Siamang (Symphalangus Syndactylus) AZA Species Survival Plan® Yellow Program

Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) AZA Species Survival Plan® Yellow Program

AZA Species Survival Plan® Siamang Species Coordinator Beth Richards, Disney’s Animal Kingdom ([email protected])

AZA Studbook Keeper Becky Malinsky, Smithsonian National Zoological Park ([email protected])

AZA Population Advisor Gina Ferrie, Disney’s Animal Kingdom® ([email protected]) Sara Sullivan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo ([email protected])

9 June 2017

Executive Summary Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)

At the time of analyses, the Siamang population consists of 124 individuals (60 males, 61 females, and 3 unknown sex offspring) at 51 institutions, 106 (51.52.3) at 46 AZA and 18 (9.9.0) at 5 non-AZA. The Ape Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) in their 2014 Regional Collection Plan (RCP) set a target population size in AZA of 115 individuals. Under AZA’s current sustainability designations, this population does not meet the criteria to remain a Green SSP and is now designated as a Yellow SSP Program. To account for extra spaces provided by five recently added non-AZA participants, an adjusted target size of 130 individuals is used for analyses.

Genetic analyses based on an analytical studbook with pedigree assumptions indicate that the current SSP population is descended from 59 founders with no potential founders remaining. The current gene diversity of this population is just over 97%, equivalent to about 22 unrelated animals (FGE=22.50). Based on current population parameters, including a target size of 130 individuals (to account for AZA + non-AZA space), the SSP population is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for over 100 years, even assuming no growth (λ = 1.00). However, the standard benchmark goal of 90% for 100 years cannot be met by the AZA population alone, and, consequently, the SSP no longer meets the criteria to remain a Green SSP. When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower birth weights and greater neonatal mortality. However, potential gene diversity in the SSP is very high and could be exploited by managed breeding targeted at equalizing founder representation, maintenance of the high effective size ratio (proportion of population breeding), and increased growth.

Demography Current size of population (N) – Total (Males.Females.Unknown Sex) 124 (60.61.3) Number of individuals excluded from genetic analyses 27 (11.16.0) Population size following exclusions 97 (49.45.3) Target population size (Kt; adjusted from 2014 Ape TAG RCP) 130 (115 AZA + 15 non-AZA spaces) Mean generation time (years) 16.1 Population growth rates ()1: Historical / 5-Year/ Projected 1.01/ 0.995/ 0.993 1Historical from life tables (NA 1980-2016)/ 5-Year from PopLink Census/ Projected from PMx 20 year stochastic projections

Genetics (based on an analytical studbook) Current Potential Founders 59 0 Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 22.50 34.06 Gene diversity retained (GD %) 97.78 98.53 Population mean kinship (MK) 0.0222 - Mean inbreeding (F) 0.0055 - Percentage of pedigree known before/after exclusions & assumptions 91.2/ 100 - Effective population size/census size ratio (Ne / N)1 0.4583 - 2 λ=1.00, λ=1.00, K(t) = 115 PROJECTIONS K(t) = 130 (AZA only) Years To 90% Gene Diversity 116 95 Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 152 132 Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 91.1 89 2This population does not currently qualify as a Green SSP as 90% GD cannot be retained for >100 years for AZA alone.

In order to maintain current population size, approximately seven births are needed in the upcoming year. Approximately eight to nine births are needed per year to reach recommended target size of 130 individuals within three years (λ = 1.01). As with most SSPs, recommended pairings have been determined with consideration of demographic goals, mean kinship, population change in gene diversity, maximum avoidance of inbreeding, the needs of individual institutions, and behavioral considerations in an attempt to increase and maintain gene diversity for as long as possible.

Summary Actions: Recommend 22 breeding pairs and 13 transfers over the next two to three years. Adult females not recommended to breed should be contracepted. If a recommended pair successfully produces a live birth, contact the SSP Coordinator as soon as possible to determine if postpartum contraception is needed. Institutions with young females age 4 or older being housed with mature males should contact the SSP to determine the most appropriate time to begin contraception.

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. 1

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary 1

II. Description of Population Status Introduction 4 Analytical Population 4 Demography 4 Genetics 6 Recommendation Outcomes 7 Management Strategy 7 Contraception Advice 9

III. Recommendations Summary Recommendations 10 ALEXANDRI, AUDUBON, BATONROUG 15 BISMARCK, BREVARD, BROWNSVIL 16 CINCINNAT, COLO SPRG, COLUMBIA, COLUMBUS 17 DICKERSON, DISNEY AK, DREHER PA, EL PASO 18 ERIE, FRESNO, GARDENCTY, GIBSBIRDS (non-AZA) 19 GREENVISC, GULF BREZ (non-AZA), HONOLULU (non-AZA) 20 HOUSTON, JACKSONVL, JNGLARY F, LEON, LITTLEROC 21 LOSANGELE, LOUISVILL, LOWRY, MEMPHIS 22 METROZOO, MILWAUKEE, MINOT, MONROE (non-AZA) 23 NASHV ZOO, NORFOLK, NZP-WASH, OAKLAND 24 OMAHA, PHOENIX, PITTSBURG (non-AZA), RIO GRAND 25 SAN FRAN, SANDIEGOZ, SEATTLE, SIOUX FAL 26 SYRACUSE, TACOMA, TULSA, W PALM BE 27 WATERTNSD 28

IV. Appendices A. Analytical Assumptions 29 B. Summary of Data Exports 30 C. Animals Excluded from Genetic Analyses 31 D. Life Tables 32 E. Reproductive Report 34 F. Ordered Mean Kinship List Report 37 G. Descriptive Survival Statistics 38 H. Definitions 40 I. Directory of Institutional Representatives 42

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Acknowledgments

The Siamang SSP population planning session was hosted by Lincoln Park Zoo on 14 December 2016 and was attended by:

Beth Richards, Disney’s Animal Kingdom Becky Malinsky, Smithsonian National Zoological Park Jay Petersen, Chicago, IL Sara Sullivan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator Beth Richards, Disney’s Animal Kingdom [email protected]

AZA Studbook Keeper: Becky Malinsky, Smithsonian National Zoological Park [email protected]

Report and Analysis prepared by: Gina Ferrie, Adjunct Population Biologist, Disney’s Animal Kingdom® [email protected] Sara Sullivan, Population Biologist, Population Management Center [email protected]

Cover Art: Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals: Academic Press. San Diego, CA.

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the AZA Population Management Center ([email protected]).

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Description of Population Status Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus)

Introduction: At the time of analyses, the Siamang population consists of 124 individuals (60 males, 61 females, and 3 unknown sex offspring) at 51 institutions, 106 (51.52.3) at 46 AZA and 18 (9.9.0) at 5 non- AZA. The Ape Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) in their 2014 Regional Collection Plan (RCP) set a target population size in AZA of 115 individuals. Under AZA’s current sustainability designations, this population does not meet the criteria to remain a Green SSP and is now designated as a Yellow SSP Program. To account for extra spaces provided by five recently added non-AZA participants, an adjusted target size of 130 individuals is used for analyses.

Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of the North American siamang population were performed in January 2017, resulting in the current breeding and transfer recommendation for this species. These recommendations supersede those made by earlier plans. Analyses of the North American Regional Siamang Studbook (current to 19 January 2017) were performed using PopLink 2.4 and PMx V1.4.20160928.

Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Endangered (2008); CITES: Appendix I; USFWS: Endangered

Analytical Population: An analytical studbook was created to complete the pedigrees of the living AZA population (Appendix A). Twenty-seven animals (11.16.0) were excluded from breeding due to age, sterility, behavioral, or health reasons (Appendix C). Following these exclusions and assumptions, the potentially breeding population consists of 97 animals (49.45.3) and has a 100% known pedigree.

Demography: Based on the North American Siamang Studbook, this species has been held in AZA zoos consistently since 1950 (Fig. 1). The first zoo birth was recorded in 1960 but breeding did not become a significant source of recruitment to the AZA population until the 1970s. The population reached a peak size of 135 individuals in 1987. In subsequent years the population declined to a low of 95 individuals in 1995, due in part to purposefully reduced breeding from approximately 1994 to 2001 to free spaces for another endangered gibbon species. Since 2002, the AZA population has remained relatively stable, though population decline has been observed over the past five years (AZA average λ = 0.987). With the recent addition of five non-AZA facilities to the SSP population, average population growth over the past five years approaches stable (SSP average λ = 0.995). However, the average number of annual births over the past five years remains low at 2.4 per year (ranging from 0 to 4). Approximately seven births are estimated to be needed to maintain the current population size of 124 individuals in the coming year, and increased focus on reproduction will be necessary to meet these demographic needs.

Figure 1. Annual census of the Siamang SSP (AZA + GIBSBIRDS, HONOLULU, MONROE, PANAMCT, PITTSBURG) population since 1950, by sex (left) and birth type (right).

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

Figure 2. Age distribution of the total Siamang SSP population before exclusions (left; N = 124 (60.61.3)) and the potentially breeding population after 27 exclusions (right; N = 97 (49.45.3)).

