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Probables Casos De Parasitismo De Lucilia Bufonivora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) En Anuros Del Norte Ibérico

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Probables Casos De Parasitismo De Lucilia Bufonivora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) En Anuros Del Norte Ibérico 112 Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. (2009) 20 rrado para estivar o para realizar una puesta. En cerca de 500 de esos jumbos cada día durante los cualquier caso lo indudable es que el animal fue más de 40 años que lleva dedicándose a esta acti- levantado por la cosechadora automática y ensa- vidad, nos indican la excepcionalidad de este cado para su transporte junto con las patatas y que transporte accidental en un saco de patatas. aparentemente no sufrió daños durante el proce- so. En la empresa donde se nos dieron estos datos AGRADECIMIENTOS: Los autores agradecen a no se ha producido nunca otro acontecimiento T. Almenar los datos aportados para la realización de como el que hemos descrito. Un movimiento de la presente nota. REFERENCIAS Blasco, M., Miguel, E. & Antúnez, A. 1979. La introducción Coruña. A Coruña. artificial de Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) en Andalucía. Gómez de Berrazueta, J.M. 2006. Salamanquesas canarias Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, 6: 113-117. (Tarentola delalandii) en Cantabria. Boletín de la Ficetola, G.F. & Padoa-Schioppa, E. 2009. Human activities alter Asociación Herpetológica Española, 17: 80-81. biogeographical patterns of reptiles on Mediterranean islands. Lever, C. 2003. Naturalized amphibians and reptiles of the Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18: 214-222. world. Oxford University Press, New York. Galán, P. 1999. Salamanquesa Común. Tarentola mauritanica Selcer, K.W. 1986. Life history of a successful colonizer: the (Linneaus, 1758). 182-184. In: Galán Regalado, P. (eds.). mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, in southern Conservación de la Herpetofauna Gallega. Universidade da Texas. Copeia, 1986: 956-962. Probables casos de parasitismo de Lucilia bufonivora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) en anuros del norte ibérico Alberto Gosá1, Xabier Rubio1, Mikel Etxaniz2, Alberto Luengo2, Luis García-Cardenete3 & Manuel Océn1 1 Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Observatorio de Herpetología. Zorroagagaina, 11. E-20014 San Sebastián. C.e.: [email protected] 2 Marismas de Txingudi. Cl. Pierre Loti, s/n. 20304 Irún. Guipúzcoa. 3 Carrera de S. Agustín, 24. 2º A. E-18300 Loja. Granada. Fecha de aceptación: 6 de septiembre de 2009. Key words: myiasis, parasitism, Lucilia bufonivora, Bufo bufo, Bufo calamita, Pelophylax perezi. Las moscardas (gén. Lucilia; fam. minante en hábitats templados cálidos Calliphoridae) son dípteros cosmopolitas (Australia, Sudáfrica), L. sericata en hábitats tem- necrófagos y polífagos, cuyas larvas producen plados frescos como los de Europa y Nueva miasis o infestaciones en hospedadores variados, Zelanda, y el grupo L. caesar / L. illustris en áreas incluido el hombre. Especies significativas del paleárticas septentrionales (Stevens & Wall, 1997). género parecen haber coevolucionado en la his- Por su parte, L. bufonivora es un parásito obliga- toria reciente a lo largo de la domesticación de la do de ranas y sapos. oveja, y las diferencias geográficas en su acción Pero además de Calliphoridae, otras tres patogénica estarían fuertemente determinadas familias de dípteros (Sarcophagidae, por influencias climáticas (Stevens & Wall, 1997). Chloropidae y Muscidae) cuentan con especies Así, Lucilia cuprina ejercería una acción predo- que pueden ocasionar miasis ocasionales en los Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. (2009) 20 113 anfibios. El caso más documentado entre blandos (Brumpt, 1934; Sandner, 1955) hasta produ- Sarcophagidae es el de Notochaeta bufonivora, un cir la muerte del anfibio. La pupación la realizan parásito obligado cuyas larvas depredan en regio- en tierra. El ciclo completo, de huevo a adulto, se nes neotropicales sobre Bufonidae (Crump & Pounds, prolonga durante tres semanas o menos (Brumpt, 1985; Lopes & Vogelsang, 1953), Brachycephalidae 1934; Koskela et al., 1974), y probablemente esta (Schwartz & Sebben, 1992), Ranidae (Souza et al., 1990), moscarda es capaz de producir hasta tres genera- Leptodactylidae (Lopes, 1981) e Hylidae (Eizemberg et ciones en un verano (Brumpt, 1934). al., 2008). Incluso especies sin determinar de Diversos hospedadores han sido reconoci- Sarcophagidae depredan sobre ranas tan venenosas dos para Lucilia bufonivora. En una reserva rusa como las Dendrobatidae (Hagman et al., 2005). En se constató miasis durante más de dos decenios Chloropidae de Australia se ha estudiado en Pelobates fuscus, Bufo bufo, B. viridis y Rana el parasitismo ejercido por el género arvalis (Garanin & Shaldybin, 1976). También para- Batrachomyia en numerosas especies de sita sobre Hyla arborea (Meisterhans & Heusser, ranas (Elkan, 1965; Schell & Burgin, 2001). 