Demonstration of How Healthy Ecological

DEMONSTRATION OF HOW HEALTHY ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE CAN BE UTILIZED TO SECURE WATER FOR THE BENEFIT OF SOCIETY AND THE GREEN ECONOMY THROUGH A PROGRAMMATIC RESEARCH APPROACH BASED ON SELECTED LANDSCAPES

Deliverable #2: Annual Report

February 2015

Submitted to the Water Research Commission by

Centre for Water Resources Research University of KwaZulu-Natal

Project K5/2354

ABBREVIATIONS

BEDS School of Built Environment and Development Studies

CHAT Critical Historical Activity Theory

CoGTA Cooperative Governance and the Department of Traditional Affairs

CWRR Centre for Water Resources Research

DBSA Development Bank of South Africa

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs

DEWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems

DUCT Dusi uMngeni Conservation Trust

DUT Durban University of Technology

DWAS Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation

DWAF Former Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa

EI Ecological Infrastructure

EPCPD Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department

EWS eThekwini Water and Sanitation

KZN KwaZulu-Natal

LULC Land use/land cover

PRG Pollution Research Group

PRP Palmiet Rehabilitation Project

SALGA South African Local Government Association

SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute

SANCIAHS South African National Chapter of the International Association for Hydrological Sciences

SASS South African Scoring System

SIP Strategic Infrastructure Project

TOR Terms of Reference

UEIP uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership

UKZN University of KwaZulu-Natal

WESSA Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa

WRC Water Research Commission

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 WRC Project K5/2354 - Overview ...... 1 1.2 Report Structure ...... 1 2 Project Progress ...... 3 2.1 Finalisation of Project Team ...... 3 2.2 Collaboration and Co-Funding ...... 3 2.3 Deliverables Completed ...... 3 2.4 Activities towards Project Aims ...... 3 2.4.1 Aim 1: Investigate and report on the status of catchment land-use and water resource quality in the selected catchment ...... 3 2.4.2 Aim 2: Cost the impacts of ecosystem degradation on water users from different stakeholder experiences using an evidence based approach ...... 6 2.4.3 Aim 3: Investigate how an intact ecological infrastructure could secure and enhance the benefits provided to society and economy in the catchment ...... 6 2.4.4 Aim 5: Develop a cost effective conservation management strategy based on the green economy - based on stakeholder embedded water resources management framework ...... 6 2.4.5 Aim 6: Develop and train beneficiaries on appropriate methods (models, guidelines, indicators, procedures) necessary to achieve a paradigm shift to transform society, and the economy towards a healthy interaction with the ecological infrastructure within the catchment ...... 7 2.4.6 Aim 7: Describe the catchment connectivity from both biophysical and social aspects that are core in understanding drivers of the catchment processes and characteristics and spatial connectivity ...... 9 3 Capacity Building ...... 11 4 Conclusions and Way Forward ...... 12 4.1 Work Plan ...... 12 5 References ...... 13 6 Appendices ...... 14 6.1 Appendix 1 ...... 14 6.2 Appendix 2 ...... 15 6.3 Appendix 3: EETDP Learnership ...... 16 6.4 Appendix 5: Work Plan ...... 18

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WRC Project K5/2354 - Overview

In April 2014, the Centre for Water Resources Research (CWRR) and partners were awarded a 5 year research project through a Water Research Commission (WRC) solicited call.

The project is entitled:

“Demonstration of how healthy ecological infrastructure can be utilized to secure water for the benefit of society and the green economy through a programmatic research approach based on selected landscapes”.

The uMngeni catchment has become a focus area and pilot study site through various initiatives, now becoming consolidated through the uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership (UEIP) (SANBI, 2013). Through this initiative, more than 30 government departments, academic institutions, private companies and Non-Governmental Organisations have signed a Memorandum of Understanding which documents their commitment to investing in restoring, maintaining and managing Ecological Infrastructure (EI) towards improved delivery of water-related ecosystem services. The initiative also aims to provide a suite of additional benefits such as job creation, agricultural productivity, aesthetics, cultural benefits, flood attenuation and adaptive capacity to climate change impacts, which will increase the return on investment (SANBI, 2013).

The project seeks to identify sites in the uMngeni catchment at which investment into the protection and/or restoration of EI can produce long-term and sustainable returns in terms of the delivery of water-related ecosystem services. These services could include water quality and quantity, and flood protection. In essence, the project aims to guide catchment managers when deciding “what to do” in the catchment to secure a more sustainable water supply, and where it should be done. This seemingly simple question encompasses complexity in time and space, and in the connections between different biophysical, social, political, economic and governance actors in the catchment. For example:

• In order to understand whether there is value in “investing” in EI, it is necessary to better understand the potential mechanisms and benefits of this approach i.e. where there is opportunity for investment in the natural infrastructure that provides services, rather than paying for the services themselves; and

• Not only does investment in EI need an understanding of where the EI is found in the catchment, but critically whether the investment will bring a return (a societal benefit) and whether there is a willing partner (be it a municipality, farmer or individual) and the risks associated with the investment.

The approach and deliverables adopted in this project reflect this integrated complexity.

The approach towards achieving this is described fully in Deliverable 1 of the project which was submitted in September 2014. Year 1, a low budget start-up phase of the project is drawing to a close and activities will intensify from April 1, 2015.

1.2 Report Structure

The project will produce 15 Deliverables over the next four years, all of which are linked to the various project aims (Figure 1). Whilst the due date for many of these is some time in the future, activities to address these Aims are ongoing. Thus, Section 2 provides a brief overview of progress towards achieving each Project Aim and Deliverable, Section 3 provides an update on capacity development and Section 4 provides some concluding comments and the work plan for the forthcoming year.

Figure 1: Relationship between Project Aims and Deliverables

2 Project Progress

2.1 Finalisation of Project Team

Changes in staff at Durban University of Technology meant that the institution was no longer in a position to lead on the economic components of the project. Dr Stuart Ferrer (UKZN Resource Economist) has agreed to lead this component of the project with the support of Ms Michelle Brown (Independent Consultant and PhD Student registered at Rhodes University). The rest of the team remains as per the proposal submitted. Sub-contracting of team members external to UKZN is ongoing.

2.2 Collaboration and Co-Funding

This project collaborates closely with other projects currently being undertaken through the UEIP as well as those supported by Umgeni Water through the Umgeni Water Chair of Water Resources Management. In particular, the activities of the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) Green Fund project entitled “Investing in ecological infrastructure to enhance water security in the uMngeni River catchment” are closely aligned and provide a basis for Project Aims expressed in 2.4.1, 2.4.2. and 2.4.3 below.

2.3 Deliverables Completed

Following consultations and workshops amongst the project team and visits to the key field sites, Deliverable 1 was submitted to the WRC in September 2014. The Deliverable was accepted by the Project Manager and funds have been transferred.

2.4 Activities towards Project Aims

2.4.1 Aim 1: Investigate and report on the status of catchment land-use and water resource quality in the selected catchment

Extensive research through student projects is ongoing. Bi-weekly sampling of water quality, through both conventional methods and citizen science-based approaches, at key sites upstream of Midmar Dam is ongoing. Umgeni Water have agreed to analyse these samples at no cost to the project – a significant and meaningful contribution which equates to a value of approximately R150 000 per year.

A paper and poster providing background information, as well as details on the approach adopted to achieve this Aim, have been produced. These are included as Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.

Revised and up to date (to November 2014) estimates of pollution loads to Midmar Dam are being calculated, and a paper reporting the findings is being developed by MSc student Sanele Ngubane. There is no flow data available for the Mthimzima stream, a key tributary and contributor of pollutants to Midmar Dam. Thus, the ACRU model was configured and run for the catchment, and the streamflow simulated by the model was used to estimate pollution loads for this catchment by Honours student Nantale Sirbiwa (Figure 2) in her 2014 project.

Figure 2: Estimated Nitrogen loading from the Mthinziima Catchmentn

An extensive vegetation and soil survey of the Lions River wetland has been undeertaken by MSc student Hlengiwe Ndlovu as part of her MSc. Initial resullts from this survey and the regular saampling indicate that the wetland is fairly degraded, but there are clear opportunities for rehabilitation, particullarly in the context of the wetland being a key component of the ecological infrastructure supporting the uMnngeni River and Midmar Dam. This aspect of the project is supported by ssubstantial contributions in-kind fromm SAPPI.

Figure 3: Wetland expert Dr Donovan Kotze assssists Figure 4: Soil survey in progress students with grass species identification

Ongoing research is currently assessing the role of land use and land cover (LULC) on waterr quantity and quality in the catchment. There has been significant LULC change since 1980, as illustrated byb Error! Refeference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found..

Figure 5: uMMnngeni catchment land cover 1994 vs 2011

Table 1:uMngeni catchment land cover 1996 to 20111

LULC ID Classes 1996 2000 2008 2011 1 Natural 50.84 56.54 43.46 41.47 2 Cultivation 19.90 13.01 8.87 10.18 3 Degraded 3.39 2.28 3.62 3.37 4 Urban/built-up 7.01 8.20 116.27 17.01 5 Waterbodies 1.50 1.99 2.12 2.25 6 Plantations 17.34 17.92 25.60 25.65 7 Mines 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.07 Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

Research by PhD student Catherine Hughes and GroundTruth’s Gary de Winnaar for the DBSA Green Fund project illustrates how hydrological response to the different LULC types differs in time and space (Figure 6). Fellow PhD student Jean Namugize is in the process of relating the LULC channge since 1980 to water quality.

Figure 6: Dry season baseflow in m3 per hectare per month from ecological infrastructure in the Upper uMngeni catchment (above Midmar Dam) - Preliminary

2.4.2 Aim 2: Cost the impacts of ecosystem degradation on water users from different stakeholder experiences using an evidence based approach

As noted above, Dr Stuart Ferrer has agreed tto lead this component of the research. Little progress has been made to date, but Deliverable 4, which will confirm the methodological approach to be used to achieve this aim, will be the focus for the period March-September 2015.