Age distribution The age structure of the population reflects the lack of births during the breeding moratorium in the 1990s, showing a smaller number of animals, particularly females, in age classes 16 to 23 (Fig. 2). The recent drop in births over the past five years is also illustrated; few animals in the youngest breeding age classes could limit future reproduction and population growth as these animals mature and are depended upon for reproduction. However, for a long-lived species with a long reproductive period, this problem is not a serious concern as long as the age structure and birth rates are carefully monitored. The SSP should focus on consistent production of offspring in order to ensure a stable number of animals entering the reproductive age classes and avoid a future drop in reproduction.

Longevity According to studbook data in AZA between 1980 to present, if a Siamang in AZA survives past the first year of life, median life expectancy is 27.0 years (Appendix G). This indicates that about half of animals in AZA that survive past the first year of life are expected to die before this age and about half after. Although the studbook also contains records of Siamang living upwards of 49 years for males (studbook ID = 109, status = alive, origin = wild born, birth date estimate = year) and 48 years for females (studbook ID = 57, status = dead, origin = wild born, birth date estimate = year), median life expectancy is a more appropriate way to communicate the typical lifespan of this species in AZA zoos. First year mortality observed for this species is approximately 24% for males and 19% for females (Appendix D).

Reproduction Reproduction has been recorded as early as four years for both sexes, though North American regional studbook data indicate median age at reproduction to be seven years for males and 13 for females (Appendix E). The age of sexual maturity appears to be related to social situation and management practices which can delay or accelerate the age of first conception. The oldest first time sire reproduced at 29 years (studbook ID = 97, status = living, origin = wild born, birth date estimate = month) and the oldest first time dam at 30 years (studbook ID = 258, status = living, origin = captive born, birth date estimate = none). Reproduction has been observed year-round with no apparent seasonality. Gestation lasts approximately 210 days and typically results in one offspring, though infrequent occasions of twins are recorded in the studbook.

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Genetics: These genetic statistics are based on an analytical studbook with pedigree assumptions intended to estimate relatedness and inbreeding. The potentially breeding population is descended from 59 founders with no potential founders remaining (Fig. 3). The number of founders has increased by three since 2015 due to the inclusion of animals at GIBSBIRDS this year. Current gene diversity in the population is 97.78%, equivalent to over 22 unrelated animals (FGE = 22.50). When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the Figure 3. Founder representation graph illustrating the inequality of founding population, it is expected that founder lineages in the potentially breeding SSP population. reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower birth weights and greater neonatal mortality.

Based on current population parameters, including a target size of 130 individuals (to account for AZA + non- AZA space), the SSP population is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for over 100 years, even assuming no growth (λ = 1.00). Projected gene diversity is one of several criteria used by AZA to determine the sustainability designation of AZA managed programs. However, the standard benchmark genetic goal of 90% gene diversity in 100 years must be based on analysis of the AZA population alone. According to long term projections in PMx, the AZA population alone falls short of this benchmark genetic goal and can only maintain 90% gene diversity for 95 years. This corresponds with genetic results from the 2016 Population Viability Analysis (PVA) produced for the Siamang SSP population (Mechak et al., 2016; see page 8 for citation). A PVA is a computer model that projects the likely future status of a population and is used to evaluate the long- term sustainability of a population under various management strategies. Model results indicate that, under the average breeding rate from the past 10 years, gene diversity in 100 years is expected to fall to 83.7% (+/- 8.1; based on siamang in AZA and one non-AZA holder applying to be a sustainability partner). In response to these long term genetic projections in PMx and ZooRisk, the sustainability designation for this SSP has been changed from Green to Yellow in this current breeding and transfer plan.

However, potential gene diversity in the SSP is very high (~98%) and could be exploited by managed breeding targeted at equalization of founder representation, maintenance of the already high effective size ratio (Ne/N; proportion of population breeding), and increased growth. According to alternate model results in the PVA, population gene diversity in 100 years improves to 94.0% (+/- 0.4) with increased reproduction.

Genetic Summary1 2008 2010 2012 2015 Current Potential Founders 46 46 56 56 59 0 Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 21.67 21.97 22.63 20.88 22.50 34.06 Gene diversity retained (GD%) 97.69 97.72 97.79 97.61 97.78 98.53 Population mean kinship (MK) 0.0231 0.0229 0.0221 0.0239 0.0222 - Mean inbreeding (F) 0.0029 0.0027 0.0031 0.0035 0.0055 - % known pedigree before/after assumptions 91.4 91.8 92.6 94.1 91.2/ 100 - and exclusions Effective population size / census size ratio 0.45 0.4293 0.3705 0.3846 0.4583 - (Ne/N) 2 λ=1.00, λ=1.00, λ=1.002, λ=1.009, λ=1.00, λ=1.00, K(t) = PROJECTIONS K(t) = 120 K(t) = 115 K(t) = 115 K(t) = 115 K(t) = 130 115 (AZA only) Years To 90% Gene Diversity >100 >100 111 110 116 95 Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity - 100 144 147 152 132 Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) >90 >90 90 90.6 91.1 89 1Genetic statistics based on an analytical studbook; data projections may not be accurately compared across years due to differences in lambda (λ) and target sizes over the years. 2This population does not currently qualify as a Green SSP as 90% GD cannot be retained for >100 years in the AZA portion of the population alone.

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Recommendation Outcomes: The website PMCTrack calculates the outcomes for SSP recommendations by comparing Breeding and Transfer Plan recommendations to births and deaths recorded in the studbook. Of the recommendations proposed in the last breeding and transfer planned, 30% of BREED WITH and 88.9% of SEND TO recommendations were fulfilled (Fig. 4). These outcomes statistics are based on events recorded between the publication date of the last final plan (18-Feb-15) and the inter-planning period end date on which updated studbook data were submitted (29-Nov-16). There are many reasons that recommendations might not be fulfilled, including interim recommendations issued by the SSP Coordinator; these reasons can be captured using PMCTrack Outcomes Surveys. SSP participants are always encouraged to attempt to fulfill recommendations and to communicate successes and failures to the SSP Coordinator.

Figure 4. Recommendation outcome graphs by disposition (left) and breeding (right) for the past Siamang SSP Breeding and Transfer Plans. N represents the number of recommendations scored for each recommendation type, per plan, and the number represents the percentage recommendations fulfilled. Please visit PMCTrack.org or contact [email protected] for more information or with any questions.

Management Strategy: In order to maintain current population size, approximately seven births are needed in the upcoming year. Approximately eight to nine births are needed per year to reach recommended target size of 130 individuals within three years (λ = 1.01). With births ranging from zero to four over the past five years (mean = 2.4), increased focus on reproduction will be needed in order to meet these demographic goals. Due to a high number of low likelihood pairs and a recent drop in annual births over the past two years, extra breeding pairs are recommended this year. As with most SSP populations, pairings are prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, the degree of uncertainty within a pedigree, and behavioral factors.

The SSP continues to balance the social cost of repairing existing pairs with large MK differentials (differences in sire and dam mean kinships) with the genetic benefit. In the future, care will continue to be taken to minimize MK differentials of new pairs in order to maximize exploitation of potential gene diversity in the population. However, it should be understood that as the population ages and its composition changes, the MKs of two previously well-matched individuals could diverge. Institutions holding significantly mismatched pairs that may warrant the social cost of repairing in order to create more genetically desirable pairings are noted. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with any questions or concerns. Hylobatids in the wild and in managed care do pair again and are often serially monogamous.

1. Recommend 22 females in breeding situations over the next two to three years. a. Breeding institutions are expected to submit a birth management plan to the Gibbon SSP Coordinator before breeding siamangs. Contact the coordinator for examples. b. Breeding institutions are expected to hold offspring for a minimum of five years. It is preferable for institutions to maintain offspring in their natal groups for 6-8 years when feasible. Wild gibbons typically disperse from their natal groups at 8-10 years, so maintaining young gibbons in their natal groups longer allows them more time to mature

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 before pairing and, in some cases, allows them more experience observing care of younger siblings. While offspring may become reproductively mature while still in their natal groups, inbreeding is extremely uncommon in socially-functional family units. Aggression involving offspring can often be mitigated with careful management of husbandry practices. Contact the SSP for assistance. Institutions that wish to place animals younger than five or which have disruptions in the natal group dynamics should contact the SSP for discussion of options. c. If a recommended pair successfully produces a live birth, contact the SSP Coordinator as soon as possible to determine if postpartum contraception is needed. d. Extra breeding pairs are recommended this year in order to compensate for a high number of low likelihood pairs and a recent drop in annual births over the past two years. e. Institutions holding breeding pairs between the ages of 9 and 19 that are experiencing breeding challenges may want to consider reproductive evaluation of their animals if breeding behavior is regularly observed. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if interested in doing so.