1970) y Rana temporaria (Koskela et al., 1974), y En Europa, Asia y Norteamérica algunas pone huevos sobre Salamandra salamandra, especies de Lucilia son parásitos obligados o Alytes obstetricans y Pelophylax kl. esculentus facultativos de ranas y sapos. En India parasitan (Brumpt, 1934). La especie más seleccionada por bufónidos (Dasgupta, 1962); en Norteamérica dos el parásito es Bufo bufo (Brumpt, 1934; Strijbosch, especies de Bufolucilia son las causantes de estas 1980), como se ha reconocido para varios países miasis. Bufolucilia silvarum se ha encontrado en europeos (Zumpt, 1965), la República Checa Lithobates catesbeianus, produciendo miasis pri- (Zavadil et al., 1997), Polonia (Sandner, 1955) y maria en juveniles sanos de Bufo americanus Holanda (Hendriks, 1974; Strijbosch, 1980). (Bolek & Coggins, 2002, y referencias en éstos) y en En la Península Ibérica Lucilia bufonivora no juveniles de Rana sylvatica (Bolek & Janovy, 2004). se encuentra entre las siete especies del género Bufolucilia elongata causa miasis en esta última citadas hasta el momento (Carles-Tolrá, 2002); sin especie (Bolek & Janovy, 2004), en B. americanus embargo, en la zona eurosiberiana peninsular no (Briggs, 1975) y B. boreas (James & Maslin, 1947). escasean las observaciones, realizadas por los En Europa sólo Lucilia (= Bufolucilia) bufoni- especialistas en sus trabajos de campo, de ejem- vora ha sido citada con seguridad como parásito plares de Bufo bufo portando huevos, larvas o obligado de los anuros, puesto que algunas refe- con huellas inequívocas de la acción del parásito rencias de infestaciones adjudicadas a L. silvarum (Fernández & Ruiz de Azua, 2007). no determinaron correctamente la especie, sien- En la presente nota se recogen observaciones do confundida con L. bufonivora (Hall, 1948). Ésta de parasitismo en dos especies de sapos se encuentra muy extendida, desde las Islas (Bufonidae) y una de rana (Ranidae), atribuibles Británicas, Escandinavia y Centroeuropa hasta fundadamente a Lucilia bufonivora, en áreas de Rusia y Ucrania. Su distribución paleártica se influencia atlántica del norte ibérico (Navarra, completa en China y Norteáfrica. Lucilia bufoni- País Vasco y Asturias). En primavera y verano de vora pone sus huevos en el dorso y costados del 2000 y 2001 se encontraron en el Parque hospedador; las larvas eclosionadas alcanzan las Ecológico de Plaiaundi (Irún, Guipúzcoa; cavidades nasales y órbitas oculares, en cuyo inte- UTM: 30T WP9700; altitud: 4 m) numerosos rior se desarrollan, alimentándose de los tejidos ejemplares adultos de Bufo calamita presunta- 114 Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. (2009) 20 mente atacados por el parásito, con deformacio- moscardas, que, lamentablemente, no fueron nes en el cráneo y puestas adheridas, principal- depositados en colección. En el otro terrario dis- mente, en la zona periventral próxima a las patas puso sapos portadores de huevos del parásito en traseras (nunca en la dorsal). la piel. Las larvas eclosionadas penetraron en el El Parque Ecológico de Plaiaundi es un interior del cuerpo, y sus movimientos eran enclave periurbano, cuya creación generó apreciables desde el exterior. El resto del proceso importantes movimientos de tierra en 1997-98. fue semejante al descrito para el primer terrario. Desde entonces, hasta 2001, las características Hasta poco tiempo después se vino obser- del hábitat (espacios abiertos colonizados de vando en el P.E. de Plaiaundi individuos parasi- forma incipiente por la vegetación) y del sustra- tados, en un hábitat dominado por praderas y to fueron idóneas para Bufo calamita, que man- encharcamientos con juncales y carrizales. tuvo los máximos poblacionales conocidos en el Además, se comprobaron al mismo tiempo mia- lugar, y fue posteriormente objeto de seguimien- sis en adultos de Pelophylax perezi atacados por el to durante los años siguientes, con densidades mismo insecto (Figura 1; Ekogarapen, 2002), en estimadas inferiores (Garin-Barrio et al., 2008). frecuencia menor que la observada para Bufo En primavera y verano de 2000 Héctor calamita. En los últimos años, y a medida que la González, trabajador del P.E. de Plaiaundi, cobertura vegetal del hábitat ha ido aumentan- introdujo sapos corredores parasitados en dos do, así como disminuyendo los tamaños pobla- fases de la miasis, en sendos terrarios aislados del cionales de los dos anfibios, no se ha constatado exterior por una malla que impedía la entrada de la incidencia del parásito. En todos los casos se insectos. En uno de ellos depositó sapos porta- trataría de Lucilia bufonivora. dores de larvas, en una fase final del ciclo, com- El registro de miasis sobre Bufo bufo se ha rea- probando que poco antes de morir el animal lizado en cuatro localidades de Navarra, algunas larvas horadaban la piel del cráneo, acce- Guipúzcoa y Vizcaya. En julio de 1999 se encon- diendo al exterior y enterrándose rápidamente. tró una hembra adulta con huellas de ataque atri- Una vez muerto éste, otras larvas perforaban la buibles
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