2.4.3 Aim 3: Investigate how an intact ecological infrastructure could secure and enhance the benefits provided to society annd economy in the catchment

This aim will draw on those outlined in the other sections, so no direct progress has been made to date.

2.4.4 Aim 5: Develop a cost effective conservation management strategy based on the green economy - based on stakeholder embedded water resources management framework

This aim draaws on the others mentioned in this section, and provides a consolidated product for the project. No direct progress has been made to date.

2.4.5 Aim 6: Develop and train beneficiaries on appropriate methods (models, guidelines, indicators, procedures) necessary to achieve a paradigm shift to transform society, and the economy towards a healthy interaction with the ecological infrastructure within the catchment

The crisis of water quality, quantity and equity within the uMngeni catchment is essentially human induced. Therefore, the solutions need to be human-centred and can be achieved through well designed and effectively implemented human capacity development processes, supported by creative and innovative tools. This work needs to be supported by dialogues within the catchment that meaningfully include all relevant stakeholders. In addition to the dialogue processes, meaningful human capacity development processes on the subject of ecological infrastructure need to be developed and implemented. Such efforts are designed to promote understanding and implementation of key scientific findings. These efforts are urgently required to secure healthy ecological infrastructure in this catchment.

Progress:

In 2013, a Socio-Ecological contextual profile was undertaken in the uMngeni Catchment (Rowlands, Taylor, Barnes and Morgan, 2013). This profile established the key stakeholders who are responsible for managing the ecological infrastructure in the catchment. The study went further to establish which organisations had high degrees of influence and which had high, or low, levels of understanding of processes of ecological infrastructure. Following a brief review of this research, a process of human capacity development is now being implemented. This is reported on below.

Since the project commenced, the socio-ecological study findings have been shared with a number of key institutions. Presentations at different forums have been done and meetings with key institutions and people have been held. Workshops and courses are planned for the next reporting period. A ‘stories of change’ approach is being considered as a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of the project.

Report on capacity development, popular articles, and blog sites

WESSA and Dr Jim Taylor undertake a wide range of capacity development activities under the banner of the UEIP. This project contributes to the funding that supports these activities, details of which are reported below.

Capacity Development

A range of accredited and non-accredited courses were developed and implemented. In this review period, 801 people, mostly from municipalities, successfully completed accredited courses and a further 320 (plus) completed non-accredited courses. The accredited courses provide an overview of Ecology (Ecological Infrastructure) before offering 3 elective options in Water, Waste and Biodiversity. Participants were either managers and supervisors at level 5 or workers at SAQA level 2. New courses are in the development stages. Each individual who successfully completes a course must submit a change project as a ‘portfolio of evidence’ (POE) which demonstrates how he/she has changed towards sustainability. These course processes are verified by a Quality Management System (QMS) which involves assessors, verifiers and moderators. All accredited courses are accredited by the SA Qualifications Authority.

Career pathing for river care rangers

Following the DUCT river care teams initial project, which was funded by the Lotteries, support was given for career pathing of river care personnel. This included a one-day river ecology course for all 120 staff members. All staff than sat a short isiZulu knowledge test. Two members from each group of 20 were then selected, on merit and commitment, to attend a level 2 Environment Practices course. Further support has been given to those who successfully complete level 2 and they can progress to level 5 training on the SAQA scale.

Capacity to build capacity: The EETDP Training of Trainers course

This flagship course, the EETDP (Environmental Education, Training and Development Programme) Learnership, is a one year, training of trainers course at SAQA Level 5. See Appendix 3 for more detail on this training course. A specific component of the course “Ethics, Values and Ecological Infrastructure’ was conducted for participants and included a field-work excursion to Siphumele township and urban wetland.

Other developments include:

• Two customised short courses have been developed and implemented with up to 50 key stakeholders participating. • Three customised workshops have been designed and implemented with up to 20 key stakeholders participating in each. • Participation at 12 relevant forums or meetings has taken place and at least 3 presentations have been made. • Some work has been done on developing an appropriate information portal or platform. • A set of relevant learning tools has been compiled (these are either new or adapted).

The willingness of different institutions such as the uMgungundlovu District Municipality, uMngeni local municipality, Msunduzi local municipality, Mpendle local municipality, Mtshwati local municipality, Mpofana local municipality, eThekwini metro, CoGTA (amakhosi and chiefs), SALGA etc. to work with us in this project is a clear indication that good progress is being made.

Communication and relationship building has taken place with 10 Skills Development Facilitators (SDFs), HR managers and/or strategic Managers from the local and District municipalities in the uMngeni Catchment to support the inclusion of EI training in the June 2014 Work-place Skills Plans (WSPs).

Popular Articles & Awareness Activities

1. ETV news on sustainable jobs

A key goal of this project has been efforts to raise the profile of ecological infrastructure in the uMngeni Catchment. In this regard, Dr. Jim Taylor participated in a live ETV news broadcast on the 3rd of May, three days before the national election. In the television broadcast, he provided comments on the various political parties’ ‘environmental manifestos’ and pointed out that the current commitment to jobs in most parties’ manifestos needs to include jobs that contribute to building EI rather than jobs that erode the EI life support base (e.g. extractive industries such as mining). Excellent feedback was received from this ETV news broadcast, which was re-broadcast internationally. Feedback was even forthcoming from the National University of Lesotho.

2. Councillors and Traditional leaders training workshops

A range of training courses have been conducted for community leaders from the uMngeni Catchment region. These courses have primarily been focussed on eThekwini region and have included field visits to sites of ecological interest. Over 60 community leaders and Councillors have attended these courses. Meetings on EI have also been held with CoGTA, various municipalities and an Ecological Infrastructure course was conducted for the Amakhosi EXCO in November 2014.

3. Witness article on Ecological Infrastructure

This article points out the importance of ecological infrastructure and comments on a number of risks that are currently manifesting such as the nutrient loading risk to Midmar Dam. The full article is available at http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global[_id]=122922

4. Environment Magazine article on water management

A detailed article on EI has appeared in the Environment Magazine (Taylor, 2014). This article includes photographs of the Deputy Minister of Water and Sanitation undertaking a citizen science excursion to the Modderfontein stream near OR Tambo International Airport.

5. Street theatre

Working with DUCT street theatre has continued in various townships around Mpophomeni. The street theatre has been presented to councillors, members of the public, schools, government departments as well as at various awareness days. Topics include water and sanitation and biodiversity.

6. Schools-based Water Projects

Over 150 Eco-Schools in the uMngeni Catchment area have been supported to undertake water projects. This project is a partnership project between WESSA and the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS). Since such water projects often include a ‘whole school development’ orientation, the parent community is often involved in the projects.

7. The uMngeni Biosphere

A Biosphere project for the uMngeni catchment has been initiated. The biosphere region will extend from Midmar Dam to Albert Falls Dam, and include part of the Karkloof River. Early consultations are underway and it is envisaged that the Biosphere status will take two years to achieve. If successful, this biosphere will be the first recognised Biosphere in KwaZulu-Natal. The biosphere will have considerable potential to raise the status and publicity around ecological infrastructure.

Blog Sites

The mini-SASS (Stream Assessment Scoring System) blog site is proving popular with a number of articles appearing on a weekly basis. Most notable have been the source-to-mouth hikes where members of the public have been engaging in hiking the streams and rivers and noting their river health index using citizen science techniques. Recent hikes that have appeared as ‘blogs’ include: Source-to-mouth: Mthimzima stream (Mpophomeni), Lions River and Palmiet. See www.minisass.org.

Other blog sites pertaining to EI include those of WESSA at www.wessa.org.za

2.4.6 Aim 7: Describe the catchment connectivity from both biophysical and social aspects that are core in understanding drivers of the catchment processes and characteristics and spatial connectivity

Some progress towards this Aim is described in Section 2.4.5 above, furthermore, research towards this Aim is progressing well for the Midmar pilot site through the research of MSc student Sesethu Matta (Figure 7). Her approach is to undertake Mini-SASS (www.minisass.org) monitoring at all sites being sampled by the project team using conventional methods in order to obtain an understanding of the robustness of the relationship between Mini-SASS scores and river water quality as measured through more conventional laboratory techniques Coupled with this, her research will then assess the level of understanding of members of the Mpophomeni community of the river’s water quality, and, in turn, the extent to which Mini-SASS can provide a connection between biophysical and social aspects of the catchment. Sesethu received a student award for her presentation of this research at the SANCIAHS symposium held at the University of the Western Cape in September 2014. This work complements that being undertaken in WRC Project “Development and Innovative Use of Community Based Water Resource Monitoring Tools to Research and Mainstream Citizen Science and Improve Trans-Boundary Catchment Management”, led by GroundTruth.

Figure 7: Mini-SASS sampling in the Lions River

3 Capacity Building

Progress on student projects has been included in the above sections. A list of students contributing to the project appears below in Table 2. Two students successfully completed their Hydrology Honours degrees in 2014 and a further PhD student, two MSc students and three BSc Honours students will join the project this academic year.

