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In Li-FCH3 and Li-FH Alkali-Metal Harpooning Reactions in Li-FCH3 and Li-FH A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto. @Copyright by HanBin Oh National Library Bib1iothèq.de nationaie du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 Ottawa ON 'K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exc1wive pennettant à la National Lhrary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfoxm, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelfilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autonsation. Thesis Abstract Alkali-Metal Harpooning Reactions in Li-FCH l3 and LieeFH HanE3in Oh For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Chemisftry, University of Toronto 2ao 1 The van der Waals complexes, Lib4FCH3and Li..FH, have been forrned for the first time. using a laser-ablation method. The complexes were identified by photoionization tirne-of-fiight mass spectrometry. The excitation of the complexes accessed selected configura'tions of the Transition State (TS) of the electronically-excited reaction, ~i'(2p~~)+ XR -, LiX + R, leading thereafter to depletion of the complexes. Depletion oif complexes was obser~edacross a broad range of excitation wavelengths. 'The experimentally observed depletion spectrum was compared to the results oTf ab initio calculations, perfomed by others. These ab inifio calculations permitted identification of the electronically- excited states reached by photoexcitatiorn of the Li..XR complex and assisted in the interpretation of the depletion spectra. Reaction proceeds by surface- hopping from the TS to the ground state; the TS lifetime was obtained by an optical saturation method, and was founai to be 5 1.3ns for both Li reactions. To Boln, SuMin, and JiHye Acknowledgements I sincerely thank John Polanyi for his guidance and support during my stay in Toronto. I have gained a lot of confidence while working under his guidance. I have learned from him that the physical insight and the understanding of nature are far more important than any technical details. I am indebted to Andrew Hudson for teaching me experimental techniques. I have enjoyed working companionship with him for last 4 years. I would like to thank TaeGeol, Javier, Jiaxi, and Sergei for providing a cozy environment in the laboratotyloffice and for their wam welcome-smile every morning. Duncan has always been kind to me whenever I needed his heip. Maria and Anastasia have patiently listened to my complaints and silly stories. Fedor Naumkin explained his theoretical results to me in a very understandable language. Especially his calculations for Li..FCH3 were so great than even 1 were able to appreciate it irnrnediately! Prof. Piotr Piecuch was a good mentor to me and showed me the beauty of ab initio calculations. Serguei Raspopov patiently followed al1 the algebra and corrected the wrong equation for TS lifetime. I think that I could not finish rny Ph.D without Boln's sacrifice and her endless love. Boln spent the whole summer parenting SuMin and JiHye while I was struggling with writing my poor thesis. I sincerely thank my parents, parents- in-law, BoAe, SungHan, and HanJong for being supportive and encouraging me al1 the time. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1- Introduction 1-1. Chernical Dynamics of the reaction event 2 History of TSS Line broadening in non-reactive system Line broadening in the reactive system Continuum resonance Raman Scattering (Bound-free transition) TSS in van der Waals complexes Negativeion photoelectron spectroscopy Femtosecond Tmnsition Spectroscopy (FTS) TSS performed previously in thiJ labaratory 1-3. Alkali metal reaction with halide molecule M + X2 reaction M + CHgreaction M + HX reaction 4. Thesis preview Chapter 2. Experiments 24. Apparatus 2-1 Vacuum system 2-1-2. Laser-ablation method Motivation for use of laser-ablation method Formation of van der Waals complexes from the laser-ablation source Pulsed valves Description of the mechanical part of the ablation assembly Procedures for making the Li sample-rod 2-1-3. Laser system Excitation laser, LI lonization laser, L2 2-1-4. Timeof-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) TOFMS Data acquisition & timing circuitry 2-2. Data analysis Mass spectra Measurernents of the photodepletion cross-section 2-3. Summary Chapter 3. Transition State Spectroscopy for the reaction of Li'(2p 'P) + CHjF -+ LiF + CH3 3 Introduction Experiments 3-2. Identification of the LLFCH3 vdW complex 3-3. Measurements of the photodepletion cross-section 62 for Li..FCH3 34. Assignments of the depletion peaks 65 Theoretical results and