Greening Blue Energy
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Greening Blue Energy: Iden Greening Blue Energy: Iden fying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportuni es of off shore renewable energy Edited by Dan Wilhelmsson et al. fying and managing the risks and biodiversity opportuni es of o ff INTERNATIONAL UNION energy renewable shore FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE WORLD HEADQUARTERS Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland, Switzerland [email protected] Tel +41 22 999 00 01 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org COUVERTURE_IRL.indd 1 28.04.2010 09:35:41 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, E.ON, or SIDA concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, E.ON, or SIDA. This publication has been made possible by funding from E.ON and SIDA. Statements and conclusions are not necessarily based on consensus, but rather reflect the median views of the authors. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Copyright: © 2010 Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduc on of this publica on for educa onal or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior wri en permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduc on of this publica on for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior wri en permission of the copyright holder. Cita on: Wilhelmsson, D., Malm, T., Thompson, R., Tchou, J., Sarantakos, G., McCormick, N., Luitjens, S., Gullström, M., Pa erson Edwards, J.K., Amir, O. and Dubi, A. (eds.) (2010). Greening Blue Energy: Iden fying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportuni es of off shore renewable energy. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 102pp. Cita on of individual chapters: Wilhelmsson, D., Langhamer, O. and Tchou, J. (2010). ‘Brief on Wave, Tidal and Current Power’. In: D. Wilhelmsson, et al. (eds.) Greening Blue Energy: Iden fying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportuni es of off shore renewable energy, pp. 5-7. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1241-3 Design and layout by: James Oliver, IUCN Printed by: SwissPrinters IRL Front cover photo credits: Top le : albatross over the Pacifi c Ocean © Imène Meliane/IUCN. Middle le : Service vessel at Nysted wind farm in Denmark © Gunnar Britse. Lower le : Loggerhead turtle © Mito Paz. Main photo: Off shore wind farm © E.ON Climate & Renewables. Back cover photo credit: Fishing vessel leaving Lillgrund Wind Farm in Sweden; photo: © Ma hias Rust. Available from: IUCN (Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature) Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland Switzerland Telephone +41 22 999 0217; Fax +41 22 999 0025 email: [email protected] website: h p://www.iucn.org/marine COUVERTURE_IRL.indd 2 28.04.2010 09:35:25 Greening Blue Energy: Iden fying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportuni es of off shore renewable energy Edited by Dan Wilhelmsson et al. iucn-eon-sida_ored_270410Gb_IRL.indd *1 28.04.2010 08:23:57 iucn-eon-sida_ored_270410Gb_IRL.indd *2 28.04.2010 08:23:58 Greening Blue Energy: Iden fying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportuni es of off shore renewable energy Edited by Dan Wilhelmsson et al. Authors: Dan Wilhelmsson1,2, Torleif Malm3, Richard Thompson4, Jeremy Tchou5, Georgios Sarantakos1, Nadine McCormick1, Sabrina Luitjens6, Martin Gullström2, J.K.Patterson Edwards7, Omar Amir8, Alfonse Dubi8 1. IUCN Global Marine Programme, Switzerland 2. Dept. of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden 3. Umeå Marine Research Centre, Umeå University, Sweden 4. Peninsular Research Institute for Marine Renewable Energy, University of Plymouth, UK 5. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, USA 6. E.ON Climate and Renewables, Düsseldorf, Germany 7. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, India 8. Institute for Marine Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania iucn-eon-sida_ored_270410Gb_IRL.indd *3 03.05.2010 13:40:00 About the Organisa ons IUCN IUCN, Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature, helps the world fi nd pragma c solu ons to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by suppor ng scien fi c research, managing fi eld projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best prac ce. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organiza on, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offi ces and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. h p://www.iucn.org E.ON Climate and Renewables With €82 billion in sales and roughly 88,000 employees, E.ON is one of the world’s largest investor-owned energy companies. E.ON Climate & Renewables is the division responsible for E.ON Groups renewable energy por olio and carbon sourcing business worldwide and E.ON is inves ng €8 Billion for 2007 -2011 in renewable energy genera on and carbon abatement project to signifi cantly grow its business. For more informa on: h p://www.eon.com/renewables Swedish Interna onal Development Coopera on Agency Swedish Interna onal Development Coopera on Agency (Sida) is the Swedish agency for development coopera on. The overall goal of Swedish development coopera on is to contribute to making it possible for poor people to improve their living condi ons, and Sida includes environmentally sustainable development as one of the key goals in its ac vi es in the developing world. iucn-eon-sida_ored_270410Gb_IRL.indd *4 28.04.2010 08:23:58 Table of Contents Tables, Figures and Boxes..................................................................... vi 4 Impacts of off shore wind farms on the marine environment Acknowledgements.............................................................................. vii 4.1 Impact summary table................................................................... 13 Execu ve Summary.............................................................................. ix 4.2 Managing impacts across the project life cycle.............................. 16 1 Introduc on 4.2.1 Planning....................................................................................... 16 1.1 Background..................................................................................... 1 4.2.2 Construc on................................................................................ 16 1.2 Aim of the guidance document...................................................... 1 4.2.3 Opera on and maintenance........................................................ 19 1.3 Target audience.............................................................................. 2 4.2.4 Decommissioning........................................................................ 23 1.4 How to use this document............................................................. 2 4.3 Residual impacts............................................................................. 25 1.5 Glossary of key terms and acronyms.............................................. 3 4.4 Cumula ve impacts and synergies................................................. 25 2 Overview of off shore wind energy 4.5 Interac ons with other marine users............................................. 26 2.1 Trends............................................................................................. 5 5 Conclusions and recommenda ons 2.2 Policy drivers.................................................................................. 6 5.1 Strategic and Governance issues.................................................... 27 2.3 Research status.............................................................................. 7 5.2 Areas of uncertainty and points to address.................................... 27 3 Impact assessment 5.3 Improving use of impact assessments............................................ 27 3.1 Assessing impacts – the bigger picture.......................................... 9 5.4 Final conclusions............................................................................ 28 3.2 Environmental assessment tools.................................................... 9 6 Addi onal resources......................................................................... 29 3.3 Legal context.................................................................................. 10 Annexe 1 Research on Impacts............................................................ 31 3.3.1 European legisla on.................................................................... 10 Annexe 2 Legisla on............................................................................ 61 3.3.2 World Bank requirements........................................................... 11 Annexe 3 Brief on Wave, Tidal and Current Power (Wilhelmsson, D., 3.3.3 Guidance from government and industry................................... 11 Langhamer, O. & Tchou, J.)................................................... 67 References............................................................................................ 77 Iden fying and managing biodiversity risks and opportuni es of off shore renewable energy - GREENING BLUE ENERGY v iucn-eon-sida_ored_270410Gb_IRL.indd *5 28.04.2010 08:23:58 Tables,