Table 2: Students currently registered or degree complete. New students in 2015 and those who have completed degrees are highlighted

Name Year Degree Project Jean Namugize 2014- PhD Effects of Land Use on Water Quality of Umgeni River Catherine Hughes 2014- PhD The hydrological benefits of rehabilitation of critical areas catchment - land use change impacts - aliens and degradation Simphiwe Ncgobo 2015- PhD Appropriate spatial and temporal scales for the assessment of global change Sesethu Matta 2014- MSc The value of community based water quality monitoring programmes Hlengiwe Ndlovu 2014- MSc The restoration of Lions River Wetland for improved downstream water quality and quantity Sanele Ngubane 2014- MSc Assessing changes in pollutant loadings to Midmar Dam between 1974 and 2014. Silindile Mtshali 2015- MSc Mapping the extent of invasive alien plants in the uMngeni Catchment Jedine Govender 2015 - MSc Impact of water quality degradation in the Baynespruit on farmers in Sobantu Nantale Nsibirwa 2014 Hons Hydrological modelling to estimate water quantity (degree complete) and quality of the Mthimzima Stream Nokulinga ZweZwe 2014 Hons Assessment and monitoring of the water quality of (degree complete) inflows to Midamr Dam Silindile Mtshali 2014 Hons Estimating chlorophyll content in water bodies in the (degree complete) uMngeni Catchment from hyperspectral satellite imagery Hons 2015 2015 - Hons A water quality profile of the Karkloof River Hons 2015 2015 - Hons The impact of genus exchange on water resources of the Karkloof catchment

The report provided by Section 2.4.5 provides detail on societal and institutional capacity development and is not repeated here.

4 Conclusions and Way Forward

Despite 2014/15 being a low intensity, low budget start-up year for the project, significant progress has been made towards several of the project Deliverables. This has been largely due to the co-funding available through the DBSA and Umgeni Water.

4.1 Work Plan

The work plan for 2015 and the rest of the project is detailed in Appendix 4. Three Deliverables are in the 2015 financial year, as listed below:

Deliverable No. Title Due Date 3 Report on the water resource quality status from a catchment 31 July 2015 perspective from Midmar and Baynespruit study sites 4 Report on method to be used for assessment of costs incurred 30 November 2015 through the use of poor water quality by various stakeholders, including impacts on biodiversity as a result of collapsing ecological infrastructure 5 Annual Report of Activities including report on Rehabilitation 31 January 2016 Conference Attendance

Attendance at the 6th World Conference on Ecological Restoration is planned for August 2015. An abstract and paper are in preparation.

5 References

Rowlands, K., Taylor, J., Barnes, G. and Morgan, B. (2013) Securing Ecological Infrastructure in the uMngeni Catchment: A. WESSA, Howick.

SANBI (2013) Ecological infrastructure partnership aims to deliver benefits to many. http://www.sanbi.org/news/ecological-infrastructure-partnership-aims-deliver-benefits-many

Taylor, J., Msomi, L. and Taylor, L. (2013) Shiyabazali Settlement: Water Quality Monitoring and Community Involvement. In Fadeeva, Z. and Payyappallimana, U. and Petry, R. Innovation in Local and Global Learning Systems for Sustainability. Pp’s 92-95. UNU-IAS, Yokohoma, Japan. http://www.ias.unu.edu/resource_centre/Final%20FULL%20UNU%20SCP%20Booklet%20Single%20Pages. pdf Other books in the series are also available here: http://www.ias.unu.edu/sub_page.aspx?catID=108&ddlID=1863

Taylor, J. Graham, M., Gibixego, A. and Bruton, S. (2013) No rocket science – let the ‘nunus’ tell their story. Stockholm Waterfront No. 3, pp. 14-15. November 2013. www.SIWI.ORG/WATERFRONT.

Taylor, J. (2014) Sustainable water for all – just a dream or a vital reality? Environment (Vol. 20, Spring 2014) pp18-21. Future Publishing, Johannesburg.

6 Appendices

6.1 Appendix 1: Paper

Understanding drivers and developing solutions to address deteriorating water quality in the upper uMngeni catchment

GPW Jewitt, CJ Hughes, S Matta J Namugize, H Ndlovu, S Ngubane, N Nswirba, N Zwezwe

Centre for Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg

Based on various presentations at the 17th SANCIAHS National Hydrology Symposium, hosted by the Institute for Water Studies, University of the Western Cape, September 2014

Understanding drivers and developing solutions to address deteriorating water quality in the upper uMngeni catchment

GPW Jewitt1, CJ Hughes1, S Matta1 J Namugize1, H Ndlovu1, S Ngubane1, N Nswirba1, N Zwezwe1

1Centre for Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg

Abstract

Several research projects which aim to provide a deeper understanding of water quality deterioration within the uMngeni catchment, and as such, the water-related ecosystem services which preserve water quality and quantity have been initiated under the uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership. Through these, researchers aim to develop new techniques for the mapping of ecological infrastructure, as well as to provide evidence-based guidance which will allow catchment managers to decide on how and where to restore ecological infrastructure where ecosystem functionality has been lost. Recognising the limitations of narrow “monitor and evaluate” approaches, the researchers also aim to unlock the potential for successful community-based water quality monitoring and capacity building, as well as to investigate the efficacy of existing monitoring programmes and techniques. As an outcome of this research, guidance for future water quality monitoring and restoration interventions to allow for pragmatic distribution of skills, time and resources in a country in which these are scarce will be provided.

Keywords: uMngeni, citizen science, monitoring, land use change

1. Introduction

In South Africa, hydrological monitoring systems have focused mainly on water quantity for the purpose of water supply and infrastructure management with, arguably, a lower priority on water quality (Nomquphu et al., 2007). However, the degradation of freshwater quality has become a global issue of concern Water quality is affected by both anthropogenic activities (e.g. rapid urbanization, industrial and agricultural activities, over-exploitation of water resources), and natural processes (e.g. changes in precipitation, weathering phenomena and erosion) (Strobl and Robillard 2008; Varol et al., 2012). Both types of pollution cause water quality to deteriorate and the uMngeni catchment is subject to both.

The uMngeni catchment’s population was approximately 1.85 million in 1968 (Hemens et al., 1997) and is currently approximately 4.5 million (WWF-SA, 2013). The presently uncoordinated growth of large informal settlements, which are associated with population expansion and influx into the region, is expected to lead to more severe water quality deterioration of rivers and dams (Kienzle et al., 1997). A pertinent example of this is the Mpophomeni township (located near Howick in the uMngeni catchment) which is characterised by poor sanitation infrastructure and an expanding population. Moreover, the establishment of the Khayalisha settlement (close to an important stream feeding into the Midmar Dam, the main source of water supply for the towns of Pietermaritzburg and Durban) will increase human population around the Dam, with a further deterioration of water quality likely

The important natural resources which deliver ecosystem services such as water supply, water purification, flood attenuation and recreational services are known as ecological infrastructure (as opposed to the built infrastructure such as concrete, bricks and pipes). Ecological Infrastructure” (EI) is defined as functioning ecosystems that deliver valuable services to people (SANBI, 2013). There are many similarities with the established “ecosystem goods and services” concept, but in South Africa, there is now an increasing acceptance of and understanding the term and its significance in a country where the strong development agenda threatens to compromise sustainability of natural resources. The uMngeni catchment (Figure 1) has become a focus area and pilot study site through an initiative known as the uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership (UEIP) (SANBI, 2014). Through this initiative, more than 30 government departments, academic institutions, private companies and NGOs have signed an Memorandum of Understanding to commit to an initiative through investment in restoring, maintaining and managing EI to deliver services as well as a suite of additional benefits such as job creation, improved agricultural productivity, improved landscape,

securing cultural benefits, reduced flood damage and increased adaptive capacity to climate change impacts, which increase the return on investment (http://www.sanbi.org/news/ecological- infrastructure-partnership-aims-deliver-benefits-many).

Figure 1: Land cover and land use of the uMngeni Catchment (Warburton, 2011)

A team of researchers from the University of KwaZulu-Natal is currently working on several projects in the uMngeni catchment which are funded by the Water Research Commission, Umgeni Water and the Development Bank of South Africa in support of the UEIP. This paper provides some background to the motivation for these projects (featured in Boxes 1 – 6) and the long-term aims of the combined research programme and describes the role of citizen science in expanding the monitoring network and expanding the knowledge base in the catchment.

2. Water quality and water quality monitoring

Water resources of sufficient quality Project 1: Effects of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Water Quality of the and quantity are primary needs for uMngeni River An increase in the world’s population is putting great pressure on natural human beings, animals and plants, resources which provide water, energy and food. This is evident in both and water from dams and rivers is a developed and developing countries, where urbanization and agricultural vital source for irrigation, domestic activities are evolving. The same situation is observed in the uMngeni use and for industrial operations Catchment in South Africa, where a Catchment plays a major role in the supply (Bartram and Ballance, 1996). Water of water and food for the population of more than five million of the two metropolitans of Pietermaritzburg and Durban of the KwaZulu‐Natal Province. must be of sufficiently good quality for In this study, the pollutant impacts and relationships between land cover its specific use. In order to assess the changes and water quality will be investigated. Various sources of nutrients, quality of that water, certain nutrient effects on receiving water bodies and impacts on ecosystems services constituents need to be measured in and goods are considered with the focus on nitrogen and phosphorus water bodies. Several water quality components. A literature review on the contribution of atmospheric deposition assessment studies across the globe on the total nutrient fluxes for a water body has been shown to be small, but significant, in the uMngeni Catchment. Hydrological models have been proven and in South Africa have been to be powerful tools to assess the impacts of land use and land management conducted in different catchments, on the transport of nutrients and sediment in a water body. In this study, the and for different purposes (Fatoki et ACRU‐Non Point Source (ACRU‐NPS) and the Watershed Analysis Risks al., 2001; Schoonover and Lockaby, Management Framework (WARMF) models are under investigation. A critical 2006; Jarvie et al., 2008; Palmer- analysis of existing literature shows that nitrogen and phosphorus are the Felgate et al., 2008; Seanego and major nutrients causing eutrophication in water bodies, even though there are other factors. The effects of eutrophication on water quality for various uses Moyo, 2013). These studies have are also discussed. A divergence of ideas on the role of impoundments in assessed both biological and sediment retention and nutrient export downstream of the dams has been physico-chemical indicators of water identified. Therefore, there is the opportunity of starting a continuous and quality. In many developing countries, long‐term water quality monitoring system to provide reliable data for policy‐ a lack of appropriate and safe makers and researchers working in this particular area and the lessons to be learned will apply in other South African river basins and in the whole region. sanitary facilities contributes to the

degradation of water quality in rivers and water bodies and the population suffers from the lack of sufficient water resources (Chen et al., 2012; Di Blasi et al., 2013). Most of these problems are attributed to a decrease in flow discharge and an increase in land use and pollutant discharge and are most notable in water-limited regions of developing countries (Tang et al., 2011; Lam et al., 2012).

