Course Overview and Internet History

Advanced Computer Networks cs598pbg fall 2010

Fall 2010

Course Overview Internet History Your Future This course

• is instructed by Brighten Godfrey ([email protected], 3128 Siebel) • takes place Tue & Thu, 3:30 - 4:45 pm, in 1302 Siebel • comes with FREE ofﬁce hours: currently, Tuesdays after class (we’ll reselect in a week or two) and by appointment • has a web site: http://www.cs.illinois.edu/homes/pbg/ courses/cs598fa10/ • has a wiki, linked from the web site Your instructor

• Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, 2009, advised by Ion Stoica • Dissertation on improving resilience and performance of distributed systems by taking advantage of heterogeneity • Research interests: Design of highly reliable, ﬂexible, and efﬁcient networked systems, algorithms for and analysis of distributed systems Course goal

• Prepare ourselves to perform high-quality research advancing the ﬁeld of networking Course components

• Networking literature • The classics • The challenges • The latest • How to read, criticize, and present research • Research project Major topics

• Core architecture • Classic Internet architecture • Congestion control • Forwarding • Routing • Naming • Making it work well • Reliability, scalability, selﬁshness, security • Domain-speciﬁc networks • Data center, overlay, P2P, wireless Requirements & grading

• Project (50%) • Midterm presentation (10%) • Final paper (20%) • Final poster presentation (20%) • Midterm exam (15%) • Paper reviews (15%) • Paper presentations (10%) • Class participation (10%) 1. Project

• Research project that could be developed into a conference submission • Work alone or in groups of two • Project topics • Explore your own ideas • Next lecture: some suggestions • Steps • Project proposal (3 weeks from now) • Midterm presentation • Final poster presentation and paper 2. Readings

• Generally one or two papers per lecture • Submit a review on the wiki by 11:59pm the night before we discuss the paper • For each paper, a review is • One paragraph (longer is not better) • At least 2 criticisms • Don’t just repeat what we already read in the paper! 3. Paper presentations

• 15 minute presentation including key concepts, techniques, results, and your criticism • Important to compare the presented paper to the other readings • 20 minutes of discussion during/after • At least 2 days before it happens, meet with me to show me your presentation 4. Midterm exam

• Covers core material in ﬁrst ~2/3 of course • Practice / review questions will be released 5. Class participation

• Comment, question, and interact! • Discuss on the wiki • Feedback on each lecture Today

Course Overview Internet History Your Future Visions

• Vannevar Bush, “As we may think” (1945): memex • J. C. R. Licklider (1962): “Galactic Network” • Concept of a global network of computers connecting people with data and programs Bush • First head of DARPA computer research, Licklider October 1962 Circuit switching

1920s 1967 [Getty Images] [US Air Force] 1961-64: Packet switching

Datagram packet Circuit Switching switching Physical channel carrying stream of Message broken into short packets, data from source to destination each handled separately

Three phase: setup, data transfer, One operation: send packet tear-down

Packets stored (queued) in each Data transfer involves no routing router, forwarded to appropriate neighbor 1961-64: Packet switching

• Leonard Kleinrock: queueing-theoretic analysis of packet switching in MIT Ph.D. thesis (1961-63) demonstrated value of statistical multiplexing • Concurrent work from Paul Baran (RAND), Donald Davies (National Kleinrock Physical Labratories, UK)

Circuit switching Packet switching

Time Time Baran 1965: First computer network

• Lawrence Roberts and Thomas Merrill connect a TX-2 at MIT to a Q-32 in Santa Monica, CA • ARPA-funded project • Connected with telephone line – it works, but it’s inefﬁcient and expensive – conﬁrming motivation for packet switching Roberts The ARPANET begins

• Roberts joins DARPA (1966), publishes plan for the ARPANET computer network (1967) • December 1968: Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) wins bid to build packet switch, the Interface Message Processor • September 1969: BBN delivers ﬁrst IMP to Kleinrock’s lab at UCLA

An older Kleinrock with the ﬁrst IMP ARPANET comes alive

Stanford Research Institute (SRI)

“LO” Oct 29, 1969

UCLA ARPANET grows

• Dec 1970: ARPANET Network Control Protocol (NCP) • 1971: Telnet, FTP • 1972: Email (Ray Tomlinson, BBN) • 1979: USENET

ARPANET, April 1971

ARPANET to Internet

• Meanwhile, other networks such as PRnet, SATNET deveoped • May 1973: Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn present ﬁrst paper on interconnecting networks • Concept of connecting diverse Cerf networks, unreliable datagrams, global addressing, ... • Became TCP/IP