2. Recommend 13 transfers to create breeding and companion pairs and meet institutional needs.

3. Adult females not recommended to breed should be contracepted. Institutions with young females age 4 or older should contact the SSP Coordinator to determine the most appropriate time to contracept. A variety of factors can be used to help determine the most appropriate time to begin contracepting young females, including commencement of estrous cycles, observed reproductive interest from male family members, and the stability of the family group. Inbreeding is extremely uncommon in socially-functional family units, and it is preferable not to contracept females before there are indicators of reproductive maturation and reproductive behavior. See page 9 for contraception information. Institutions with additional questions about contraception should contact the Gibbon SSP Coordinator or AZA’s Wildlife Contraception Center ([email protected]).

4. In 2014, a Population Viability Analysis (PVA) was completed for the Siamang SSP. Summary results from this analysis can be found on the AZA website along with the full report.

Citation: Mechak, L., Malinsky, B., Petersen, J., Steele, J. Stoinski, T., and Fenn, T. 2016. Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) AZA Animal Program Population Viability Analysis Report. Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL.

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Gibbon Contraception Advice from the AZA Wildlife Contraception Center

When reproductive control for your gibbons is called for in the Master Plan, please use the AZA Reproductive Management Center (RMC) as a resource. There are several different types of contraceptives that are effective in gibbons and each one has pros and cons. The preferred method will depend on the needs of the animal and the institution. Contact the SSP Coordinator for assistance in determining the most appropriate and effective contraception for your circumstances. Responding to the AZA RMC’s requests for updates and feedback for all birth control used is important for establishing reliable recommendations.

MGA implants are a safe and effective form of reversible contraception for gibbons. MGA implants have a minimum duration of efficacy of two years, but may last longer, so it is recommended implants be removed if breeding is desired. Implants may be desirable because of their long-lasting efficacy. They may be less desirable in some circumstances because they require immobilization for placement and replacement.

Human birth control pills have also been effectively used in gibbons. Females must reliably take food containing the pill every day. Because birth control pills are manufactured for humans, dose is not yet well- established for gibbons. Please contact the RMC for assistance with dosing. The general recommendation is to give a pill formulation that contains the lowest dose of estrogen that effectively suppresses bleeding, possible swelling, and estrous behavior. Formulations containing 30 or 35 micrograms of estrogen are commonly used in great apes, but a pill containing 20mcg may be effective in some individuals. Others might need a higher dose of estrogen (i.e., 50mcg), to achieve complete cycle control. There will be individual differences in response and so one female in the group may need 50mcg of estrogen while others do well on a formulation containing 30mcg of estrogen. In terms of placebo pills, it is considered safe and acceptable to administer active pills continuously with no break between pill packs. Some institutions may opt to allow a withdrawal bleed every three months or once per year. Finally, nursing females should be given progestin- only pills (i.e., pills that do not contain estrogen) until the offspring starts to obtain a significant portion of its diet from a source other than milk. Birth control pills may be desirable because they can be administered without training or immobilization and can be quickly started and discontinued. Birth control pills may be used temporarily as a stop-gap measure until an MGA implant can be placed.

Depo-Provera has a variable duration of efficacy, and so may be best used as an immediate, short-term option.

Suprelorin® (deslorelin) is safe and effective in female gibbons, but time to reversal is extremely variable. Other contraceptive options should be considered before using Suprelorin in genetically valuable animals. Suprelorin might be effective in male gibbons, but the RMC does not have any data on its use in this species.

AZA Reproductive Management Center Phone 314-646-4595 Email [email protected] Web http://www.stlzoo.org/contraception

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Summary of Breeding and Transfer Recommendations By Studbook ID

ID Location Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes DO NOT 81 MILWAUKEE 1245 M 44 HOLD MILWAUKEE Excluded - Age BREED SEE SEE 90 LEON MAM048 F 45 SEE NOTES Excluded - Age NOTES NOTES Excluded – Age Death DO NOT 97 SIOUX FAL 2649 M 43 HOLD SIOUX FAL reported during comment BREED period DO NOT 109 TACOMA T09M10 M 49 HOLD TACOMA Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT Excluded from genetic BREED analysis due to age, 114 DISNEY AK 981741 M 42 HOLD DISNEY AK 293 BREED allow to breed if WITH interested DO NOT 134 SAN FRAN 105037 F 42 HOLD SAN FRAN Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 151 BREVARD 940298 M 39 HOLD BREVARD Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 152 BREVARD 940297 F 38 HOLD BREVARD Excluded - Age BREED Excluded – Sterile Death DO NOT 155 DISNEY AK 60447 F 38 HOLD DISNEY AK reported during comment BREED period SEND TO BROWNSVIL DO NOT 158 SYRACUSE M86094 M 37 As companion to 218 HOLD SYRACUSE BREED DO NOT 171 SIOUX FAL 3551 F 36 HOLD SIOUX FAL Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 173 AUDUBON 175 M 36 HOLD AUDUBON Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 175 METROZOO 471 M 44 HOLD METROZOO Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 187 SANDIEGOZ 31857 F 35 HOLD SANDIEGOZ Excluded - Age BREED BREED 191 GIBSBIRDS HS906 M 35 HOLD GIBSBIRDS 496 Genetically valuable pair WITH DO NOT 199 JACKSONVL 887008 F 34 HOLD JACKSONVL Excluded – Age BREED DO NOT 207 MONROE 211001 M 34 HOLD MONROE Genetically valuable BREED BREED 208 GIBSBIRDS SS910 M 33 HOLD GIBSBIRDS 495 Genetically valuable pair WITH DO NOT 209 MONROE 212002 F 33 HOLD MONROE Genetically valuable BREED DO NOT 212 MILWAUKEE 4979 F 33 HOLD MILWAUKEE Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 217 SANDIEGOZ 31632 M 33 HOLD SANDIEGOZ Excluded - Age BREED HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT 218 BROWNSVIL 11550 F 33 Companion for 158 SEND TO SYRACUSE BREED DO NOT 226 BATONROUG M1976 M 32 HOLD BATONROUG BREED DO NOT 230 AUDUBON 102685 F 32 HOLD AUDUBON Excluded - Age BREED

BREED 240 W PALM BE 950193 F 31 HOLD W PALM BE 521 Genetically valuable WITH

DO NOT 251 CINCINNAT M5052 F 31 HOLD CINCINNAT Excluded - Age BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 ID Location Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes DO NOT 258 LOSANGELE 95138 F 30 HOLD LOSANGELE Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 259 JACKSONVL 887027 M 30 HOLD JACKSONVL BREED DO NOT BREED 260 SEATTLE 205526 M 30 HOLD SEATTLE 399 Demographic pairing BREED WITH Demographic pair - both BREED 261 TULSA 16827 F 30 HOLD TULSA 484 genetically over- WITH represented Genetically valuable; Breeding is permitted SEE 269 HONOLULU 870102 F 29 HOLD HONOLULU when offspring can be NOTES held for a minimum of 5 years DO NOT 272 MINOT 597 M 29 HOLD MINOT BREED BREED 288 RIO GRAND M03014 M 27 HOLD RIO GRAND 383 WITH BREED Demographic pair - MK 292 COLUMBUS 204012 F 27 HOLD COLUMBUS 374 WITH mismatch DO NOT HOLD BROWNSVIL BREED Allow to breed if 293 BROWNSVIL 8296 F 28 114 SEND TO DISNEY AK BREED interested WITH DO NOT 294 JNGLARY F 89P006 F 27 HOLD JNGLARY F Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 295 NZP-WASH 114191 F 28 HOLD NZP-WASH Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 354 ERIE 1223 F 27 HOLD ERIE BREED BREED 357 EL PASO 952184 M 26 HOLD EL PASO 381 WITH DO NOT 365 BATONROUG 8189 F 26 HOLD BATONROUG BREED DO NOT 368 METROZOO M90031 F 26 HOLD METROZOO Genetically valuable BREED BREED 374 COLUMBUS 204011 M 26 HOLD COLUMBUS 292 WITH BREED 375 GREENVISC M14003 F 25 HOLD GREENVISC 382 WITH DO NOT 376 NASHV ZOO 940065 F 25 HOLD NASHV ZOO Excluded - Behavior BREED Demographic pair - both BREED 381 EL PASO 952119 F 25 HOLD EL PASO 357 currently over- WITH represented BREED 382 GREENVISC 880212 M 25 HOLD GREENVISC 375 WITH BREED 383 RIO GRAND M09015 F 25 HOLD RIO GRAND 288 Genetically valuable pair WITH BREED Demographic pair – MK 387 HOUSTON 18751 F 24 HOLD HOUSTON 462 WITH mismatch BREED 388 LITTLEROC 6741 F 24 HOLD LITTLEROC 485 Genetically valuable pair WITH DO NOT 389 PHOENIX 9297 M 24 HOLD PHOENIX BREED DO NOT BREED 399 DREHER PA 204130 F 23 SEND TO SEATTLE 260 Demographic pairing BREED WITH

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 ID Location Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

BREED Reported as dead during 401 GARDENCTY 114019 M 22 HOLD GARDENCTY 466 WITH comment period