In order to obtain reliable information on water quality, it is crucial to establish an effective water quality monitoring programme. A water quality monitoring programme includes three steps viz. (1) collection and analysis of water quality data, (2) data analysis and (3) data dissemination (Telci et al., 2009) at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. The results which are generated can assist in the prevention of water pollution, identification of sources of pollutants, preservation of aquatic ecosystems and provision of a sustainable water supply (Varol et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014). According to Strobl and Robillard (2008), a well-designed monitoring network identifies water quality problems, but importantly, also establishes the baseline standards for short-and long-term trend analysis. It is also important that in any water quality monitoring network, cost-effectiveness and logistical constraints are taken into account in terms of the design methods (Strobl and Robillard, 2008). Water quality monitoring plans can assist with the establishment of the source of water pollutants, their transport mechanisms and their effects on public health and aquatic ecosystems (Edmunds, 1996). However, long-term water quality monitoring is time-consuming and costly (Chen et al., 2012).

Typical physico-chemical indicators include pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), colour, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature , chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), 2- - orthophosphate (PO4-P), sulphate (SO4 ), chloride (Cl ), ammonia (NH3-N), (Gemmel and Schmidt, 2010; Van Veelen and Dhemba, 2011, Gemmel and Schmidt, 2012). The biological oxygen demand (BOD), sediments (Kienzle et al., 1997), COD, total nitrogen (TN), nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and total phosphate (TP) could indicate organic pollution (Oberholster et al., 2008). High turbidity usually indicates that the water is unsuitable for industrial, agricultural and domestic use and it can lead to problems in water purification during filtration and flocculation processes (Fatoki et al., 2001, Lin, 3- - 2004). Phosphorus in the form of Phosphate-N (PO4 -P) and nitrate-N (NO3 -N) in aerobic conditions - (during the presence of oxygen in the water), NH3 and nitrogen in the form of nitrite (NO2 ) in anoxic conditions, contributes to river eutrophication (De Villiers, 2007; Frost and Sullivan, 2010; Toja et al., 1999). Furthermore, wastewater that is carried from domestic sewage often contains high amounts of dissolved salts (Morrison et al., 2001). Detected EC in water resources can serve as a good indicator of water salinity.

According to Singh (2012), biological water quality indicators are mostly correlated with pathogens, such as protozoa, viruses and bacteria. Microbial water quality pollutants enter water resources via raw sewage and can be easy to detect (Singh, 2012). Traditionally, public water providers have depended on bacterial indicators, such as coliforms, for of water quality monitoring (Strobl and Robillard, 2008). The aforementioned indicators are however poorly linked with other microorganisms that may be present in water, which include viruses and protozoa that could be present in polluted water (Straub and Chandler, 2003). Biological water quality analysis usually involves microbiological parameters viz, aerobic plate count, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterrococci, faecal streptococci and Eschericia coli (E. coli) (Ishii and Sadowsky, 2008; Gemmel and Schmidt, 2012). The latter can be analysed in biological water quality studies, but according to Carnie (2013), there are more than 100 important biological water quality indicators that pose health risks to humans who rely on rivers for their domestic water-uses, aquatic biodiversity (Olias et al., 2006) and irrigation (Gemmel and Schmidt, 2010; Gemmel and Schmidt, 2012;) which are not easy to detect and quantify due to their low numbers and specific-growth requirements (Ishii and Sadowski, 2008).

Global and South African studies confirm that the quality of water resources is deteriorating. Long- term water quality monitoring is an important source of information for communicating and managing this problem, but is increasingly limited in its ability to do so. Increasingly, it has been accepted that existing monitoring programmes cannot provide information at the spatial and temporal scales needed to ensure effective management of catchment water resources. There is a need to expand and extend the monitoring networks.

3. The concept of citizen science

“Citizen science” may be defined as the Project 2: The value of community‐based water quality monitoring "partnerships between scientists and non- initiatives scientists where data are collected, shared Low rainfall, high evaporation rates, an expanding economy and a and analysed" (Jordan et al., 2012). With growing population have collectively contributed to a water delivery roots that date as far back as the 19th crisis in South Africa. Future water supply may be threatened by century, citizen science today aims to deteriorating water quality due to sedimentation, eutrophication, salinization, and biological and chemical pollution. Human activities in encourage public understanding of science, many forms are at the root of deteriorating water quality and quantity as well as to work at local level to ensure which suggests that human actions need to be central to any realistic realistic solutions to environmental solutions. Efforts to address the problem can be seen through an degradation (Savan et al., 2003; Pollock increase in conventional water quality monitoring and efforts to and Whitelaw, 2005; Newman et al., 2011). improve its utilization. However, water quality continues to deteriorate Community involvement in environmental whilst community engagement is lacking. This research project aims to understand the role that communities can play in complementing protection is essential, and communities conventional water quality monitoring through citizen science tools. themselves can be seen as overlooked but Citizen science may be defined as the "partnerships between scientists essential elements of ecosystem and non‐scientists where data are collected, shared and analysed" management. This understanding of the (Jordan et al., 2012). The overall goal of this research project is thus to importance of citizen science has given rise enhance the availability of water quality information, to better inform stakeholders and strengthen water governance. The Mpophomeni to community-based water quality Sanitation Education Project in Howick, KwaZulu‐Natal has been monitoring initiatives, whereby citizen selected as a case study in which citizen science tools such as miniSASS scientists can make valuable contributions and the clarity tube are used. to water quality management, environmental awareness and conservation. Community-based water quality monitoring initiatives can allow community groups to become effective means of filling the gaps that may exist in government water quality monitoring programmes due financial or logistic limitations (Huang and Xia, 2001; Munnik et al., 2011). According to Conrad and Hilchey (2011), in Nova Scotia, Canada due to financial cutbacks, government monitoring ceased and community-based monitoring groups continued monitoring to maintain a 55 year old monitoring record. Conrad and Hilchey (2011) suggest that community-based water quality monitoring can be economically efficient because monitoring can be conducted over larger areas during non-office hours since communities are often closer to water resources than government authorities. This further strengthens the potential for community-based monitoring groups to infill monitoring gaps due to logistical limitations, to build a platform for collaborative water governance and improved social capital (Pollock and Whitelaw, 2005; Conrad and Daoust, 2008; Conrad and Hilchey, 2011). According to Falk and Kilpatrick (2000), Conrad and Hilchey (2011), and Munnik et al. (2011), leadership building and problem solving is also supported through improved social capital. The challenges that citizen scientists often face have been summarized into three categories, namely organisational issues, data collection issues and data use issues (Conrad and Hilchey, 2011). Socio- economic factors, as well as well as reluctance by authorities to accept information from what are considered unverifiable sources, does challenge the establishment and sustainability of citizen monitoring groups and monitoring programmes.. According to Munnik et al. (2011), in South Africa there are no large-scale citizen monitoring programmes, which provides an opportunity to combine efforts from citizen participation with conventional monitoring methods.

4. Land use change as a major driver of water quality deterioration in the uMngeni catchment

The uMngeni catchment is growing rapidly, and the area’s priorities are largely focused on economic growth and service delivery to its people. However, activities which enable these goals often require large-scale changes in the land cover (vegetation and soils) of an area. Natural forests are removed for firewood and construction materials, grassland is removed to be replaced by trees for forestry or crops, cattle and other livestock are allowed to graze in an uncontrolled manner and infrastructure and housing is built, covering large areas of natural land.

Land degradation upsets the balance Project 3: Land Degradation: Hydrological Responses and Restoration of between overland water flow and Ecological Infrastructure infiltration (Le Maitre et al., 2007). Compacted soils and areas denuded of Poor land management practices such as overgrazing and inappropriate vegetation due to overgrazing lead to burning regimes do not necessarily affect total streamflow, but can cause lower infiltration rates. This implies that, increased erosion and sediment mobilisation (Schulze and Horan, 2007). Reduced vegetation cover and disturbed soil surface conditions alter the during rainfall events, more precipitation partitioning of rainfall, resulting in high energy surface and near‐surface runs off the land at higher velocity. This runoff following rainfall (particularly extreme) events, and can runoff carries sediment and topsoil with it, subsequently reduce baseflow in the dry season due to lowered and ultimately causes sedimentation of infiltration levels. Excessive burning can also lead to a loss of above‐ water courses and nutrient transport, and ground biomass and surface litter, with associated reduced transpiration at the same time reduces groundwater and less efficient capture and infiltration of rainfall (Schulze and Horan, 2007). These types of degradation are likely to be exacerbated by the recharge (Le Maitre et al., 1999, Reyers anticipated changes in rainfall and temperature expected under global et al., 2009). If upstream agricultural change scenarios. activities, such as dairy or other livestock farming which is present in the upper Another form of degradation is the establishment of non‐indigenous uMngeni catchment, and/or plant species which invade riparian zones in particular and tend to anthropogenic activities such as effluent- extract large volumes of water. These species often out‐compete indigenous plant species, leading to ecosystem and food‐chain producing industries or waste water imbalances. Importantly, these implications alter the availability and treatment works exist in the catchment, function of downstream hydrological services. transport of nitrates and phosphates is likely, leading to eutrophication in Landscapes or catchments affected by these examples of degradation downstream water courses (Hughes et may, with time, be managed and rehabilitated, or restored. With the significant effort and investment required for such restoration processes, al., 2013). Water quality can also be an in‐depth scientific study, using appropriate hydrological modelling affected by the transport of other tools, which informs the feasibility and anticipated benefits of these substances, such as heavy metals, from actions under different climatic, soil and topographic conditions will be manufacturing processes. This can have useful for decision making, particularly in a resource‐stressed catchment, significant physiological effects on various such as the uMngeni South Africa. animals, and ecosystem health in turn. In this project, we aim to develop new techniques for the mapping of ecological infrastructure, as well as to provide evidence‐based guidance The urban areas in the uMngeni which will allow catchment managers to decide on how and where to catchment include Pietermaritzburg and restore ecological infrastructure where ecosystem functionality has been Durban, which are large cities. However, lost. As an outcome of this research, we hope to guide restoration there is a considerable influx of people to interventions which allow for pragmatic distribution of skills, time and the area, which is anticipated to increase resources in a country in which these are scarce. with population growth and climate change, and as such, there is an alarming number of informal settlement activity within the catchment, which is unplanned and not effectively supplied with water or sanitation. Pietermaritzburg is the capital of the province, and Durban is the third largest economic hub in South Africa (Dray et al. 2006). The catchment is an important centre for economic growth and development, which is expected to lead to an increase in urban land use (Mauck and Warburton, 2014). The impermeable surfaces associated with urban land use cause any rain that falls to run directly off them, and the rainfall therefore does not infiltrate into the ground. It may also pour into sewers during heavy rainfall events, causing them to spill over and potentially leading to contamination, poorer water quality and eutrophication.

