Discovery of Tetraploidy in a Mammal the Red Viscacha Rat Is Unaffected by Having Double the Usual Number of Chromosomes
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Evolution of the Largest Mammalian Genome
GBE Evolution of the Largest Mammalian Genome Ben J. Evans1,*, Nathan S. Upham1,2,3,*, Goeffrey B. Golding1, Ricardo A. Ojeda4, and Agustina A. Ojeda4 1Biology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 2Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 4Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad (GIB), Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Aridas (IADIZA), Mendoza, Argentina *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. Accepted: June 21, 2017 Data deposition: Sequence data and assemblies from this study are deposited in the Sequence Read Archive of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), study SRP102508, bioproject PRJNA380259, including RNA sequencing (RNAseq) reads and transcriptome assemblies for O. mimax, T. barrerae, X. tropicalis,andX. laevis, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) reads, for O. mimax and T. barrerae. Contigs >200 bp in length from the draft whole genome assemblies for O. mimax and T. barrerae have been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank in subproject ID SUB2517200 under the accession NDGM00000000 and NDGN00000000. The versions described in this paper are version NDGM01000000 and NDGN01000000. High abundance k-mer contig assemblies are provided in the Supplementary Material online. Abstract The genome of the red vizcacha rat (Rodentia, Octodontidae, Tympanoctomys barrerae) is the largest of all mammals, and about double the size of their close relative, the mountain vizcacha rat Octomys mimax, even though the lineages that gave rise to these species diverged from each other only about 5 Ma. The mechanism for this rapid genome expansion is contro- versial, and hypothesized to be a consequence of whole genome duplication or accumulation of repetitive elements. -
RELEVANCE of KIN SELECTION on the EVOLUTION of COOPERATION in HYSTRICOGNATH RODENTS, Octodon Degus (Molina, 1782) AS a STUDY CASE
1 RELEVANCE OF KIN SELECTION ON THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION IN HYSTRICOGNATH RODENTS, Octodon degus (Molina, 1782) AS A STUDY CASE. IMPORTANCIA DE LA SELECCIÓN DE PARENTESCO EN LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA COOPERACIÓN EN ROEDORES HISTRICOGNATOS Y EN Octodon degus (Molina, 1782) COMO CASO DE ESTUDIO. Tesis entregada a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias con mención en Ecología por ÁLVARO LY PRIETO Director de Tesis: Luis A. Ebensperger Pesce Diciembre 2020 2 A la memoria de mi padre. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer, en primer lugar, a Luis Ebensperger, por ser un excelente director de tesis y un verdadero tutor, siempre generoso a la hora de compartir sus conocimientos, y por su infinita paciencia y buena disposición para revisar, corregir y dar consejos. A los miembros de la comisión de tesis, por sus consejos. A Cristian Hernández y su equipo por abrirme las puertas de su laboratorio en la UdeC para aprender nuevas metodologías. También agradecer a todos los amigos, familia y a mi pareja, que han sido un soporte fundamental en este largo camino, y a todos quienes contribuyeron de alguna u otra forma en la concepción de esta tesis doctoral y en su proceso. Especialmente agradecer a quienes fueron importantes en la obtención y procesamiento de mis datos, y en los debates de ideas: a mis compañeros y amigos Raúl Sobrero, Loreto Correa, Daniela Rivera, Cecilia León, Juan C. Ramírez, Gioconda Peralta y Loreto Carrasco. Agradecer al Departamento de Ecología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica y su staff, por tener siempre buena disposición para solucionar requerimientos y vicisitudes. -
The Octodontidae Revisited