SEE SEE 403 LEON MAM049 F 22 SEE NOTES NOTES NOTES DO NOT 405 TACOMA T04M15 F 22 HOLD TACOMA Excluded - Behavior BREED DO NOT 407 OAKLAND 1038 M 20 HOLD OAKLAND Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 414 ERIE 1218 M 19 HOLD ERIE BREED DO NOT 415 OAKLAND 1109 M 19 HOLD OAKLAND Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 434 MINOT 453 F 18 HOLD MINOT BREED DO NOT 437 MEMPHIS 21068 M 17 HOLD MEMPHIS Genetically valuable BREED Genetically valuable; Breeding is permitted SEE 440 HONOLULU 206042 M 18 HOLD HONOLULU when offspring can be NOTES held for a minimum of 5 years BREED Demographic pair - MK 460 ALEXANDRI M00470 F 18 HOLD ALEXANDRI 492 WITH mismatch DO NOT 461 SAN FRAN 198001 M 18 HOLD SAN FRAN BREED BREED 462 HOUSTON 27912 M 16 HOLD HOUSTON 387 WITH DO NOT 464 PHOENIX 12797 F 16 HOLD PHOENIX BREED DO NOT 466 GARDENCTY 991013 F 17 HOLD GARDENCTY BREED DO NOT 467 COLO SPRG 24M032 M 19 SEND TO JNGLARY F BREED DO NOT 468 COLUMBIA 9199 M 15 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED DO NOT 469 NZP-WASH 113714 M 20 HOLD NZP-WASH Excluded - Sterile BREED SSP will continue to look DO NOT 471 GULF BREZ A3221 M 15 HOLD GULF BREZ for companion for this BREED animal BREED 473 DICKERSON 6413 F 14 HOLD DICKERSON 500 WITH BREED 474 OMAHA 18540 M 15 HOLD OMAHA 493 WITH BREED 476 BROWNSVIL 11090 M 13 SEND TO LOUISVILL 501 WITH DO NOT 483 NASHV ZOO 2814 M 13 HOLD NASHV ZOO Excluded - Sterile BREED BREED 484 TULSA 16170 M 13 HOLD TULSA 261 WITH BREED 485 LITTLEROC 6745 M 13 HOLD LITTLEROC 388 WITH Excluded - Health/ DO NOT Behavior, SSP will 486 COLUMBIA 7846 F 13 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED continue to look for a companion DO NOT 487 COLUMBIA 7470 F 17 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED DO NOT 489 MEMPHIS 23161 F 14 HOLD MEMPHIS Excluded - Health BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 ID Location Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes DO NOT Genetically over- 490 NORFOLK 211013 F 12 HOLD NORFOLK BREED represented DO NOT 491 CINCINNAT 112068 M 11 HOLD CINCINNAT BREED BREED 492 ALEXANDRI M00469 M 11 HOLD ALEXANDRI 460 WITH BREED Demographic pair - both 493 OMAHA 17910 F 12 HOLD OMAHA 474 WITH over-represented BREED 495 GIBSBIRDS SS901 F 17 HOLD GIBSBIRDS 208 Genetically valuable pair WITH BREED 496 GIBSBIRDS SS903 F 17 HOLD GIBSBIRDS 191 Genetically valuable pair WITH Demographic pair - both BREED 499 WATERTNSD 2865 F 11 HOLD WATERTNSD 524 genetically over- WITH represented BREED 500 DICKERSON 6414 M 10 HOLD DICKERSON 473 WITH BREED 501 LOUISVILL 102845 F 10 HOLD LOUISVILL 476 Genetically valuable pair WITH DO NOT Potential future breeding 502 LOUISVILL 102762 M 9 SEND TO PITTSBURG BREED pair with 595 BREED 503 LOUISVILL 102837 M 9 SEND TO DREHER PA 522 WITH BREED 507 GIBSBIRDS SS987 F 11 HOLD GIBSBIRDS 508 Genetically valuable pair WITH BREED 508 GIBSBIRDS SS996 M 10 HOLD GIBSBIRDS 507 WITH BREED Demographic pair - MK 510 LOWRY M14012 F 9 HOLD LOWRY 516 WITH mismatch BREED 511 BISMARCK 2979 F 9 HOLD BISMARCK 519 WITH DO NOT 513 LOSANGELE 993604 M 10 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED BREED Demographic pair – MK 514 FRESNO 205049 F 9 HOLD FRESNO 581 WITH mismatch DO NOT 515 COLO SPRG 28M007 M 8 HOLD COLO SPRG BREED BREED 516 LOWRY 103236 M 7 HOLD LOWRY 510 WITH SYRACUSE DO NOT 518 PITTSBURG 102942 M 6 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED BREED 519 BISMARCK 2958 M 8 HOLD BISMARCK 511 WITH BREED 521 W PALM BE M15081 M 7 HOLD W PALM BE 240 WITH BREED 522 BROWNSVIL 10397 F 7 SEND TO DREHER PA 503 Genetically valuable pair WITH BREED 524 WATERTNSD 2355 M 7 HOLD WATERTNSD 499 WITH SEE SEE 579 LEON MAM047 M 23 SEE NOTES NOTES NOTES BREED 581 FRESNO 206089 M 6 HOLD FRESNO 514 WITH DO NOT 583 NORFOLK 210049 M 12 HOLD NORFOLK Genetically valuable BREED DO NOT 586 SIOUX FAL 4227 M 5 HOLD SIOUX FAL BREED DO NOT 587 EL PASO 201110 F 5 HOLD EL PASO BREED DO NOT 588 DISNEY AK 110704 F 5 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED DO NOT 589 DISNEY AK 110705 F 5 HOLD DISNEY AK BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 ID Location Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes SYRACUSE DO NOT 590 PITTSBURG 102951 F 6 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED DO NOT 592 BATONROUG 10582 F 5 SEND TO COLO SPRG BREED DO NOT 594 NORFOLK 212135 F 4 HOLD NORFOLK BREED Genetically valuable; DO NOT Contracept until sexually 595 HONOLULU 212099 F 4 SEND TO PITTSBURG BREED mature – potential future breeding pair with 502 DO NOT 597 RIO GRAND M14001 F 2 HOLD RIO GRAND BREED DO NOT 599 TULSA 17045 F 2 HOLD TULSA BREED DO NOT 601 NORFOLK 214169 M 2 HOLD NORFOLK BREED DO NOT 602 GREENVISC M15007 M 1 HOLD GREENVISC BREED DO NOT 603 HONOLULU 215016 F 1 HOLD HONOLULU Genetically valuable BREED DO NOT 604 BISMARCK 3036 M 1 HOLD BISMARCK BREED DO NOT 606 GULF BREZ A5584 M 5 SEND TO GARDENCTY BREED DO NOT 610 BATONROUG 10873 M 1 HOLD BATONROUG BREED DO NOT 612 W PALM BE M16096 F 0 HOLD W PALM BE BREED DO NOT 613 ERIE 2348 M 0 HOLD ERIE BREED DO NOT 614 ALEXANDRI M00528 U 0 HOLD ALEXANDRI BREED DO NOT 615 GREENVISC M17001 U 0 HOLD GREENVISC BREED DO NOT 616 LOSANGELE 994218 M 0 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED DO NOT Offspring reported during 617 RIO GRAND M17004 U 0 HOLD RIO GRAND BREED comment period

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Recommendations by Institution

ALEXANDRI Alexandria Zoological Park 3016 Masonic Drive, Alexandria, LA 71301-4240, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name BREED Demographic pair - MK 460 M00470 Ashley F 18 HOLD ALEXANDRI 492 WITH mismatch BREED 492 M00469 Tucker M 11 HOLD ALEXANDRI 460 WITH DO NOT 614 M00528 U 0 HOLD ALEXANDRI BREED

AUDUBON Audubon Zoo 6500 Magazine St., New Orleans, LA 70178-4327, USA

Institution Notes: Ok to leave this female uncontracepted and breed the pair, although unlikely due to age of both individuals.

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 173 175 Crown M 36 HOLD AUDUBON Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 230 102685 Syndi F 32 HOLD AUDUBON Excluded - Age BREED

BATONROUG BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo P.O. Box 60, Baker, LA 70704-0060, USA

Institution Notes: This breeding pair is currently genetically over-represented and not a priority for breeding at this time.