Through mankind’s establishment of forestry plantations and other economic activities which could facilitate the movement of plant seeds between countries, man has brought plants into South Africa which are not native to our country. These trees, because of their deep rooting systems, take up significantly more water than our native tree species (Robinson et al., 2006; Clulow et al., 2010). This creates severe problems for downstream users and river corridors, as the water available to communities and activities downstream is reduced significantly.

As a result of their high diversity, adaptability and far-reaching distribution, controlling them in a cost- effective manner is problematic (Goodall and Naudé, 1998). Riparian areas are particularly prone to invasion, most likely because they are often disturbed by floods, include extensive transitional areas which are the preferred habitat of many invaders, and water is freely available for growth and seed dispersal (Le Maitre et al., 2002). Within the catchments of South Africa, major invaders in the riparian zones include Acacia mearnsii or Acacia dealbata, and Eucalyptus.

A number of short-term studies have shown that clearing of invasive alien plants results in improved streamflow, supporting the basic principle that invading trees use more water than the indigenous vegetation (Goodall and Naudé, 1998; Le Maitre et al., 2002). Additional benefits of clearing invasive alien species include preventing the loss of biodiversity, reducing the frequency of fires, stabilization of a catchment area, reducing and preventing soil erosion and the added benefit of job creation as the result of the labour intensive clearing operations.

5. Solutions to an emerging water quality crisis

Where our built environment is failing to deliver sufficient, good quality water, and while the need for traditional infrastructure is fully recognised, there is a great need to invest in protecting and restoring these natural features to complement man-made structures. This approach provides opportunities for participation by the communities which surround and utilise water resources. This is important not only to ensure the resilience of the natural environment, but to protect mankind from a health and safety perspective. Finding a balance between technology, economy, ecology and community is becoming more and more vital for a sustainable future.

It could be said therefore that there are two methods for solving water-related environmental problems. These include engineering solutions such as the construction of water conveyance infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants, and non-engineering solutions such as those which make use of natural processes to achieve environmental goals. Sustaining and restoring the natural elements which provide the processes and mechanisms for these non-engineering solutions are key to the UEIP. Two examples of EI are riparian zones and wetlands, which are able to provide the ecosystem services of flood attenuation (slowing down of flood waters to prevent damage), assimilation of harmful nutrients through bacterial and plant processes, and provision of refugia for various plants and animals, and as such, maintenance of the ecosystem’s biodiversity and resilience. Wetlands are an important element in the uMngeni catchment, and are further discussed in this section, as one of our projects focuses on this aspect of ecological infrastructure. These projects also aim to employ innovative, community-orientated solutions such as the use of citizen science and community monitoring and can be combined with conventional methods of water quality control.

5.1 The Role of Wetlands

Wetlands are important ecosystems which Project 4: The Effect of the Lions River Wetland on Downstream provide many ecosystem services, including Water Quality the trapping of sediment, nutrients and toxic Wetlands worldwide are subjected to many human impacts. The compounds. In South Africa, wetlands have Lions River Wetland in the uMngeni catchment, KwaZulu‐Natal is no been reported to play an important role in the different, being impacted by human activities, including dairy farming protection of the limited water resource by and commercial forestry. This large wetland lies upstream of the storing and purifying water, recharging confluence of the Lions and uMngeni Rivers and Midmar Dam. The location of this wetland makes it a potentially important factor in the groundwater and regulating stream flow quality of water entering Midmar. With growing concern over (Swanepoel and Barnard, 2007). Wetlands pollution levels at Midmar Dam and deteriorating water quality in have been reported to assimilate non-point this impoundment, it is vital to analyse and understand the role that source pollution along river channels, Lions River Wetland can play in improving water quality. improving water quality and controlling the transportation of pollutants downstream A baseline ecological condition will be established for the Lions River Wetland by assessing the wetland biogeochemical and hydrological (Llorens et al., 2009; Fan et al., 2012). functions in order to determine (i) what effect the wetland has on Wetlands are transitional ecosystems downstream water quality; (ii) how the ecological condition of the occurring between the upslope drainage wetland can be enhanced through rehabilitation for improved areas and the stream channel. Consistent downstream water quality and (iii) how the impacts of rehabilitation with their positioning in the landscape, can be monitored over the long term. wetlands display a zonation of edaphic and This study of the Lions River Wetland will generate knowledge on the floristic characteristics which are primarily rehabilitation required in the wetland to improve the wetland driven by variations in inundation extent and ecological condition and its ability to provide ecosystem services, area; the frequency and duration of soil such as nutrient and sediment trapping and improving water quality. saturation (Grenfell et al., 2005). This hydro- Rehabilitation will enhance the ecosystem services provided by the period, combined with depth, drainage and wetland, and could result in a reduction of nutrients transported from upstream areas, eventually entering Midmar Dam. An water source are some of the main factors understanding of the wetland will be developed, allowing the that influence the provision of ecosystem development of a long‐term monitoring programme. services such as water quality improvement

(Malan and Day, 2012).

With growing pollution levels and deteriorating water quality of the world’s water resources, it has become important to analyse and understand the effectiveness of wetlands in improving water quality (Fan et al., 2012). Wetland ecosystems are acknowledged for performing invaluable functions in the maintenance of water quality, and are consequently recognised as an integral component of catchment systems (Grenfell et al., 2005). Wetlands in the uMngeni catchment have an important role to play in its management, and can contribute to an effective integrated water resource management programme (Jewitt and Kotze, 2000). It is therefore important to assess the wetlands’ functionality to understand the processes linked to water quality improvement for rehabilitation planning and monitoring. Table 1 below highlights some of the important ecosystem services provided by wetlands and the underlying ecosystem functions to which they are linked.

Table 1. Wetland ecosystem services with examples of underlying ecosystem functions (after Grossman, 2010) Ecosystems function (structure or process) maintaining the Services service Hydrological services

Flood water retention Storage of overbank water, reduction of flow velocity

Groundwater recharge/ discharge Infiltration/seepage of water to/from groundwater

Sediment retention Sediment deposition

Biogeochemical services Uptake of nutrients by plants, storage in soil, transformation and Nutrient retention gaseous export (denitrification) Carbon sequestration Organic matter accumulation

Ecological services

Food web support Biomass production Habitat provision/landscape Habitat (permanent, nursery, migratory resting, etc.) for plants and structural diversity animals

5.2 Landscape Restoration

Apart from the areas of pristine ecological infrastructure which still exist within the catchment, there are also natural areas which have become degraded due to overgrazing, fuelwood harvesting or burning, or invasion by alien plants. These areas, if returned to improved condition, are likely to deliver ecosystem services more effectively (or function more effectively as ecological infrastructure). This process is known as restoration, which, as defined by the Society for Ecological Restoration (2004), is “the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed”. From a hydrological perspective, it is vital that connections within the hydrological cycle are adequately reinstated during this process, as they contribute to the flow of energy, matter and organisms in an ecosystem (Noss, 1990; Pringle, 2001). Restoration can aid in more effective delivery of ecosystem services in terms of food, fodder and fibre but also the supply of high quality water, flood attenuation and climate change resilience (Blignaut et al., 2008).

Kauffman et al. (1997) outline the need for both passive and active restoration, i.e. to cause the action of degradation to cease and allow the restoration process to begin (e.g. stop overgrazing, remove invasive species, halt fuelwood harvesting or burning), and to actively attempt to restore the structure and function of the natural area. This includes the reinstatement of connectivity, which is important in hydrological systems and must have an emphasis on streamflow, as it drives species diversity and river function (Poff et al., 1997). Restoration as a solution to the water crisis could involve mechanical solutions such as mechanical removal of alien plants, as well as bridging of erosion gullies and installation of gabions to stabilise soils. Biotic interventions, such as addition of organic matter and altered tillage practices, may also be required to address the reestablishment of soil-water interactions (King and Hobbs, 2006). Deep-rooted alien plants remove far more water from the soil

than indigenous species – particularly in riparian zones where water availability is not limited (Dye and Jarmain, 2004; Görgens and van Wilgen, 2004). Removal of invasive species can be carried out not only mechanically, but chemically and biologically, and may therefore yield considerable additional streamflow from the catchment.

5.3 Citizen science: Midmar Dam and the Mpophomeni Sanitation Education Project

The Mthinzima and Lions Rivers both discharge high concentrations of nutrients in the upper uMngeni Catchment. Neither of these two rivers is not effectively monitored. This is a major concern because Midmar is a major water supply source for the cities of Pietermaritzburg and Durban, which make up the second largest economic hub in South Africa and has become a focus of attention under the UEIP. In addition, downstream of Midmar Dam, various feedlots, effluent discharge from Pietermaritzburg’s formal and informal settlements are discharged into the uMngeni River via the Umsinduzi River compromising the quality of the downstream water supply. Four kilometres downstream of Mpophomeni, Midmar Dam has shown signs of deteriorating water quality due to Mthimzima River which flows through the area depositing sewage and solid waste into the dam.