Kahn TCP/IP deployment

• TCP/IP implemented on mainframes by Application groups at Stanford, BBN, UCL Presentation • David Clark implements it on Xerox Session Alto and IBM PC Transport

• 1982: International Organization for Network Standards (ISO) releases Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model Data Link Physical • January 1, 1983: “Flag Day” NCP to TCP/IP transition on ARPANET OSI Reference Model’s layers Growth spurs organic change

Mockapetris • Early 1980s: Many new networks: CSNET, BITNET, MFENet, SPAN (NASA), ... • Nov 1983: DNS developed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris Postel (USC/ISI), Craig Partridge (BBN) • 1984: Hierarchical routing: EGP and IGP (later to become eBGP and iBGP)

Partridge Growth from Ethernet

• Ethernet: R. Metcalfe and D. Boggs, July 1976 • Spanning Tree protocol: Radia Perlman, 1985 • Made local area networking easy Metcalfe

Perlman NSFNET

• 1984: NSFNET for US higher education • Serve many users, not just one ﬁeld • Encourage development of private infrastructure (e.g., initially, backbone required to be used for NSFNET backbone, 1992 Research and Education) • Stimulated investment in commercial long-haul networks • 1990: ARPANET ends • 1995: NSFNET decommissioned Explosive growth! In hosts Explosive growth! In networks (Colors correspond to measurements from different vantage points) Internet forwarding table size

Year [Huston ’10] IPv4 & IPv6 INTERNET TOPOLOGY MAP JANUARY 2009

B S B NTERNET RAPH A S - l e v e l I G a S i n i a n n n g g g J J g a k a a N a k p o I p N k N k o I o k , o a I N a k , r , y r I B r , e B r , T y t i a e , e t a , e T i a h b a , i H S l i b j , S H h T T j , i e i l n I G m I G a a n e m D o g 90E D D 90E i 0E E i g o p 10 80 p 100E D , E B A , 80E E e V e B C , C A i E i S i E V , 110 l , 10 , S N 70 b a e N 1 7 i l T E d o T 0E a e a b o W i u W d h v a i u o l A v E D , h l 0 s 0E o , 12 t K 2 I D s 6 u o 1 K 0 60 t E b k R E u o S R , b k A

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E I 1535 41 D E , 7575(AARNET)7575(AARNET) D 2516(KDDI) in l , r O n li e r B e B E C 8395(COMSTAR) O 8395(COMSTAR) 0 N C O , E 10026(Asia Netcom) o , N 7 sl o O 0 l s 1 E O D 7 1 , P E rt t, D fu 1 ur 0 nk kf ra 1 A an E F Fr 2516(KDDI) 0 1228 33 A

20485(JSC)

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ssels, BE Brussels, BE Bru W / 6695(DECIX) R E F W aris, Paris, FR P / 0

E 7714(TelstraClear) 3320(Deutsche3320(Deutsche Telekom)Telekom) 921 25 8 7714(TelstraClear) 1

0 8928(Interoute)8928(Interoute)

8 London, UK

London, UK

1200(AMSIX)1200(ANSIX)

702(MCI)

1299(TeliaNet)

5459(LINX)

1273(CW)

3549(GBKX)3549(GBLX)

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6677(ICENET)

6435(LavaNet)