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 226 M1976 Bud M 32 HOLD BATONROUG BREED DO NOT 365 8189 Maxine F 26 HOLD BATONROUG BREED DO NOT 592 10582 Lazat F 5 SEND TO COLO SPRG BREED DO NOT 610 10873 M 1 HOLD BATONROUG BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 BISMARCK Dakota Zoo P.O. Box 711, Bismarck, ND 58502-0711, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name 511 2979 Bahiyah F 9 HOLD BISMARCK BREED WITH 519

519 2958 Ricochette M 8 HOLD BISMARCK BREED WITH 511 DO NOT 604 3036 Boomerang M 1 HOLD BISMARCK BREED

BREVARD Brevard Zoo 8225 N. Wickham Rd., Melbourne, FL 32940-7924, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT Excluded - 151 940298 Pete M 39 HOLD BREVARD BREED Sterile DO NOT 152 940297 Saphire F 38 HOLD BREVARD Excluded - Age BREED

BROWNSVIL Gladys Porter Zoo 500 Ringgold St., Brownsville, TX 78520, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name RECEIVE DO NOT As companion 158 M86094 Abe M 37 SYRACUSE FROM BREED to 293 HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT Companion 218 11550 Pan/fatima F 33 SEND TO SYRACUSE BREED for 158 DO NOT HOLD BROWNSVIL Allow to breed 293 8296 Malana F 28 BREED 114 SEND TO DISNEY AK if interested BREED WITH 476 11090 Darwin M 13 SEND TO LOUISVILL BREED WITH 501 RECEIVE DO NOT 518 102942 Merlin M 6 PITTSBURG FROM BREED Genetically 522 10397 F 7 SEND TO DREHER PA BREED WITH 503 valuable pair RECEIVE DO NOT 590 102951 Leela F 6 PITTSBURG FROM BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 CINCINNAT Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 3400 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH 45220-1399, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID DO NOT 251 M5052 F 31 HOLD CINCINNAT Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 491 112068 Ophy M 11 HOLD CINCINNAT BREED

COLO SPRG Cheyenne Mtn Zoological Park 4250 Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Rd., Colorado Springs, CO 80906, USA

Institution Notes: This new pair is currently genetically over-represented and not a priority for breeding at this time.

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID DO NOT 467 24M032 Bunyi M 19 SEND TO JNGLARY F BREED DO NOT 515 28M007 Wayan M 8 HOLD COLO SPRG BREED RECEIVE DO NOT 592 10582 Lazat F 5 BATONROUG FROM BREED

COLUMBIA Riverbanks Zoo and Garden 500 Wildlife Parkway, Columbia, SC 29202-1060, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID DO NOT 468 9199 Max M 15 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED Excluded - Health/ Behavior, DO NOT 486 7846 Mentawi/munke F 13 HOLD COLUMBIA SSP will continue BREED to look for a companion DO NOT 487 7470 Josie F 17 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED

COLUMBUS Columbus Zoo and Aquarium PO Box 400, Powell, OH 43065-0400, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Demographic BREED 292 204012 Olga F 27 HOLD COLUMBUS 374 pair - MK WITH mismatch BREED 374 204011 Rashid M 26 HOLD COLUMBUS 292 WITH

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 DICKERSON Dickerson Park Zoo 3043 North Fort, Springfield, MO 65803, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name 473 6413 Makali F 14 HOLD DICKERSON BREED WITH 500 500 6414 Lucu M 10 HOLD DICKERSON BREED WITH 473

DISNEY AK Disney's Animal Kingdom 1200 N. Savannah Circle E., Bay Lake, FL 32830-1000, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Excluded from genetic analysis DO NOT BREED 114 981741 Kenneth M 42 HOLD DISNEY AK 293 due to age, BREED WITH allow to breed if interested Excluded – Sterile Death 155 60447 Penny F 38 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED reported during comment period RECEIVE DO NOT BREED Allow to breed if 293 8296 Malana F 28 BROWNSVIL 114 FROM BREED WITH interested 588 110704 Violet F 5 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED 589 110705 Veruca F 5 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED

DREHER PA Palm Beach Zoo at Dreher Park 1301 Summit Blvd., West Palm Beach, FL 33405-3098, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT BREED Demographic 399 204130 Bagus F 23 SEND TO SEATTLE 260 BREED WITH pairing RECEIVE 503 102837 Zain/Zane M 9 LOUISVILL BREED WITH 522 FROM RECEIVE Genetically 522 10397 F 7 BROWNSVIL BREED WITH 503 FROM valuable pair

EL PASO El Paso Zoo 4001 East Paisano, El Paso, TX 79905-4223, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name 357 952184 Teja M 26 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH 381 Demographic pair - both 381 952119 Suni F 25 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH 357 currently over- represented 587 201110 Alinda F 5 HOLD EL PASO DO NOT BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

ERIE Erie Zoological Gardens 423 W 38th St, Erie, PA 16508-0268, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 354 1223 Diabla F 27 HOLD ERIE BREED Jeepers/ DO NOT 414 1218 M 19 HOLD ERIE Dandy BREED DO NOT 613 2348 Damai M 0 HOLD ERIE BREED

FRESNO Fresno Chaffee Zoo 894 W Belmont Ave., Fresno, CA 93728-2891, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Demographic 514 205049 Raya F 9 HOLD FRESNO BREED WITH 581 pair – MK mismatch 581 206089 Noah M 6 HOLD FRESNO BREED WITH 514

GARDENCTY Lee Richardson Zoo 312 Finnup Drive, Garden City, KS 67846-0499, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Reported as 401 114019 Arthur M 22 HOLD GARDENCTY BREED WITH 466 dead during comment period DO NOT 466 991013 Suki F 17 HOLD GARDENCTY BREED RECEIVE DO NOT 606 A5584 Taylor M 5 GULF BREZ FROM BREED

GIBSBIRDS, non-AZA/ new SSP participant Gibbon Conservation Center (GCC) PO Box 800249, Santa Clarita, CA 91380, USA Institution Notes: These recommendations are based on known prior mates recorded in the studbook. If pairings have changed, please contact the SSP Coordinator.

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name 191 HS906 Juan Kino M 35 HOLD GIBSBIRDS BREED WITH 496 208 SS910 Mitchell M 33 HOLD GIBSBIRDS BREED WITH 495 Genetically 495 SS901 Karenina F 17 HOLD GIBSBIRDS BREED WITH 208 valuable pair Xhali/ Genetically 496 SS903 F 17 HOLD GIBSBIRDS BREED WITH 191 Rumi valuable pair Genetically 507 SS987 Marlow F 11 HOLD GIBSBIRDS BREED WITH 508 valuable pair 508 SS996 M 10 HOLD GIBSBIRDS BREED WITH 507

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

GREENVISC Greenville Zoo 150 Cleveland Park Dr., Greenville, SC 29601, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID BREED 375 M14003 Ella F 25 HOLD GREENVISC 382 WITH BREED 382 880212 Oscar M 25 HOLD GREENVISC 375 WITH DO NOT 602 M15007 George M 1 HOLD GREENVISC BREED DO NOT 615 M17001 U 0 HOLD GREENVISC BREED

GULF BREZ – non-AZA institution, not a part of SSP The ZOO, Northwest Florida 5701 Gulf Breeze Pkwy., Gulf Breeze, FL 32563, USA

Institution Notes: Institution is not part of SSP, included in plan for identifying transfers of AZA institution owned animals. Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID SSP will continue to DO NOT 471 A3221 Apolo M 15 HOLD GULF BREZ look for companion BREED for this animal DO NOT 606 A5584 Taylor M 5 SEND TO GARDENCTY BREED

HONOLULU , non -AZA Honolulu Zoo 151 Kapahulu Ave., Honolulu, HI 96815-7173, USA

Institution Notes: Breeding is permitted for this valuable pair (269 x 440) when space becomes available to hold offspring for the SSP recommended minimum of 5 years. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with questions.

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Genetically valuable; Breeding is permitted SEE 269 870102 Mahina F 29 HOLD HONOLULU when offspring can be NOTES held for a minimum of 5 years Genetically valuable; Breeding is permitted SEE 440 206042 Elvis M 18 HOLD HONOLULU when offspring can be NOTES held for a minimum of 5 years Genetically valuable; DO NOT 595 212099 Haumea F 4 SEND TO PITTSBURG Contracept until BREED sexually mature DO NOT 603 215016 Ele Ele F 1 HOLD HONOLULU Genetically valuable BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 HOUSTON Houston Zoo, Inc. 1513 Cambridge St., Houston, TX 77030-1603, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID

BREED Demographic pair – 387 18751 Jambi F 24 HOLD HOUSTON 462 WITH MK mismatch BREED 462 27912 Berani M 16 HOLD HOUSTON 387 WITH

JACKSONVL Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens 370 Zoo Parkway, Jacksonville, FL 32218-5769, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT Excluded - 199 887008 Boston F 34 HOLD JACKSONVL BREED Age DO NOT 259 887027 Sport M 30 HOLD JACKSONVL BREED

JNGLARY F The Naples Zoo 1590 Goodlette-Frank Road, Naples, FL 34102-5260, USA

ID Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes DO NOT Excluded - 294 89P006 Taylor F 27 HOLD JNGLARY F BREED Sterile RECEIVE COLO DO NOT 467 24M032 Bunyi M 19 FROM SPRG BREED

LEON Patronato del Parque Zoologico de Leon Camino a ibarrilla km. 6, Le≤n, Guanajuato , Mexico

Institution Notes: Please contact the SSP Coordinator with updates.

