarrollo de esta investigación y en mi crecimiento profesional. A la profesora Biol. Mg. Sc. Clorinda Vergara Cobián por su orientación y apoyo en la fase de procesamiento de muestras, facilitarme los ambientes, equipos, y en la identificación de algunas familias y especies. Al Dr. Alexander Rodríguez por su paciencia y aportes en el desarrollo de trabajo, por el apoyo en la fase de interpretación de datos de diversidad. Al Dr. Percy Zorogastúa por sus aportes y correcciones en el desarrollo de esta investigación. A Juan Manuel Andía, por el apoyo en la identificación de familias de arañas. Al profesor Hugo Ramos, por el apoyo con los contactos de los agricultores, por el primer recorrido en el distrito de Mañazo y reconocimiento de las áreas de estudio. Al Ing. Mg. Sc. Yony Callohuari, por sus aportes de información y apoyo con las muestras de colémbolas. ÍNDICE GENERAL I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................. 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ..................................................................................... 2 2.1. ARTRÓPODOS ASOCIADOS A PASTOS .............................................................. 2 2.2. EVALUACIÓN Y COLECTA DE ARTRÓPODOS EN PASTOS ........................... 5 2.3. MEDIDAS DE BIODIVERSIDAD ............................................................................ 5 2.3.1. Métodos de medición ........................................................................................... 5 2.4. PASTOS NATURALES DE ZONAS ALTO ANDINAS .......................................... 7 2.5. GANADERÍA ALTO ANDINA ............................................................................... 11 2.6. OSCILACIÓN SUR (ENSO) .................................................................................... 12 2.7. ESTRÉS HÍDRICO ................................................................................................... 13 2.8. CLASIFICACIÓN DE ARTRÓPODOS .................................................................. 13 2.8.1. CLASE ARÁCHNIDA ...................................................................................... 14 a. Orden Acari ............................................................................................................... 14 b. Orden Araneae........................................................................................................... 14 Familia Amaurobiidae ...................................................................................................... 14 Familia Anyphaenidae ...................................................................................................... 14 Familia Araneidae ............................................................................................................. 15 Familia Gnaphosidae ........................................................................................................ 15 Familia Linyphiidae .......................................................................................................... 15 Familia Lycosidae............................................................................................................. 16 Familia Salticidae ............................................................................................................. 16 Familia Theridiidae ........................................................................................................... 16 Familia Thomisidae .......................................................................................................... 16 Familia Trachelidae .......................................................................................................... 17 2.8.2. CLASE CHILÓPODA ....................................................................................... 17 a. Orden Lithobiomorpha .............................................................................................. 17 2.8.3. CLASE INSECTA ............................................................................................. 17 a. Orden Coleóptera ...................................................................................................... 17 Familia Anthicidae ........................................................................................................... 17 Familia Carabidae ............................................................................................................. 18 Familia Chrysomelidae ..................................................................................................... 18 Familia Coccinellidae ....................................................................................................... 18 Familia Curculionidae ...................................................................................................... 18 Familia Dermestidae ......................................................................................................... 19 Familia Elateridae ............................................................................................................. 19 Familia Endomychidae ..................................................................................................... 19 Familia Histeridae............................................................................................................. 19 Familia Meloidae .............................................................................................................. 20 Familia Melyridae............................................................................................................. 20 Familia Nitidulidae ........................................................................................................... 20 Familia Scarabaeidae ........................................................................................................ 21 Familia Staphylinidae ....................................................................................................... 21 Familia Tenebrionidae ...................................................................................................... 21 b. Orden Díptera ............................................................................................................ 22 Familia Agromizidae ........................................................................................................ 22 Familia Anthomyiidae ...................................................................................................... 22 Familia Bibionidae ........................................................................................................... 23 Familia Bombyliidae ........................................................................................................ 23 Familia Ceratopogonidae .................................................................................................. 23 Familia Chironomidae ...................................................................................................... 23 Familia Chloropidae ......................................................................................................... 24 Familia Dolichopodidae ................................................................................................... 24 Familia Drosophilidae ...................................................................................................... 24 Familia Lauxaniidae ......................................................................................................... 25 Familia Lonchaeidae ......................................................................................................... 25 Familia Muscidae ............................................................................................................. 25 Familia Phoridae ............................................................................................................... 26 Familia Sarcophagidae ..................................................................................................... 26 Familia Sciaridae .............................................................................................................. 26 Familia Sciomyzidae ........................................................................................................ 26 Familia Sphaeroceridae ...................................................................................................
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