THE OCTODONTIDAE REVISITED UNA REVISION DE OCTODONTIDAE Milton Gallardo, R. Ojeda, C. González, and C. Ríos ABSTRACT The monophyletic and depauperate assemblage of South American octodontid rodents has experienced an extensive adaptive radiation from above-ground dwellers to subterranean, saxicolous, and gerbil-like deserticolous life forms. Complex and saltational chromosomal repatterning is a hallmark of octodontid evolution. Recent molecular evidence links these chromosome dynamics with quantum genome size shifts, and probably with reticulate evolution via introgressive hybridization in the desert dwellers Tympanoctomys barrerae and Pipanacoctomys aureus. Genome duplication represents a novel mechanism of evolution in mammals and its adaptive role is reflected in the ability of deserticolous species to colonize the extreme environment of salt flats. Unique to Tympanoctomys is a the rigid bundle of hairs behind the upper incisors which is crucial to efficiently peel saltbush leaves and probably explains its broader distribution relative to P. aureus. This feature, in association with other attributes (e. g., specialized kidneys, large bullae, feeding behavior) has enabled Tympanoctomys to cope with extreme environmental conditions. Key words: Octodontidae, Octodontids, South American mammals, tetraploidy, Tympanoctomys barrerae. RESUMEN Los octodóntidos son un grupo de roedores monofiléticos que han experimentado una extensa radiación adaptativa desde especies que viven en la superficie a formas de vida subterráneas o de tipo gerbos, especializados a la vida desertícola. La evolución de los octodóntidos está marcada por reordenamientos cromsómicos complejos y de tipo saltatorio. Las evidencias moleculares recientes indican una estrecha asociación entre esta dinámica cromosómica, los cambios genómicos cuánticos y la evolución Pp. xx-xx in Kelt, D. A., E. -
45763089029.Pdf
Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 ISSN: 1666-0536 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Frugone, María José; Correa, Loreto A; Sobrero, Raúl ACTIVITY AND GROUP-LIVING IN THE PORTER’S ROCK RATS, Aconaemys porteri Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 26, núm. 2, 2019, Julio-, pp. 487-492 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Tucumán, Argentina Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45763089029 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Mastozoología Neotropical, 26(2):487-492 Mendoza, 2019 Copyright © SAREM, 2019 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 hp://www.sarem.org.ar hps://doi.org/10.31687/saremMN.19.26.2.0.05 hp://www.sbmz.org Nota ACTIVITY AND GROUP-LIVING IN THE PORTER’S ROCK RATS, Aconaemys porteri María José Frugone1, Loreto A. Correa2,3 and Raúl Sobrero4 1Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 2Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile. 3Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ponticia Universidad Católica de Chile. 4Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientícas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Argentina. [Correspondence: Raúl Sobrero <[email protected]>] ABSTRACT. We provide the rst systematic data on behavior and ecology of Aconaemys porteri. -
Dromiciops Gliroides MICROBIOTHERIA: MICROBIOTHERIIDAE) in ITS SOUTHERNMOST POPULATION of ARGENTINA Mastozoología Neotropical, Vol
Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 ISSN: 1666-0536 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Sanchez, Juliana P.; Gurovich, Yamila FLEAS (INSECTA: SIPHONAPTERA) ASSOCIATED TO THE ENDANGERED NEOTROPICAL MARSUPIAL MONITO DEL MONTE (Dromiciops gliroides MICROBIOTHERIA: MICROBIOTHERIIDAE) IN ITS SOUTHERNMOST POPULATION OF ARGENTINA Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 25, no. 1, 2018, January-June, pp. 257-262 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45758865023 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Mastozoología Neotropical, 25(1):257-262, Mendoza, 2018 Copyright ©SAREM, 2018 http://www.sarem.org.ar Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 http://www.sbmz.com.br Nota FLEAS (INSECTA: SIPHONAPTERA) ASSOCIATED TO THE ENDANGERED NEOTROPICAL MARSUPIAL MONITO DEL MONTE (Dromiciops gliroides MICROBIOTHERIA: MICROBIOTHERIIDAE) IN ITS SOUTHERNMOST POPULATION OF ARGENTINA Juliana P. Sanchez1 and Yamila Gurovich2, 3 1 Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CITNOBA (CONICET- UNNOBA) Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [Correspondence: <[email protected]>] 2 CIEMEP, CONICET-UNPSJB, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. 3 Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2052 New South Wales, Australia ABSTRACT. Dromiciops gliroides is a nocturnal marsupial endemic to the temperate forests of southern South America and the only living representative of the Order Microbiotheria. Here we study the Siphonapteran fauna of the “monito del monte” from Los Alerces National Park, Chubut Province. -