ID Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes SEE SEE 90 MAM048 Olive Oyl F 45 SEE NOTES Excluded - Age NOTES NOTES SEE SEE 403 MAM049 Chiquis F 22 SEE NOTES NOTES NOTES SEE SEE 579 MAM047 I-poh M 23 SEE NOTES NOTES NOTES

LITTLEROC Little Rock Zoological Gardens One Jonesboro Dr, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA

ID Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

Groversue/ BREED Genetically 388 6741 F 24 HOLD LITTLEROC 485 Sutera WITH valuable pair BREED 485 6745 Crash M 13 HOLD LITTLEROC 388 WITH

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

LOSANGELE Los Angeles Zoo & Botanical Gardens 5333 Zoo Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT Excluded-- 258 95138 Charlotte F 30 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED Sterile DO NOT 513 993604 Bahasa M 10 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED DO NOT 616 994218 Remy M 0 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED

LOUISVILL Louisville Zoological Garden 1100 Trevilian Way (40213), Louisville, KY 40233-7250, USA

Institution Notes: Contact the SSP Coordinator for assistance with maternal care training.

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name RECEIVE 476 11090 Darwin M 13 BROWNSVIL BREED WITH 501 FROM Genetically 501 102845 Sungai F 10 HOLD LOUISVILL BREED WITH 476 valuable pair DO NOT 502 102762 Zoli M 9 SEND TO PITTSBURG BREED 503 102837 Zain/Zane M 9 SEND TO DREHER PA BREED WITH 522

LOWRY Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo 1101 W Sligh Ave, Tampa, FL 33604-5958, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Demographic 510 M14012 Hutan F 9 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH 516 pair - MK mismatch 516 103236 Sensei M 7 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH 510

MEMPHIS Memphis Zoological Garden & Aquarium 2000 Prentiss Place, Memphis, TN 38112, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT Genetically 437 21068 Loki M 17 HOLD MEMPHIS BREED valuable DO NOT Excluded - 489 23161 Raya F 14 HOLD MEMPHIS BREED Health

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non- binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. 22

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

METROZOO Zoo Miami One Zoo Boulevard, Miami, FL 33177-1499, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT Excluded - 175 471 Festus M 44 HOLD METROZOO BREED Sterile DO NOT Genetically 368 M90031 Sia F 26 HOLD METROZOO BREED valuable

MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens 10001 W Bluemound Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226-4384, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT Excluded - 81 1245 Sammy M 44 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED Age DO NOT Excluded - 212 4979 Zachary Ann F 33 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED Age

MINOT Roosevelt Park Zoo 1219 Burdick Expressway East, Minot, ND 58702, USA

Institution Notes: This pair is currently genetically over-represented and not a priority for breeding at this time.

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 272 597 Darius M 29 HOLD MINOT BREED DO NOT 434 453 Lizzy F 18 HOLD MINOT BREED

MONROE , non-AZA Louisiana Purchase Gardens & Zoo P.O. Box 123, Monroe, LA 71210, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 207 211001 Simon Tamu M 34 HOLD MONROE BREED

DO NOT 209 212002 Songkhla F 33 HOLD MONROE BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 NASHV ZOO Nashville Zoo at Grassmere 3777 Nolensville Rd., Nashville, TN 37211, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name NASHV DO NOT Excluded - 376 940065 Muppet F 25 HOLD ZOO BREED Behavior NASHV DO NOT 483 2814 Bahari M 13 HOLD Excluded - Sterile ZOO BREED

NORFOLK Virginia Zoological Park 3500 Granby St., Norfolk, VA 23504, USA

Institution Notes: This pair is a major genetic mismatch, and the SSP cannot recommend a new breeding female until all offspring are old enough to place. Any additional future offspring produced from 583 x 490 will further delay the repairing of this genetically valuable male with a well matched breeding female.

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Genetically DO NOT 490 211013 Hitam Lucu F 12 HOLD NORFOLK over- BREED represented DO NOT Genetically 583 210049 Bali M 12 HOLD NORFOLK BREED valuable DO NOT 594 212135 Sunda/lola F 4 HOLD NORFOLK BREED DO NOT 601 214169 Guntur M 2 HOLD NORFOLK BREED

NZP-WASH Smithsonian National Zoological Park 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008-2537, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID DO NOT Excluded - 295 114191 Ronald-ann F 28 HOLD NZP-WASH BREED Sterile DO NOT Excluded - 469 113714 Bradley M 20 HOLD NZP-WASH BREED Sterile

OAKLAND Oakland Zoo P.O. Box 5238, Oakland, CA 94605, USA

Local ID House Name Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID DO NOT Excluded - 407 1038 Hahnumahn M 20 HOLD OAKLAND BREED Sterile DO NOT Excluded - 415 1109 Ganesha M 19 HOLD OAKLAND BREED Sterile

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 OMAHA Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo 3701 South 10th St., Omaha, NE 68107-2200, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name BREED 474 18540 Joey M 15 HOLD OMAHA 493 WITH BREED Demographic pair - 493 17910 Stewey F 12 HOLD OMAHA 474 WITH both over-represented

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo 455 N Galvin Pky, Phoenix, AZ 85008-3431, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 389 9297 Boyd M 24 HOLD PHOENIX BREED DO NOT 464 12797 Hadiah F 16 HOLD PHOENIX BREED

PITTSBURG , non -AZA Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium One Wild Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-1178, USA

Institution Notes: Male 502 x female 595 is a potential future breeding pair.

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name RECEIVE DO NOT Potential future 502 102762 Zoli M 9 LOUISVILL FROM BREED breeding pair with 595 SYRACUSE DO NOT 518 102942 Merlin M 6 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED SYRACUSE DO NOT 590 102951 Leela F 6 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED Genetically valuable; Contracept until RECEIVE DO NOT 595 212099 Haumea F 4 HONOLULU sexually mature – FROM BREED potential future breeding pair with 502

RIO GRAND Albuquerque Biological Park 903 Tenth St. SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102-4098, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name RIO BREED 288 M03014 Brian M 27 HOLD 383 GRAND WITH RIO BREED Genetically valuable 383 M09015 Johore F 25 HOLD 288 GRAND WITH pair RIO DO NOT 597 M14001 Tika F 2 HOLD GRAND BREED RIO DO NOT Offspring reported 617 M17004 Eerie U 0 HOLD GRAND BREED during comment period

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

SAN FRAN San Francisco Zoological Gardens 1 Zoo Rd., San Francisco, CA 94132-1098, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 134 105037 Sweetness F 42 HOLD SAN FRAN Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 461 198001 Storm M 18 HOLD SAN FRAN BREED

SANDIEGOZ San Diego Zoo PO Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 187 31857 Eloise F 35 HOLD SANDIEGOZ Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 217 31632 Unkie M 33 HOLD SANDIEGOZ Excluded - Age BREED

SEATTLE Woodland Park Zoo 601 N. 59th St., Seattle, WA 98103-5858, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT BREED 260 205526 Sam M 30 HOLD SEATTLE 399 Demographic pairing BREED WITH DO NOT RECEIVE BREED 399 204130 Bagus F 23 DREHER PA 260 Demographic pairing FROM BREED WITH

SIOUX FAL Great Plains Zoo 805 S Kiwanis Ave, Sioux Falls, SD 57104-3714, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Excluded – Age DO NOT Death reported 97 2649 Bull M 43 HOLD SIOUX FAL BREED during comment period DO NOT 171 3551 Salem F 36 HOLD SIOUX FAL Excluded – Age, BREED DO NOT 586 4227 Liam M 5 HOLD SIOUX FAL BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

SYRACUSE Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park One Conservation Place, Syracuse, NY 13204-2504, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name SEND TO BROWNSVIL DO NOT Bring in 218 for 158 M86094 Abe M 37 HOLD SYRACUSE BREED companion RECEIVE DO NOT 218 11550 Pan/fatima F 33 BROWNSVIL Companion for 158 FROM BREED RECEIVE DO NOT Potential future breeding 518 102942 Merlin M 6 PITTSBURG FROM BREED pair with 590 RECEIVE DO NOT Potential future breeding 590 102951 Leela F 6 PITTSBURG FROM BREED pair with 518

TACOMA Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium 5400 N Pearl St., Tacoma, WA 98407-3218, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name DO NOT 109 T09M10 Cho Cho M 49 HOLD TACOMA Excluded - Sterile BREED DO NOT 405 T04M15 Dudlee F 22 HOLD TACOMA Excluded - Behavior BREED

TULSA Tulsa Zoo 5701 E 36th St N, Tulsa, OK 74115, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Demographic pair - both BREED 261 16827 F 30 HOLD TULSA 484 genetically over- WITH represented BREED 484 16170 Jambi M 13 HOLD TULSA 261 WITH DO NOT 599 17045 Rokan F 2 HOLD TULSA BREED

W PALM BE Lion Country Safari Inc - Florida 2003 Lion Country Safari Rd., Loxahatchee, FL 33470-3976, USA

House ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Name Tina W PALM BREED 240 950193 Or F 31 HOLD 521 BE WITH Shaan W PALM BREED 521 M15081 Onyx M 7 HOLD 240 BE WITH W PALM DO NOT 612 M16096 Sid F 0 HOLD BE BREED