Project 5: Water Quality Monitoring in the uMngeni Catchment 5.3.1 Current water quality in the upstream of Midmar Dam Mthimzima catchment The upper uMngeni Catchment in KwaZulu‐Natal is largely dominated by forestry, agriculture and human settlements. Over the Umgeni Water has collected water quality past thirty years, anthropogenic activities have altered the quality of monitoring data in the catchment since 1987. water of the Midmar Dam. However, gaps in data from some key tributaries and limited efforts towards quantifying nutrient and E.coli This has included biological and physico- loads to the dam compromise efforts to identify and manage sources chemical parameters for the uMngeni River of these pollutants. A monitoring plan to address these shortcomings and tributaries. From 1987 to 2000, sampling is being implemented as part of this project. Monitoring will be was implemented on weekly basis. However, facilitated using both grab and automatic sampling. The nutrients of sampling is currently undertaken on a concern are nitrogen and phosphorous, since they lead to rivers and monthly basis. dam eutrophication (either from point or non‐point sources of pollution). Water quality analysis will involve in‐situ and laboratory analysis. Some of the data will provide a baseline against which the Water quality data collected over the period possible impacts of the new developing Khayalisha settlement, of 27 years shows an increase in the located on a tributary to Midmar Dam, will be assessed. concentration of nutrients (Soluble Reactive Phosphorous, Total Phosphorous, Nitrate) and sediment in four selected streams feeding Midmar Dam, including its outflow (see Figure 2). A lack of streamflow data is a major shortcoming which limits the estimation of pollutant loading to the uMngeni Catchment system (See Project 6). It is crucial to combine information on LULC changes and water quality data, to assess their negative impacts on ecosystem services of the uMngeni Catchment.

Figure 2: Nutrient concentrations in Mthinzima stream draining Mpophomeni, 1987-2013, Source of Data: Umgeni Water

5.3.2 Engineered and conventional solutions to the deteriorating water quality in the catchment

Improvements to the water quality monitoring network Box 1: Community-based water could potentially include installation and monitoring of quality education programmes additional gauging weirs, repair of underground sewerage pipelines and increased capacity of the Howick Waste Water Treatment Works, as well as other waste water treatment works in the uMngeni catchment. Installation of additional gauging weirs could allow for automatic water samplers to be put in place, which could assist in establishment of relationships between streamflow and the quality of water.

Fixing the sewer pipelines could significantly reduce the number of spilling manholes and therefore, reduce E. coli loading into the dam. To reduce nutrient concentrations in the streams feeding the dam, there is a need to control Pupils engrossed in a sanitation grazing and burning of biomass close to water resources education play and to provide efficient waste disposal facilities to the local community..

5.3.3 The Mpophomeni Sanitation Education Project (Box 1)

It has become increasingly clear that solutions to water problems in the uMngeni catchment should include a citizen science-based approach. The Mpophomeni Sanitation Education Project (MSEP) is a partnership between the Dusi-uMngeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), the Wildlife and Environmental Society of South Africa (WESSA) and the uMgungundlovu District Municipality that was initiated in 2011 and is currently operational. The project aims to provide sanitation education to the community of Mpophomeni, a township in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal. Through sewage monitoring, the project empowers the community to engage with water quality issues affecting the Midmar Dam. The MSEP, which is A sanitation education play made up of actors, Enviro-champs and Enviro-clubs, is performed by Thandanani Luvuno coordinated by Liz Taylor (WESSA) to collectively work together to address the pollution problem. The actors are part of the drama team that produces and performs sanitation education plays at schools and community gatherings in and around Mpophomeni. Topics such as appropriate material to flush down the sewerage system and the importance of protecting water resources from sewage pollution are covered, and presented in a humorous but educational manner. The Enviro-champs are a group made up of six residents that are responsible for monitoring sewerage leaks. Located in close proximity to problematic manholes, the Enviro-champs report leaking manholes to plumbers from the Spectators at a community municipality. This is done in order to limit the time that gathering including DUCT chairman sewage is allowed to flow into the streams that feed Dave Still Midmar Dam.

Photos: L Taylor

Figure 3: Photographs of MiniSASS analysis in action (Photos: S Matta)

Figure 4: Photographs of MiniSASS scoring (Photos: http://www.minisass.org)

The Enviro-clubs are groups made up of pupils from the schools in Mpophomeni and Howick. These groups monitor water quality using citizen science tools such as miniSASS (see Section 5.4), and raising environmental awareness in schools. The project also empowers the Shiyabazali informal-settlement, located downstream of the Howick Wastewater Treatment Plant, to monitor the efficiency of the water treatment process. Through the use of a clarity tube, the turbidity of water flowing from the water works into the uMngeni River is monitored twice daily. Through the use of monthly graphs, the management team at the treatment plant have welcomed the challenge to improve treatment and engage with the Figure 5: Clarity tube (Photo: Liz community. Taylor)

Similar success has been achieved at Mpophomeni, where social networking is being used to report leaking manholes. Monthly records show that the amount of time for which manholes are allowed to leak has been reduced, as municipal plumbers are responding more timeously to reported faults. Furthermore, the number of incidents reported is declining as more people are informed about waterborne sewage. However, the problem of leaking manholes remains a challenge that can no longer be attributed solely to community sewerage infrastructure misuse. Through the MSEP, it has become evident that infrastructural problems such as the size of pipes are playing a considerable role in the frequency of manhole leakages. This has led to the uMgungundlovu District Municipality committing R160 million in the next three years to improve the system. This will include establishment of a new water treatment works, new sewer lines with larger diameter pipelines and restoration of wetlands degraded by sewage leaks (as reported in the Natal Witness; Magubane, 2014).

5.4 Conventional water quality monitoring vs community-based water quality monitoring

In South Africa, water quality monitoring is largely conducted by government authorities such as the Department of Water Affairs (DWA). To a lesser extent, water quality monitoring has been undertaken by officials from municipalities and water services providers. Monitoring approaches include physico- chemistry, bio-monitoring and ecotoxicology, or a combination of these (Palmer et al., 2004; CSIR, 2010; Munnik et al., 2011). Physico-chemistry analysis is useful in determining the physical characteristics of the water, and the chemical composition of effluent reaching water resources. This approach is largely technical (Palmer et al., 2004). Bio-monitoring investigates biotic composition to determine environmental health. It is less technical but based on the understanding of ecosystems relationships (Graham et al., 2004; Palmer et al., 2004). As a means to strike a balance between the previously mentioned approaches, an ecotoxicology approach is suggested to quantify the relationship between water chemistry and the response of biota thereafter (Graham et al., 2004; Palmer et al., 2004).

The frequency of monitoring varies according to the objectives of the monitoring plan, whereby sampling can be ongoing (routine) at a regular time interval, or typically a week or a month (Huang and Xia, 2001; Munnik et al., 2011). However, due to financial and capacity limitations of monitoring agencies there is an increase in the form of monitoring known as “special survey”, which is normally once off (Munnik et al., 2011). In South Africa, the physio-chemical approach is commonly used on an ongoing basis, whilst bio-monitoring and ecotoxicology approaches are commonly applied during special surveys (Carpenter et al., 2011; Munnik et al., 2011; Nare et al., 2011).

Community-based water quality monitoring groups in KwaZulu-Natal predominantly conduct biological water quality monitoring using the miniSASS toolbox (Munnik et al., 2011). MiniSASS is a biomonitoring tool developed from SASS5 that uses the presence of macro invertebrates to determine river health status. Findings from the miniSASS assessment are uploaded onto the miniSASS Google Earth database which may be publicly accessed to view river health status of a particular river or stream (http://www.minisass.org/en/). Authors such as Mayfield et al. (2001) and Conrad and Hilchey (2011) suggest that community-based water quality monitoring can be economically efficient because monitoring can be conducted outside of traditional working hours and over larger areas.

5.5 Gaps in water quality monitoring in the uMngeni catchment

The water quality in the uMngeni Catchment Project 6: Hydrological modelling to extend the estimation of is deteriorating (Kienzle et al., 1997; Frost pollution loads to Midmar The raising of the Midmar Dam wall in 2004 resulted in the flooding and Sullivan, 2010; Gemmel and Schmidt, of the gauging weir on the Mthimzima stream. Although water 2012), and for the past ten years, a quality monitoring has continued at this site, without water quantity noticeable deterioration in water quality has information, it has not been possible to estimate pollution loading to been observed at a number of monitoring Midmar Dam. Through this project, the ACRU Agrohydrological stations (Roos et al., 2008). Modelling System is being configured for the Mthimzima catchment. Past records will be used to confirm the model’s performance. Thereafter, streamflow from the catchment will be simulated for the Existing water quality monitoring data period of missing records. This will allow pollutant loadings to the collected in the catchment are not sufficient Midmar dam from the Mthimzima catchment and Mpophomeni to effectively analyse the health of the since 2004 to be estimated. uMngeni River. It appears that studies

carried out in the catchment have largely relied on grab samples, which cannot capture all streamflow events (peak flows), which are known to be drivers of nutrient input to the impoundments. Therefore, there is a need to improve the existing water quality monitoring program and to increase the monitoring frequency and number of monitoring sites. This will help in the long-term detection of any changes in water quality that may occur after communities have been established. In addition to investment in traditional monitoring approaches, there is a clear role for citizen science approaches.