Hystrx It. J. Mamm. (Ns) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy
Hystrx It. J. Mamm . (n.s.) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS 51 Hystrx It. J. Mamm . (n.s.) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy 52 Hystrx It. J. Mamm . (n.s.) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy A COMPARATIVE GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF NON-GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN TWO SPECIES OF MURID RODENTS, AETHOMYS INEPTUS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS FROM SUDAN EITIMAD H. ABDEL-RAHMAN 1, CHRISTIAN T. CHIMIMBA, PETER J. TAYLOR, GIANCARLO CONTRAFATTO, JENNIFER M. LAMB 1 Sudan Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum P. O. Box 321 Khartoum, Sudan Non-geographic morphometric variation particularly at the level of sexual dimorphism and age variation has been extensively documented in many organisms including rodents, and is useful for establishing whether to analyse sexes separately or together and for selecting adult specimens to consider for subsequent data recording and analysis. However, such studies have largely been based on linear measurement-based traditional morphometric analyses that mainly focus on the partitioning of overall size- rather than shape-related morphological variation. Nevertheless, recent advances in unit-free, landmark/outline-based geometric morphometric analyses offer a new tool to assess shape-related morphological variation. In the present study, we used geometric morphometric analysis to comparatively evaluate non-geographic variation in two geographically disparate murid rodent species, Aethmoys ineptus from South Africa and Arvicanthis niloticus from Sudan , the results of which are also compared with previously published results based on traditional morphometric data. Our results show that while the results of the traditional morphometric analyses of both species were congruent, they were not sensitive enough to detect some signals of non-geographic morphological variation. -
Tympanoctomys: 75 Años De Historia. Estado Actual Del Conoci- Miento Del Género
Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 20(1): 109-122, 2018 ISSN 1514-5158 (impresa) ISSN 1853-0400 (en línea) Tympanoctomys: 75 años de historia. Estado actual del conoci- miento del género Agustina A. OJEDA, Andrea del Pilar TARQUINO-CARBONELL, Leandro M. VÉLEZ & Ricardo A. OJEDA Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas (IADIZA), CCT Mendoza. CONICET. Av. Ruiz Leal s/n Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, CP 5500 Argentina, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This contribution is a tribute to José Yepes on the 75th anniversary of his description of the ge- nus Tympanoctomys, and the 90th anniversary of his admission to the Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Viscacha rats are the epitome of South American rodents adapted to desert habitats, and are a true model, not only to present different specialized attributes for life in xeric environments, but also as one of the mammals with the highest chromosomal number. In this chapter, we present an overview of the state of knowledge of the genus and related species, regarding aspects such as distribution, ecology, genetic and conserva- tion. Perspectives focus on gaps and unresolved issues that are fascinating and promising research lines. Key words: José Yepes, Octodontids, Rodents, Viscacha Rats Resumen: Esta contribución es un homenaje a José Yepes por los 75 años transcurridos desde que describiera el género Tympanoctomys, y por los 90 años de su ingreso al Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Las ratas vizcacha son el epítome de roedores sudamericanos adaptados al desierto, y han constituido un verdadero modelo, no solo por presentar distintos atributos especializados para la vida en ambientes xéricos, sino también como uno de los mamíferos con mayor número cromosómico. -
Hystricomorpha, Octodontidae) En Chile
Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 69(2): 19-27 (2020) 19 EXTENSIÓN SEPTENTRIONAL DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN CONOCIDA DE ACONAEMYS (HYSTRICOMORPHA, OCTODONTIDAE) EN CHILE. Diego Ramírez-Álvarez1 y Guillermo D’Elía2* 1Unidad de Vida Silvestre, Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero de Chile, Región de O’Higgins. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile E-mail: [email protected] * [email protected] RESUMEN Se reporta el primer registro basado en especímenes de poblaciones actuales de Aconaemys para la Región de O’Higgins; extendiéndose así la distribución conocida del género hacia el norte en aproximadamente 130 km. Con la evidencia disponible no es posible determinar a la especie a la que pertenecen dichas poblaciones; por lo tanto, se refiere a las mismas comoAconaemys sp. Estos nuevos registros muestran que la distribución del género no se redujo durante el Holoceno en la magnitud que ha sido sugerido. Al mismo tiempo, estos registros muestran la necesidad de continuar con la colecta de especímenes de mamíferos en Chile como forma de lograr una adecuada caracterización de la mastofauna del país. Palabras clave: Caviomorpha; Región de O’Higgins, Rodentia; tunduco ABSTRACT Northern extension of the known distribution of Aconaemys (Hystricomorpha, Octodontidae) in Chile. The first records of living populations of Aconaemys for the O’Higgins Region are reported; these records extend the known distribution of the genus to the north by approximately 130 km. With the available evidence it is not possible to determine the species to which these populations belong; therefore, they are referred to as Aconaemys sp. -
Morphology of the Limbs in the Semi-Fossorial Desert Rodent Species of Tympanoctomys (Octodontidae, Rodentia)
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 710:Morphology 77–96 (2017) of the limbs in the semi-fossorial desert rodent species of Tympanoctomys... 77 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.710.14033 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Morphology of the limbs in the semi-fossorial desert rodent species of Tympanoctomys (Octodontidae, Rodentia) M. Julieta Pérez1, Rubén M. Barquez2, M. Mónica Díaz1,2 1 PIDBA (Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina), PCMA (Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Miguel Lillo 251, 4000. Tucumán, Argentina 2 Fundación Miguel Lillo. Miguel Lillo 205, 4000. Tucumán, Argentina Corresponding author: M. Julieta Pérez ([email protected]) Academic editor: R. López-Antoñanzas | Received 7 June 2017 | Accepted 26 September 2017 | Published 19 October 2017 http://zoobank.org/4E701E29-1D3E-4092-B150-94BD7C52957B Citation: Pérez MJ, Barquez RM, Díaz MM (2017) Morphology of the limbs in the semi-fossorial desert rodent species of Tympanoctomys (Octodontidae, Rodentia). ZooKeys 710: 77–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.710.14033 Abstract Here, a detailed description of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of all living species of the genus Tympa- noctomys are presented. These rodents, highly adapted to desert environments, are semi-fossorial with capacity to move on the surface as well as to build burrows. The shape, structure, and size of the limbs are described. Contrary to what was expected for scratch digging semi-fossorial species, Tympanoctomys have slender humerus, radius and ulna; with narrow epicondyles of the humerus and short olecranon of the ulna with poorly developed processes. -
List of Taxa for Which MIL Has Images
LIST OF 27 ORDERS, 163 FAMILIES, 887 GENERA, AND 2064 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 JULY 2021 AFROSORICIDA (9 genera, 12 species) CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles 1. Amblysomus hottentotus - Hottentot Golden Mole 2. Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole 3. Eremitalpa granti - Grant’s Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus - Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale cf. longicaudata - Lesser Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec 4. Microgale cowani - Cowan’s Shrew Tenrec 5. Microgale mergulus - Web-footed Tenrec 6. Nesogale cf. talazaci - Talazac’s Shrew Tenrec 7. Nesogale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 8. Setifer setosus - Greater Hedgehog Tenrec 9. Tenrec ecaudatus - Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (127 genera, 308 species) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale 2. Eubalaena australis - Southern Right Whale 3. Eubalaena glacialis – North Atlantic Right Whale 4. Eubalaena japonica - North Pacific Right Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei – Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Balaenoptera ricei - Rice’s Whale 7. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 8. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE (54 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Common Impala 3. Aepyceros petersi - Black-faced Impala 4. Alcelaphus caama - Red Hartebeest 5. Alcelaphus cokii - Kongoni (Coke’s Hartebeest) 6. Alcelaphus lelwel - Lelwel Hartebeest 7. Alcelaphus swaynei - Swayne’s Hartebeest 8. Ammelaphus australis - Southern Lesser Kudu 9. Ammelaphus imberbis - Northern Lesser Kudu 10. Ammodorcas clarkei - Dibatag 11. Ammotragus lervia - Aoudad (Barbary Sheep) 12. -
Javier Saavedra
HOLOCENE DISTRIBUTION OF OCTODONTID RODENTSRevista Chilena de Historia Natural383 76: 383-389, 2003 76: ¿¿-??, 2003 Holocene distribution of Octodontid rodents in central Chile Distribución holocénica de roedores octodóntidos en Chile central BÁRBARA SAAVEDRA & JAVIER A. SIMONETTI Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT We describe the Holocene distribution of the Octodontids Aconaemys fuscus, Octodon bridgesi, O. degus, O. lunatus, O. pacificus and Spalacopus cyanus from Central Chile. We compared ancient and present day ranges. The Holocene pattern was inferred from zooarchaeological records. Octodon degus, O. lunatus, O. bridgesi, and Aconaemys fuscus showed a reduction in their geographic range. Although specific mechanisms remain to be tested, human disturbance seems to be the distal factor that explains the reduction of ranges for some taxa. Key words: Octodontidae, Holocene, central Chile, zooarchaeology. RESUMEN Describimos la distribución holocénica de los roedores octodóntidos Aconaemys fuscus, Octodon bridgesi, O. degus, O. lunatus, O. pacificus y Spalacopus cyanus en Chile central, y la comparamos con su distribución actual. El patrón de distribución holocénico se infirió de registros zooarqueológicos. Octodon degus, O. lunatus, O. bridgesi y Aconaemys fuscus muestran una reducción en su rango geográfico. A pesar de que los mecanismos específicos que explican este patrón permanecen sin ser resueltos, la perturbación humana parece ser el factor distal que explicaría la reducción en el rango de distribución para algunas de estas especies. Palabras clave: Octodontidae, Holoceno, Chile central, zooarqueología. INTRODUCTION unresolved, a fact reflected in the wealth of new records of these taxa (e.g., Hutterer 1994, Octodontids represent a conspicuous group Podestá et al. -
Notes on the Taxonomy of Mountain Viscachas of the Genus Lagidium Meyen 1833 (Rodentia: Chinchillidae)
THERYA, 2017, Vol. 8 (1): 27 - 33 DOI: 10.12933/therya-17-479 ISSN 2007-3364 Notes on the taxonomy of mountain viscachas of the genus Lagidium Meyen 1833 (Rodentia: Chinchillidae) PABLO TETA*1 AND SERGIO O. LUCERO1 1 División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR. Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail [email protected] (PT), [email protected] (SOL) * Corresponding author Mountain viscachas of the genus Lagidium Meyen 1833 are medium-to-large hystricomorph rodents (1.5 -- 3 kg) that live in rocky outcrops from Ecuador to southern Argentina and Chile. Lagidium includes more than 20 nominal forms, most of them based on one or two individuals, which were first described during the 18th and 20th. Subsequent revisions reduced the number of species to three to four, depending upon the author. Within the genus, Lagidium viscacia (Molina, 1782) is the most widely distributed species, with populations apparently extended from western Bolivia to southern Argentina and Chile. We reviewed > 100 individuals of Lagidium, including skins and skulls, most of them collected in Argentina. We performed multivariate statistical analysis (i. e., principal component analysis [PCA], discriminant analysis [DA]) on a subset of 55 adult individuals grouped according to their geographical origin, using 16 skull and tooth measurements. In addition, we searched for differences in cranial anatomy across populations. PCA and DA indicate a moderate overlap between individuals from southern Argentina, on one hand, and northwestern Argentina, western Bolivia and northern Chile, on the other. The external coloration, although variable, showed a predominance of gray shades in southern Argentina and yellowish gray in northwestern Argentina.