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

WATERTNSD Bramble Park Zoo P.O. Box 910, Watertown, SD 57201-0910, USA

Local House ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID Name Demographic pair - both BREED 499 2865 Bahana F 11 HOLD WATERTNSD 524 genetically over- WITH represented BREED 524 2355 M 7 HOLD WATERTNSD 499 WITH

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

Appendix A Analytical Assumptions

Studbook ID Field True Data Overlay Notes Dam UNK WILD Sire and dam assumed to be wild; animal had estimated birth 120 date in 1967 and came to Tulsa from Oklahoma University, Sire UNK WILD which was probably dealing with imported animals. Dam UNK WILD Obtained by JACKSONVL from BROOKSVIL (Rider Animal 39 Sire UNK WILD Company, Florida) in 1965; assumed wild caught. Dam UNK WILD Donated from STUDIOCIT (Casa de Pets) in 1965; most likely 50 Sire UNK WILD wild caught. Dam UNK WILD 98 Obtained from CHASE B in 1971; assumed wild caught. Sire UNK WILD Dam UNK 569 569 “Bulu” or “Inga” has been assigned as the dam of 583 583 “Bali” born at BEKESBRNE in 2004. An assumption was also Sire 575 -- made for 583’s sire (575, see below). Dam UNK WILD First reported location of these animals was Birmingham Zoo, 562 England in ~1965. Assume wild caught. This assumption Sire UNK WILD affects living descendant 487. Dam UNK WILD First reported location of these animals was Birmingham Zoo, 563 England in ~1965. Assume wild caught. This assumption Sire UNK WILD affects several living descendants: 174, 414, 462, 518. Male “Xhari” was born at Ragunan Zoo to unknown sire and Dam UNK WILD dam. Ragunan Zoo staff, Alan Mootnick, and Made Wadena

all independently thought those parents were unlikely to have

been captive born in 1981. This assumption affects several 575 Sire UNK WILD living descendants: 495, 496, 506, 507, 508, 559, 578, 580, 583. (Added in 2012)

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix B Summary of Data Exports

PMx Project: Siamang_27Jan17 Created: 2017-01-27 by PMx version 1.4.20160928 File: C:\PMxProjects\Siamang\2016 SSP Planning\27 Jan 2017\Siamang_27Jan17.pmxproj

Studbook Information: Common Name: Siamang Scientific Name: Symphalangus syndactylus Data Source: PopLink Studbook Name: SIAMANG_27Jan17 Exported On: 2017-01-27 Software version: PopLink 2.4 Current through: 2017-01-19 Compiled by: Becky Malinsky Scope: North American regional User: ssullivan

Primary genetic data file Data File Name: XXSIAMANG_27Jan17.ped Genetic filters: Association: Siamang2016.FED, Status = Living as of 2017-01-27 Siamang2016.FED = AZA + GIBSBIRDS + HONOLULU + MONROE + PANAMACT + PITTSBURG

Locations data file Data File Name: location.txt Census1 file: Exchcens.txt (Association: Siamang2016.FED)

Demographic input files MPrn file: mXXSIAMANG_27Jan17.prn FPrn file: fXXSIAMANG_27Jan17.prn Demographic filters: Location = N.AMERICA, Status = Living during 1980-01-01 to 2017-01-27 - NOTE: Demographic data from 1970 were used in analyses prior to 2014. This was changed to 1980 because data from 1970 appeared to be inflating first year mortality but older age class mortality was the same. Due to improvements in husbandry, data from 1980 was determined to be more representative of the currently managed population.

Selected population was changed from the originally imported data.

Note the following changes made during the draft period (reflected in counts/demography but not genetics):  Removed 1.1 PANAMACT (originally excluded for age)  Added LOSANGELE 258 as an exclusion – sterilized following last birth

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

Appendix C Animals Excluded from Genetic Analyses

ID Location Sex Age Reason for Exclusion 81 MILWAUKEE M 44 Age 90 LEON F 45 Age 97 SIOUX FAL M 43 Age 109 TACOMA M 49 Sterile 114 DISNEY AK M 42 Age 134 SAN FRAN F 42 Sterile 151 BREVARD M 39 Sterile 152 BREVARD F 38 Age 155 DISNEY AK F 38 Sterile 171 SIOUX FAL F 36 Age 173 AUDUBON M 36 Age 175 METROZOO M 44 Sterile 187 SANDIEGOZ F 35 Age 199 JACKSONVL F 34 Age 212 MILWAUKEE F 33 Age 217 SANDIEGOZ M 33 Age 230 AUDUBON F 32 Age 251 CINCINNAT F 31 Age 258 LOSANGELE F 30 Sterile 294 JNGLARY F F 27 Sterile 295 NZP-WASH F 28 Sterile 376 NASHVZOO F 25 Behavior 405 TACOMA F 22 Behavior 407 OAKLAND M 20 Sterile 415 OAKLAND M 19 Sterile 469 NZP-WASH M 20 Sterile 483 NASHVZOO M 13 Sterile 486 COLUMBIA F 13 Health/Behavior 489 MEMPHIS F 14 Health

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix D Life Tables

Qx = mortality; Px = survival; Lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Vx = expected future reproduction

Males1 Age (years) Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx 0 0.76 0.24 145.9 1.00 0.000 145.9 21.52 1.14 1 0.97 0.03 112.0 0.76 0.000 112.0 24.12 1.35 2 0.98 0.02 107.1 0.74 0.000 107.1 23.71 1.40 3 0.99 0.01 104.1 0.72 0.000 104.1 23.06 1.44 4 0.95 0.05 103.6 0.72 0.010 103.6 22.74 1.50 5 0.93 0.07 95.2 0.68 0.040 95.2 23.12 1.60 6 0.95 0.05 86.8 0.63 0.060 86.8 23.54 1.68 7 0.97 0.03 87.3 0.60 0.110 87.3 23.49 1.71 8 0.96 0.04 84.0 0.58 0.050 84.0 23.30 1.68 9 0.99 0.01 81.2 0.56 0.090 81.2 22.88 1.69 10 0.99 0.01 81.3 0.55 0.110 81.3 22.10 1.64 11 0.99 0.01 78.7 0.55 0.120 78.7 21.32 1.56 12 0.99 0.01 75.4 0.54 0.110 75.4 20.52 1.47 13 0.95 0.05 76.6 0.54 0.090 76.6 20.12 1.42 14 0.99 0.01 69.5 0.51 0.140 69.5 19.72 1.39 15 1.00 0.00 68.1 0.51 0.080 68.1 18.82 1.27 16 0.96 0.04 67.4 0.51 0.110 67.4 18.18 1.23 17 0.98 0.02 63.9 0.48 0.180 63.9 17.72 1.16 18 0.97 0.03 61.2 0.48 0.100 61.2 17.15 1.02 19 0.95 0.05 56.2 0.46 0.070 56.2 16.82 0.97 20 0.98 0.02 51.0 0.44 0.140 51.0 16.40 0.94 21 1.00 0.00 48.1 0.43 0.070 48.1 15.55 0.82 22 0.98 0.02 50.0 0.43 0.100 50.0 14.70 0.77 23 0.98 0.02 48.1 0.42 0.110 48.1 13.98 0.69 24 0.98 0.02 47.8 0.41 0.130 47.8 13.24 0.60 25 0.96 0.04 45.5 0.40 0.110 45.5 12.62 0.49 26 0.95 0.05 42.1 0.39 0.040 42.1 12.17 0.40 27 0.97 0.03 39.0 0.37 0.050 39.0 11.64 0.38 28 0.95 0.05 36.5 0.36 0.030 36.5 11.08 0.35 29 0.91 0.09 34.4 0.34 0.000 34.4 10.83 0.35 30 0.93 0.07 29.8 0.31 0.050 29.8 10.69 0.38 31 0.96 0.04 27.0 0.29 0.040 27.0 10.26 0.36 32 0.96 0.04 25.9 0.28 0.020 25.9 9.65 0.33 33 0.87 0.13 23.3 0.26 0.050 23.3 9.44 0.34 34 0.84 0.16 18.2 0.23 0.030 18.2 9.86 0.35 35 0.86 0.14 14.4 0.19 0.120 14.4 10.43 0.38 36 0.92 0.08 11.8 0.17 0.090 11.8 10.63 0.30 37 1.00 0.00 10.0 0.15 0.100 10.0 10.04 0.22 38 0.89 0.11 9.0 0.15 0.060 9.0 9.57 0.13 39 1.00 0.00 7.2 0.14 0.070 7.2 9.10 0.07 40 1.00 0.00 7.0 0.14 0.000 7.0 8.10 0.00 41 1.00 0.00 7.0 0.14 0.000 7.0 7.10 0.00 42 1.00 0.00 6.6 0.14 0.000 6.6 6.10 0.00 43 1.00 0.00 5.7 0.14 0.000 5.7 5.10 0.00 44 1.00 0.00 4.0 0.14 0.000 4.0 4.10 0.00 45 0.52 0.48 2.1 0.14 0.000 2.1 4.08 0.00 46 1.00 0.00 1.0 0.07 0.000 1.0 4.50 0.00 47 1.00 0.00 1.0 0.07 0.000 1.0 3.50 0.00 48 1.00 0.00 1.0 0.07 0.000 1.0 2.50 0.00 49 1.00 0.00 0.5 0.07 0.000 0.5 1.50 0.00 50 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.07 0.000 0.0 1.00 0.00 r=0.012; λ=1.012; Ro=1.223; T=16.6; N20=58 1Qx at age class 50 changed from 0.00 to 1.00