Discussion 3-5. Po tenfial-en ergy-surfaces 69 3-6. Simulation of the photoabsorption spectrum 76 3-7. Measurements of fhe TS lifetlme by optical 80 'saturation method' 3-8. Summary 85 Chapter 4. Transition State Spectroscopy for the reaction of 87 Li'(2p 'P) + HF + LiF + H 4- 1. Introduction -4-2. Experiments Results 4-3. Identification of the Li-FH complexes 4-4. Photodepletion spectrum for the LLoFH complex Discussion 4-5. Assignment of peaks in the photodepletion spectrum 1O4 4-6. Dynamics of harpooning 107 4-7. Summary 910 Chapter 5. Thesis summary and future directions 5-1. Thesis summary 5-2 Future directions Conclusions Appendix A References vii List of Figures Figure 2-1 : Side view of the vacuum system Figure 2-2: Schematic diagrarn of the laser-ablation assembly Figure 2-3: Schematic diagram of the pulsed valve Figure 24: Schematic drawing of the laser-ablation source assembly Figure 25: (a) The procedure for rnolding the Li support-rod (b) The procedure for molding the Li support-rod Figure 2-6: Depletion-signal versus delay between two lasers Figure 2-7: Schematic drawing of the experimental setup Figure 2-8: Depletion-signal versus excitation-laser fluence Figure 3-1: TOF mass spectrurn for the Li-FCH3 complexes. The ion Signal was measured following photoionization by laser La (h2 =248nm). The dotted line represents ion-signals before photoexcitation and the solid line is the ion-signal after photoexcitation. Figure 3-2: Power dependence of the ionization signal ((A2 =248nm) for Li-FCH3. The straight line is a linear least-square fit to the date points. The slope of the line is 1.02. Figure 3-3: Action spectra for (a) LLFCH3 and (b) NammFCH3 Complexes, showing the depletion cross-section in A2 vs. the wavelength hl of Li in nm. Figure 34: Potential-energy curves for the ground and the electronicallv-excited states of LimoFCH3.alona an a~~roxirnateminirnum- viii energy path for the collinear PES. The observed spectrum is shown, aginst the appropriate energies, inset at the top left. Figure 3-5: Potential-energy contour polts (a) for the ground 2s and (b) (c) (d) for the electronically-excited states 2px, Zp,, 2pz of LieeFCH3. Figure 3-6: Minimumenergy structure for the LieeFCH3complex. Figure 3-7: Sirnulated photoabsorption spectrum of LieeFCH3for T=250K. V~brationallevels up to v=10 on the ground and excited States were included. Figure 3-8: Laserexcitation and rate processes initiated in the complex. Figure 3-9: Simulation of the TS lifetime for LiaeFCH3at II =640nm, using Eq. 3-7 (see text). The heave dashed-line gives comparable data for NaeaFCH3at hl = 690nm. Figure 4-1 : Crossed-beam assembly for formation of the Li-FH Complexes. Figure 4-2: TOF spectrurn illustrating the formation of the Li-FH VdW Complexes. Figure 43: Action spectra for LFH(above) and NaaeFH(below) Complexes (the latter being from Ref. 24), showing the depletion Cross-section in A2 VS. the wavelength of laser Li in nrn. The heavy Vertical Iine is the atomic D-line (2p t 2s for Li, and 3p t 3s for Na). Vibrational spacing indicative of anhannonicity is identified for a series viii of four vibrational levels (see text). Figure 4-4: Ab initio calculation of the vertical-transition energies for 106 excitation from the minimum-energy geometry of the LLFH and Na-FH complexes (the latter being from Ref. 40) on the ground-state PES, q2A',to the lowest-lying excited states. z2A',32A', 12A". Figure 45: Potential-energy curves for the ground and the Electronically-excited states of LiFH. along an approximate minimum- Energy path for the collinear PES. The equilibrium values for the Li-F and H-F bond lengths are indicated on their respective axes by downward pointing arrows at r~=ro (Li-F) = 1.564A and at r2 =ro (H-F) = 0.917A. Vibration in the ground electronic state LLFH (tentatively identified with the vibrational progression of Fig. 4-3) is indicated for v = 0-3. List of Tables Table 2-1: Voltages on the plates and the flight tube in the TOFMS Table 3-1 : Calculated electronic-vibrational transitions in Li-FCH3 (wavelength in nm, integrated absorption coefficient in cnilmole). Chapter 1. Introduction 11 Chernical Dynamics of the reacüon event Understanding the dynamics of the reaction event is a goal of chemical dynamics. The reaction event includes processes occurring during the collision. The reaction event involves breaking of old chernical bonds and sirnultaneous formation of new chemical bonds. The co~certednessof this event is evident in that average collision energies for successful reactions are typically less than 10% of the dissociation energies of the old bonds.
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