6. CONCLUSION

The projects outlined within this paper form part of the uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership (UEIP), which is supported by the Development Bank of South Africa and the Water Research Commission. The UEIP, established in November 2013 and to which municipalities, Non- Governmental Organisations, research institutions, water providers and industry players are all signatories, as well as the citizen science aspects outlined in this paper provide a novel and innovative approach to addressing the problems of deteriorating water quality in the uMngeni catchment. This represents a major shift in the approach taken to address environmental problems. In other words, the significant increase in demand for water with a rapidly expanding population in eThekwini (Durban) Municipality, has required a significant shift in thinking, and a search for alternative solutions to solve the water supply and quality crisis (Sutherland and Roberts, 2014).

In isolation, the conventional and community-based approaches are both useful. However, a combination of the approaches has the potential to maximize benefits. Community-based monitoring groups can bridge monitoring gaps due to logistical limitations, while receiving training to improve the data accuracy. Partnerships between scientists, authorities and communities build a platform for collaborative water governance and improved social capital (Pollock and Whitelaw, 2005; Conrad and Daoust, 2008; Conrad and Hilchey, 2011).

The research projects described here aim to provide individual, scientifically sound results and findings. However, as a collective group we aim to combine the conventional methods of monitoring, analysis and hydrological modelling with the novel approaches of citizen science and capacity building to create a more resilient and hydrologically stable uMngeni catchment.

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6.2 Appendix 2: Poster

Understanding drivers and developing solutions to address deteriorating water quality in the upper uMngeni catchment

GPW Jewitt, CJ Hughes, S Matta J Namugize, H Ndlovu, S Ngubane

Centre for Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg

Presented at Open Science Dialogue on Seeds of the Good Anthropocene 2014 held in Stellenbosch, October 2014.

hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĚƌŝǀĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĚ Ğƚ Ğƌŝ ŽƌĂƟ ŶŐǁĂƚ ĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚ Ǉŝ ŶƚŚ ĞƵD ŶŐĞŶŝ ĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ 'Wt:ĞǁŝƩ͕:,ƵŐŚĞƐ͕^DĂƩĂ͕:EĂŵƵŐŝǌĞ͕,EĚůŽǀƵ͕^EŐƵďĂŶĞ Žǆϭ͗ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇͲďĂƐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ƚĨtƚZĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌtĂƚĞƌZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐZ ĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂů͕WŝĞƚĞƌŵĂƌŝƚǌďƵƌŐ ^ĞǀĞƌĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂŝŵƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂĚĞĞƉĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƵDŶŐĞŶŝĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĂƐƐƵĐŚ͕ƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌͲ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚƋƵĂŶƟƚǇŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƵDŶŐĞŶŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ;h/WͿ͘ dŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯϬŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐĂŶĚE'KƐŚĂǀĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĂŶDĞŵŽƌĂŶĚƵŵŽĨhŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚͲ ŝŶŐƚŽ ĐŽŵŵŝƚ ƚŽ ĂŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƌĞƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ͕ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐ / ƚŽ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ĂƐƵŝƚĞŽĨ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐũŽď ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ƐĞĐƵƌŝŶŐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚŇŽŽĚĚĂŵĂŐĞĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂĚĂƉƟǀĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇƚŽĐůŝŵĂƚĞ

ĐŚĂŶŐƉ͕ŐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƌĞƚƵƌŶŽŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͘dŚƌŽƵŐ͕ŐŚƚŚĞƐĞ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŝŵƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽ ƉŶĞǁƚĞĐŚŶŝƋ ƵĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂƉƉ ƉƉŐŐŝŶŐŽĨĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůĂůůŽǁĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐƚŽĚĞĐŝĚĞŽŶŚŽǁĂŶĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŽƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞǁŚĞƌĞĞĐŽͲ WƵƉŝůƐĞŶŐƌŽƐƐĞĚŝŶĂƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉůĂǇ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶůŽƐƚ͘ZĞĐŽŐŶŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŶĂƌƌŽǁ͞ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĂŶĚĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ͟ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂůƐŽĂŝŵƚŽƵŶůŽĐŬƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨĨůƵůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝ ƚǇͲďĂƐĞĚ ǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝ ƚǇŵŽŶŝ ƚŽƌŝ ŶŐĂŶĚ ĐĂƉĂĐŝ ƚǇď ƵŝůĚŝ ŶŐ͕ĂƐǁĞůů ĂƐƚŽŝ ŶǀĞƐƟ ŐĂƚĞƚŚ ĞĞĸ ĐĂĐǇŽĨ Ğǆŝ ƐƟ ŶŐŵŽŶŝŝŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚ Ͳ ŶŝƋƵĞƐ͘ƐĂŶŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐƚŽĂůůŽǁĨŽƌƉƌĂŐŵĂƟĐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƐŬŝůůƐ͕ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞ ƐĐĂƌĐĞ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͘ ƚĞĂŵŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂůŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŽŶƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƵDŶŐĞŶŝĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌZĞͲ ƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͕hŵŐĞŶŝtĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶŬŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞh/W͘dŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƐŽŵĞďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƚŽƚŚĞŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ ƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ;ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞĚŝŶŽǆĞƐϭʹϱͿĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵĂŝŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞŝŶĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĂŶĚ ĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ďĂƐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ ͘