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ANALYSIS TEAM . Bradley Huffaker . kc claffy Number of Number of Number of Number of This visualization represents macroscopic snapshots of IPv4 and globally routed IPv6 prefixes seen in Route Views BGP tables on 1 The position of each AS node is plotted in polar coordinates Calculating AS coordinates as described above results in a large SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Young Hyun . Matthew Luckie IP address IP links ASes ASlinks IPv6 Internet topology samples captured in January 2009. The January 2009. (radius, angle), that are calculated as follows. number of overlapping nodes (hundreds in the case of the IPv4 POSTER DESIGN Connie Lyu plotting method illustrates both the extensive geographical IPv4 4,853,991 5,682,419 17,791 50,333 graph) which distort the graph's edge. To better visualize so many scope as well as rich interconnectivity of nodes participating in We aggregate this IP-level data to construct IPv4 and IPv6 Internet The outdegree of an AS node is the number of next-hop ASes that ASes at the edge, we refined our node placement algorithm to 4,752 17,036 IPv6 489 1,904 the global Internet routing sytem. connectivity graphs at the Autonomous System (AS) level. Each AS we observed accepting our probe traffic as it left this AS. The link spread out overlapping nodes. This modification creates bulges in A R K H O S T S . AARNet . APAN . ARIN . ASTI . CAIDA . approximately corresponds to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). color reflects outdegree value, from lowest (blue) to highest the outermost ring of the AS-core, corresponding to longitudes Canarie . CENIC . CNRST . FORTH . FunkFeuer . HEANet . Iowa State University . KREONet2 . National Research Council Canada . NIC Chile . For the IPv4 map, CAIDA collected data from 33 monitors located We map each observed IP address to the AS responsible for (yellow). Toward the center of the graph we have manually labeled with substantial Internet infrastructure deployment, which also Northeastern University . Purdue University . Southern Methodist University . TWAREN . Universitat Leipzig . Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya . in 30 countries on 5 continents. Coordinated by our active routing traffic to it, i.e., to the origin (end-of-path) AS for the IP some of the highest outdegree ASes with their associated ISPs. 1 correlates with populous regions of the globe. University of Cambridge . University of Hawaii . University of Luxembourg . University of Napoli . University of Oregon . University of Waikato . measurement infrastructure, Archipelago (Ark ), the monitors prefix representing the best match of this address in the BGP probed paths toward 7.4 million /24 networks that cover 95% of To determine the longitude of an AS, we used the IPv4 BGP table University of Zurich . US Army Research Lab . Verizon routing tables. For the IPv4 graph, we used the BGP IPv4 routing The IPv6 graph grew from 486 AS nodes in January 2008 to 515 the routable prefixes seen in the Route Views2 Border Gateway from Route Views to find a set of announced IPv4 prefixes for each table provided by Route Views. For the IPv6 graph, we used the nodes in January 2009. Over the same period we saw an increase in COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNET DATA ANALYSIS Protocol (BGP) routing tables on 1 January 2009. IPv6 routing table collected by RIPE NCC3. AS. We subdivided prefixes into the smallest prefixes that Digital Copyright (c) 2009 UCRegents San Diego Supercomputer Center . University of California, San Diego Envoy's NetAcuity4 mapped to a single geographic location in the number of IPv4 ASes from 18K to almost 23K. Whether these All rights reserved. 500 Gilman Drive, mc0505 . La Jolla, CA 92093-0505 . 858-534-5000 . http://www.caida.org/ January 2009. We then calculated the AS angle coordinate from changes represent actual new AS allocations or result from http://www.caida.org/research/topology/as_core_network/ outdegree(AS) + 1 modifications in our measurement methodology is not clear. For the IPv6 map, CAIDA collected data from 6 Ark monitors = the weighted average (by number of IP addresses in each mapped radius 1 - log maximum.outdegree + 1 located in 4 countries on 2 continents. This subset of monitors ( ) prefix) of the longitude coordinates of all such subdivided Compared with the AS-core graph of January 2008, we observed a probed paths toward 1,491 prefixes which represent 88.9% of the longitude of the AS’s BGP prefixes westward shift in the position of ISP TelstraClear due to its angle= prefixes. NetAcuity currently only supports IPv4 mapping, so we digital ( in netacq ) use the IPv4-derived locations for ASes in both graphs. increased presence (per NetAcuity's mapping) in Australia. PROJECT envoy 1 Ark http://www.caida.org/projects/ark/ Archipelago 2 3 4 AmericanA RegistryR for InternetI NumbersN Route Views: http://www.routeviews.org/logo.png RIPE NCC http://www.ripe.net/ digital envoy http://www.digitalenvoy.net/ www.caida.org IPv4 & IPv6 INTERNET TOPOLOGY MAP JANUARY 2009

R , A U A R E E U 0 0 3 T 3 1 5 1 T 0 o 5 E 0 o k E k y U y o o U A R , Peering: , , J A R J P , w OutDegree P E o L w 0 I c I E o L 4 s , 0 I I 1 4 c 4 o v 1 s , 2457 157 0 i R 4 2697(ERX) v o v E 0 i R M T A , E v T N M l a N A , e r l a a S r T y e S k A d a y T n n k A d U A A , e n n A Z U A v y A e , A , Z E e , y i a A v , , 0 i e r E i a A 5 K U i 2149 58 o 0 r U 1 t 5 K E 3 e I o t r F 1 E e I 0 , 3 r F E P i 0 k , P i A n E i A k s n l G i C e B s G 8359(COMSTAR) E l 2914(NTT) , H C e B a i L H , f P a L o , i F f P S w o , F S sa w 1842 50 E r a s O a E U r 0 S , E a E W O S 6 m 0 W , l 1 o m R 2 6 l h o k 4755(TATACOMM) 0 1 c R h T 38809(NXGNET) 2 o k E t A c T 2500(WIDE) , 0 S o t A a R , n 39049304 (Hutchison) E S a n n ie n V ie I V