WƌŽũĞĐƚ ϭ͗īĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ >ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ĂŶĚ >ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ ŚĂŶŐĞ ŽŶ tĂƚĞƌ YƵĂůŝƚǇ ŽĨ WƌŽũĞĐƚϮ͗ dŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ͲďĂƐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ƚŚĞƵDŶŐĞŶŝZŝǀĞƌ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝƐƉƵƫŶŐŐƌĞĂƚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŽŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞͲ >ŽǁƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͕ŚŝŐŚĞǀĂƉŽƌĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĂŶĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ ĞŶĞƌŐǇĂŶĚ ĨŽŽĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ĚĞǀĞů Ͳ ĂŶĚĂŐŐŐƉƉƌŽǁŝŶŐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŚĂǀĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞů ǇĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽĂ ŽƉĞĚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƵƌďĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ǁĂƚĞƌĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇĐƌŝƐŝƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘&ƵƚƵƌĞǁĂƚĞƌƐƵƉƉůǇŵĂǇ ĂƌĞĞǀŽůǀŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƐĂŵĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƵDŶŐĞŶŝĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚŝŶ ďĞƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚďǇĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĚƵĞƚŽƐĞĚŝŵĞŶͲ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ Ă ĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ ƉůĂǇƐ Ă ŵĂũŽƌ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉůǇ ŽĨ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƵƚƌŽƉŚŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƐĂůŝŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝͲ ĨŽŽĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶĮǀĞŵŝůůŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶƐŽĨ ĐĂůƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘,ƵŵĂŶĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŝŶŵĂŶǇĨŽƌŵƐĂƌĞĂƚƚŚĞƌŽŽƚŽĨ ƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉůĂǇƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚďǇdŚĂŶĚĂŶĂŶŝ>ƵǀƵŶŽ WŝĞƚĞƌŵĂƌŝƚǌďƵƌŐĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶŽĨƚŚĞ<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂůWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇ͕ƚŚĞ ĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚƋƵĂŶƟƚǇǁŚŝĐŚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚ ƉŽůůƵƚĂŶƚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ůĂŶĚ ĐŽǀĞƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ŚƵŵĂŶĂĐƟŽŶƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽĂŶǇƌĞĂůŝƐƟĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘ WŚŽƚŽƐ͗>dĂǇůŽƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇǁŝůůďĞŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚ͘sĂƌŝŽƵƐƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ͕ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶ īŽƌƚƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĐĂŶďĞƐĞĞŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶŝŶͲ ƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌďŽĚŝĞƐĂŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŐŽŽĚƐĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĞīŽƌƚƐƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŶŝƚƌŽŐŐƉƉƉĞŶĂŶĚƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͘ůŝƚĞƌĂͲ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŝƚƐƵƟůŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽĚĞͲ ƚƵƌĞƌĞǀŝĞǁŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵƚƌŝͲ ƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚĞǁŚŝůƐƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐůĂĐŬŝŶŐ͘dŚŝƐƌĞͲ ĞŶƚŇƵǆĞƐĨŽƌĂǁĂƚĞƌďŽĚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐŚŽǁŶƚŽďĞƐŵĂůů͕ďƵƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ͕ŝŶƚŚĞ ƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂŝŵƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŽůĞƚŚĂƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƵDŶŐĞŶŝĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚ͘,ǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŵŽĚĞůƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƉƌŽǀĞŶƚŽďĞƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů X0QJHQL&DWFKPHQW ĐĂŶƉůĂǇŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŵŽŶŝͲ ƚŽŽůƐƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨůĂŶĚƵƐĞĂŶĚůĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞ ƚŽƌŝŚŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐ ŚŝƟŝŚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƚŽŽ ůŝƟŝůƐ͘ŝƟǌĞŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞŵĂǇ ďĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŽĨŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚŝŶĂǁĂƚĞƌďŽĚǇ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇ͕ƚŚĞZhͲ ĚĞĮŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĞΗƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐĂŶĚŶŽŶͲ EŽŶWŽŝŶƚ^ŽƵƌĐĞ;ZhͲEW^ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚŶĂůǇƐŝƐZŝƐŬƐDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐǁŚĞƌĞĚĂƚĂĂƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ͕ƐŚĂƌĞĚĂŶĚĂŶĂͲ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ;tZD&ͿŵŽĚĞůƐĂƌĞƵŶĚĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ͘ĐƌŝƟĐĂůĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨĞǆͲ ůĚΗ;:ĚůǇƐĞĚΗ;:ŽƌĚĂŶĞƚůƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ dŚĞŽǀĞƌĂ ůůŐŽĂ ůŽ Ĩ ƚŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐ Ś ŝƐƟŶŐůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĂŶĚƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚŝƐƚŚƵƐƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶͲ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĞƵƚƌŽƉŚŝĐĂƟŽŶŝŶǁĂƚĞƌďŽĚŝĞƐ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƚŚĞƌĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŽďĞƩĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶǁĂƚĞƌ dŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƵƚƌŽƉŚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽŶǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƵƐĞƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĚŝƐͲ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞ DƉŽƉŚŽŵĞŶŝ ^ĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ WƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝŶ ĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘ĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶĐĞŽĨŝĚĞĂƐŽŶƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨŝŵƉŽƵŶĚŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚƌĞͲ ,ŽǁŝĐŬ͕<ǁĂƵůƵͲEĂƚĂůŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂƐĂĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚǇŝŶ (XWURSKLFDWLRQLQ0LGPDU'DP ƚĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĞǆƉŽƌƚĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŽĨƚŚĞĚĂŵƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͘ ǁŚŝĐŚĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƚŽŽůƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŵŝŶŝ^^^ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐůĂƌŝƚǇ 3KRWR-7D\ORU dŚĞƌĞ ĨŽƌĞ͕ƚ ŚĞƌĞ ŝƐƚ ŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶ ŝƚǇŽ ĨƐƚĂƌ ƟŶŐĂĐŽŶ ƟŶƵŽƵƐĂŶ Ě ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵǁĂͲ &ODULW\ WXEH ƚƵďĞ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ͘ 3KRWR/7D\ORU ƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌĞůŝĂďůĞĚĂƚĂĨŽƌƉŽůŝĐǇͲŵĂŬĞƌƐĂŶĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĂƌĞĂĂŶĚƚŚĞůĞƐƐŽŶƐƚŽďĞůĞĂƌŶĞĚǁŝůů ĂƉƉůǇ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ^ŽƵ ƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ƌŝǀ Ğƌ ďĂƐŝŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞǁ ŚŽůĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘ WƌŽũĞĐƚ ϯ͗ >ĂŶĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͗ ,ǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ĂŶĚZĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů/ŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ WŽŽƌůĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ŽǀĞƌŐƌĂǌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ďƵƌŶ Ͳ 5LYHU ŝŶŐƌĞŐŝŵĞƐĚŽŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůǇĂīĞĐƚƚŽƚĂůƐƚƌĞĂŵŇŽǁ͕ďƵƚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ SROOXWLRQLQ ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚŵŽďŝůŝƐĂƟŽŶ;^ĐŚƵůǌĞĂŶĚ,ŽƌĂŶ͕ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ZĞĚƵĐĞĚǀĞŐĞƚĂͲ ORZHU ƟŽŶĐŽǀĞƌĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƵƌďĞĚƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂůƚĞƌƚŚĞƉƉŐĂƌƟƟŽŶŝŶŐŽĨƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͕ FDWFKPHQW ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶŚŝŐŚĞŶĞƌŐǇƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚŶĞĂƌͲƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƌƵŶŽīĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĂŝŶĨĂůů 3KRWR& ;ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇĞǆƚƌĞŵĞͿĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĐĂŶƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇƌĞĚƵĐĞďĂƐĞŇŽǁŝŶƚŚĞĚƌǇ +XJKHV ƐĞĂƐŽŶĚƵĞƚŽůŽǁĞƌĞĚŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶůĞǀĞůƐ͘ǆĐĞƐƐŝǀĞďƵƌŶŝŶŐĐĂŶĂůƐŽůĞĂĚƚŽĂ ůŽƐƐŽĨĂďŽǀĞͲŐƌŽƵŶĚďŝŽŵĂƐƐĂŶĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞůŝƩĞƌ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚƌĂŶͲ ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůĞƐƐĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĐĂƉƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŝŶĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĂŝŶĨĂůů;^ĐŚƵůǌĞĂŶĚ ,ŽƌĂŶ͕ϮϬϬϳͿ͘dŚĞƐĞƚǇƉĞƐŽĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĂƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĞǆĂĐĞƌďĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞ ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƌĂŝŶĨĂůůĂŶĚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌŐůŽďĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘ ŶŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵŽĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨŶŽŶͲŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞͲ ĐŝĞƐǁŚŝĐŚŝŶǀĂĚĞƌŝƉĂƌŝĂŶǌŽŶĞƐŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĂŶĚƚĞŶĚƚŽĞǆƚƌĂĐƚůĂƌŐĞǀŽůƵŵĞƐ ŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͘dŚĞƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽŌĞŶŽƵƚͲĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƉůĂŶƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽ ĞĐŽƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚĨĚĨŽŽ ĚͲĐŚďůŚĂŝŶŝŵďĂůĂŶĐĞƐ͘/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ůŚůůǇ͕ƚŚĞƐĞŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂ ůŚůƚĞƌƚŚĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŽĨĚŽǁŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ >Ě>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐŽƌĐĂ ƚŚƚĐŚŵĞŶ ƚīƚĚďƚŚƚƐĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞƐĞĞǆĂŵƉ ůĞƐŽ ĨĚĚƟĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŵĂǇ͕ǁ ŝƚŚ ƟŵĞ͕ďĞŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĂŶĚƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚ͕ŽƌƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĞīŽƌƚĂŶĚ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌƐƵĐŚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĂŶŝŶͲĚĞƉƚŚƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƐƚƵĚǇ͕ 7HDPYLVLW ƵƐŝŶŐ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐ ƚŽŽůƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵƐ ƚŚĞ ĨĞĂƐŝďĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŝůŝƚǇ 3KRWRJUDSKVRI0LQL6$66DQDO\VLVLQDFWLRQ WR/LRQV ĂŶĚĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐůŝŵĂƟĐ͕ƐŽŝůĂŶĚƚŽƉŽͲ 3KRWRV60DWWD 5LYHU 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6.3 Appendix 3: Environmental Education Training and Development Practice — Learnership

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES NQF LEVEL 5: MODULE 2 (ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS)

2 TO 6 JUNE 2014: UMGENI VALLEY NATURE RESERVE

“I just can’t believe people live in these conditions, it is just...so harsh”, notes Karin Isaacs, a SANPARKS employee from Augrabies National Park. The late winter sun penetrates the dusty windows of the 16 seater WESSA taxi, bumping along the pot-holed road past the Dunlop factory and back through the small town of Howick to Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve.

Karin is one of 10 learners on the WESSA SustainEd Environmental Education Training and Development Practices (EETDP) National Certificate course, the first module of which was held in April of this year. Karin, like many of the other participants, is a bit shocked after visiting Shiyabazali squatter camp on a field trip as part of the week’s activities; focusing on the theme of Environmental Ethics.

While Module 1 of the EETDP focuses on an understanding of human-environment relationships have evolved, and how this ever-changing relationship has led to environmental problems, Module 2 transports learners in to the (sometimes uncomfortable) thinking space of morals, values and attitudes in the study of Environmental Ethics.

In the initial stages of the week, learners were introduced to the idea of the “ethical space” – the changing situations in which we are all forced to make decisions about how we use natural resources. After an introduction to the history of Environmental Ethics, and a toe-dabbling into the different ethical movements over time; learners are led through group activities, ethical case studies (both films and live presentations) and field trips to illustrate the concepts introduced in class.

The field trip in particular was a highlight of the week, where learners were introduced to the Umngeni Catchment around Midmar Dam by Jim Taylor (WESSA) and Liz Taylor (DUCT). The introductory focus of the field trip centred on all the environmental decisions that have been made in the past which are pushing the dam towards a breakdown of its once healthy systems. Nutrient loads in the dam are increasing with agricultural and human waste entering via tributaries, and decisions have to be made very quickly in order to prevent a collapse of the dam’s functioning ecological systems. Homes around the river below the dam were visited to study the dysfunctional sewerage systems and to be introduced to some of the stakeholders who could be involved in solutions to the health, environment and human rights issues evident along the river.

In essence, as humans with the ability make decisions: our VALUES determine our DECISIONS, our DECISIONS result in ACTIONS, and our ACTIONS result in IMPACTS. The Environmental Ethics course leads learners to analyse their own values, and how these guide the decisions we make, the actions we take and the impact we have on the world. In order to be effective Environmental Educators, we have to understand our own ethics to ever be able to say we can help others understand the world.

The group has increased since Module 1 with three Wildlands Conservation Trust Groen Sebenza Pioneers coming on board for Module 2 from the Eastern Cape, and a new learner all the way from Cape Town, Ryno Bezuidenhout. Having new faces and stories always brings about lively discussions, and so it was with the 16

ten learners who worked diligently and consistently, asking difficult questions of both the practice of industry and of the individual, including their own personal practice. The learners are now tasked with completing their workplace assignments for Module 2, before they head back to Umgeni Valley in July to attend Module 3.

More information on the EETDP:

Module 3 of the EETDP is Developing an Environmental Learning Programme (DELP), which focuses on taking the environmental issues or concerns that learners deal with in their workplace and effectively capacitating learners to start developing a sound environmental learning programme around that issue. Run in collaboration with WESSA Share-Net, learning resource experts step in for part of the course to guide learners through the expansive and exciting world of producing new and effective learning materials.

Module 4 of the EETDP is Facilitating and Evaluating an Environmental Learning Programme (FEELP), which delves into the highly specialized world of facilitation and evaluation, strongly linked with roles and responsibilities of the facilitator. Facilitation techniques in active learning are upfront in the learning of the course, but moreover focus is given to quality control and the evolution of learning programmes as they are evaluated and modified over time.

6.4 Appendix 4: Work Plan