E I 1535 41 D E , 7575(AARNET) D 2516(KDDI) in l , r O n li e r B e B E C 8395(COMSTAR) O 8395(COMSTAR) 0 N C O , E 10026(Asia Netcom) o , N 7 sl o O 0 l s 1 E O D 7 1 , P E rt t, D fu 1 ur 0 nk kf ra 1 A an E F Fr 2516(KDDI) 0 1228 33 A

20485(JSC)

E 2697(ERX)

ssels, BE Brussels, BE Bru W / 6695(DECIX) R E F W aris, Paris, FR P / 0

E 7714(TelstraClear) 3320(Deutsche Telekom) 921 25 8 7714(TelstraClear) 1

0 8928(Interoute)

8 London, UK

London, UK

1200(AMSIX)1200(ANSIX)

702(MCI)

1299(TeliaNet)

5459(LINX)

1273(CW)

3549(GBKX)3549(GBLX)

3356(Level 3) 5459(London IX) 6939(Hurricane)

3257(Tinet) 614 16 3257(Tinet) Du

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3549(Global Crossing) IE

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701(UUNET) A l 12989(HWNG) l 1 g

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7 1239(Sprint) s

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2914(NTT)

2914(NTT) W

6453(GLOBEINTERNET)

307 8

2828(XOXO) 12008(Centertgate)12008(Centergate)

6677(ICENET)

6435(LavaNet)

LavaNet (6435)

0 3356(LEVEL3)

3561(Savvis) 6

0 4320(Embratel)

1 0 0 2

U 7843(Road Runner)

577(Bell Canada) u

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Autonomous System BGP router

IP router Routing protocols LAN LAN eBGP, iBGP switch ethernet MPLS, CSPF,... segment OSPF, RIP, ... hub spanning tree + learning broadcast Explosive growth! In devices & technologies In applications

65 million times as many devices Morris Internet Worm (1988) Link speeds 200,000x faster World wide web (1989) NATs and firewalls MOSAIC browser (1992) Wireless everywhere Search engines Mobile everywhere Peer-to-peer Tiny devices (smart phones) Voice Giant devices (data centers) Radio ... Botnets Social networking Streaming video The results of your class projects! Huge societal relevance Routing instabilities and outages in Iranian prefixes following 2009 presidential election Affected prefixes

Friday Saturday Sunday June 12 June 13 June 14 [James Cowie, 2009 Renesys Corporation] Huge societal relevance Routing instabilities and outages in Georgian preﬁxes following 2008 South Ossetia War Affected preﬁxes (%)

Fri, Aug 8, 2008 [Earl Zmijewski, Renesys Corporation] Top 30 inventions of the last 30 years Compiled by the Wharton School @ U Penn, 2009

1. Internet/Broadband/World Wide Web 16. Media File Compression 2. PC/Laptop Computers 17. Microfinance 3. Mobile Phones 18. Photovoltaic Solar Energy 4. E-Mail 19. Large Scale Wind Turbines 5. DNA Testing and Sequencing/Human 20. Social Networking via Internet Genome Mapping 21. Graphic User Interface (GUI) 6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 22. Digital Photography/Videography 7. Microprocessors 23. RFID 8. Fiber Optics 24. Genetically Modified Plants 9. Office Software 25. Biofuels 10. Non-Invasive Laser/Robotic Surgery 26. Bar Codes and Scanners 11. Open Source Software and Services 27. ATMs 12. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 28. Stents 13. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 29. SRAM/Flash Memory 14. GPS 30. Anti-Retroviral Treatment for AIDS 15. Online Shopping/E-Commerce/ Auctions Today

Course Overview Internet History Your Future Your (near-term) future

• Thursday Aug. 26: Grand Challenges in computer networking; project, project topic suggestions • Next week: Classic Internet architecture And ﬁnally...

If you are taking this course, please email me your... • Name • Email address • Educational situation • Masters / PhD / undergrad • research area • one or two sentences about your background in networking