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Females Age (years) Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx 0 0.81 0.19 158.6 1.00 0.000 158.6 23.09 1.10 1 0.95 0.05 127.6 0.81 0.000 127.6 25.32 1.28 2 0.97 0.03 118.8 0.77 0.000 118.8 25.34 1.34 3 0.98 0.02 112.4 0.75 0.000 112.4 24.96 1.39 4 0.94 0.06 107.3 0.73 0.000 107.3 24.95 1.45 5 0.99 0.01 99.2 0.69 0.010 99.2 24.84 1.52 6 0.98 0.02 98.2 0.68 0.070 98.2 24.21 1.54 7 1.00 0.00 94.7 0.67 0.080 94.7 23.44 1.50 8 0.99 0.01 96.3 0.67 0.110 96.3 22.56 1.44 9 0.94 0.06 99.2 0.66 0.090 99.2 22.33 1.39 10 0.97 0.03 92.0 0.62 0.130 92.0 22.35 1.37 11 1.00 0.00 89.2 0.60 0.100 89.2 21.68 1.27 12 0.98 0.02 89.6 0.60 0.080 89.6 20.89 1.19 13 1.00 0.00 86.2 0.59 0.080 86.2 20.09 1.13 14 0.95 0.05 85.3 0.59 0.130 85.3 19.58 1.09 15 0.98 0.02 81.9 0.56 0.100 81.9 19.26 1.00 16 0.99 0.01 81.5 0.55 0.110 81.5 18.54 0.92 17 0.97 0.03 79.4 0.54 0.090 79.4 17.90 0.83 18 0.96 0.04 72.5 0.53 0.110 72.5 17.51 0.78 19 0.96 0.04 68.4 0.51 0.040 68.4 17.20 0.70 20 1.00 0.00 66.0 0.49 0.080 66.0 16.54 0.68 21 0.97 0.03 65.8 0.49 0.050 65.8 15.77 0.61 22 0.98 0.02 62.2 0.47 0.080 62.2 15.15 0.58 23 0.95 0.05 60.5 0.46 0.070 60.5 14.66 0.52 24 0.96 0.04 57.0 0.44 0.080 57.0 14.31 0.48 25 0.94 0.06 51.8 0.42 0.050 51.8 14.01 0.42 26 0.98 0.02 44.9 0.40 0.100 44.9 13.56 0.39 27 0.98 0.02 40.7 0.39 0.060 40.7 12.81 0.30 28 0.95 0.05 36.4 0.38 0.100 36.4 12.24 0.25 29 0.85 0.15 32.7 0.36 0.050 32.7 12.47 0.17 30 1.00 0.00 25.8 0.31 0.060 25.8 12.48 0.13 31 1.00 0.00 23.9 0.31 0.020 23.9 11.48 0.07 32 1.00 0.00 22.0 0.31 0.000 22.0 10.48 0.05 33 1.00 0.00 20.3 0.31 0.050 20.3 9.48 0.05 34 0.94 0.06 17.0 0.31 0.000 17.0 8.75 0.00 35 0.93 0.07 14.8 0.29 0.000 14.8 8.28 0.00 36 0.92 0.08 12.8 0.27 0.000 12.8 7.87 0.00 37 0.91 0.09 11.0 0.25 0.000 11.0 7.51 0.00 38 1.00 0.00 9.3 0.22 0.000 9.3 6.83 0.00 39 1.00 0.00 8.0 0.22 0.000 8.0 5.83 0.00 40 0.75 0.25 8.0 0.22 0.000 8.0 5.52 0.00 41 0.83 0.17 6.0 0.17 0.000 6.0 5.77 0.00 42 1.00 0.00 5.0 0.14 0.000 5.0 5.26 0.00 43 1.00 0.00 4.1 0.14 0.000 4.1 4.26 0.00 44 1.00 0.00 4.0 0.14 0.000 4.0 3.26 0.00 45 0.75 0.25 4.0 0.14 0.000 4.0 2.58 0.00 46 0.67 0.33 3.0 0.11 0.000 3.0 2.20 0.00 47 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.07 0.000 2.0 1.50 0.00 48 0.00 1.00 2.0 0.07 0.000 2.0 1.00 0.00 49 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 50 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 r=0.008; λ=1.008; Ro=1.129; T=15.6; N20=58

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix E Reproductive Report

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) North American regional Studbook Studbook data current as of 1/19/2017 Compiled by Becky Malinsky ([email protected])

PopLink Studbook filename: SIAMANG_27Jan17 PopLink User Who Exported Report: ssullivan Date of Export: 1/27/2017 Locations = N.AMERICA PopLink Version: 2.4

Species Type: Live Bearing Gestation Period: 210 Days Maximum Birth Date Range For Litter Mates: 3 Days

DAM INFORMATION 95 reported dams, with 182.179.14 (375) offspring (not including 50 offspring of UNK/MULT dams)

Median size: 1 Mean size: 1.025 Litter Size Frequency Percentage 1 357 97.54 2 9 2.46 Total 366 100

Dam Age at First Reproduction Median age: 8.3545 Mean age: 9.839

10 Youngest Dams at First Reproduction: Studbook Age At Dam's Birth First First Offspring's First Offspring's Estimate ID Birth Date Offspring's ID Birth Date Estimate 35 4.016 9/16/1965 None 56 9/22/1969 None 16 4.252 7/1/1956 Year 15 10/1/1960 Month 232 5.06 8/5/1984 None 351 8/27/1989 None 527 5.218 7/1/1964 Year 537 9/19/1969 None 21 5.843 1/1/1963 Year 340 11/4/1968 None 608 5.848 6/1/2009 Year 609 4/7/2015 None 111 5.903 1/1/1973 Year 157 11/27/1978 None 231 6.188 8/5/1984 None 367 10/13/1990 None 180 6.234 9/1/1980 None 263 11/26/1986 None 25 6.248 1/1/1964 Year 538 4/1/1970 None

10 Oldest Dams at First Reproduction: Studbook Age At Dam's Birth First First Offspring's Birth First Offspring's Estimate ID Birth Date Offspring's ID Date Estimate 258 30.502 7/20/1986 None 616 1/19/2017 None 269 25.413 4/29/1987 None 595 9/26/2012 None 103 19.674 1/10/1974 None 400 9/13/1993 None 388 18.571 2/7/1992 None 591 9/3/2010 None 383 18.565 8/22/1991 None 581 3/16/2010 None 460 18.114 11/11/1998 None 614 12/22/2016 None 267 16.621 4/15/1987 None 486 11/28/2003 None 174 16.318 6/24/1980 None 411 10/18/1996 None 293 16.183 9/16/1988 None 412 11/22/2004 None 368 15.855 10/15/1990 None 501 8/23/2006 None

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Dam Age for All Reproduction Median age: 13.363 Mean age: 14.614

10 Oldest Dams to Have Reproduced Studbook Dam's Birth Offspring's Offspring's Birth Offspring's Age At Birth Estimate ID Date ID Date Estimate 90 35.269 1/1/1971 Year 598 4/9/2006 None 155 33.131 7/15/1978 None 588 9/1/2011 None 240 31.088 4/20/1985 None 612 5/22/2016 None 171 30.815 3/25/1980 None 586 1/17/2011 None 18 30.787 1/1/1960 Year 368 10/15/1990 None 258 30.502 7/20/1986 None 616 1/19/2017 None 155 29.361 7/15/1978 None 511 11/24/2007 None 232 29.273 8/5/1984 None 596 11/13/2013 None 171 28.805 3/25/1980 None 521 1/13/2009 None 18 28.805 1/1/1960 Year 345 10/21/1988 None

5 Dams with Most Offspring Studbook # of ID Offspring 25 14 18 13 14 11 58 11 90 10

8 Shortest Interbirth Intervals Intervals are calculated from the last of a litter to the first of the next litter. Studbook Interval (Days) Offspring1 Birth Date Birth Date Est. Offspring2 Birth Date ID 187 181 349 8/20/1989 None 359 2/17/1990 132 225 360 3/19/1990 None 370 10/30/1990 14 243 541 6/7/1971 None 81 2/5/1972 205 244 358 1/17/1990 None 363 9/18/1990 51 247 194 12/30/1981 None 201 9/3/1982 25 250 278 10/15/1987 None 285 6/21/1988 295 255 485 6/9/2003 None 558 2/19/2004 134 256 371 11/15/1990 None 380 7/29/1991

Birth Seasonality First of litter must have a birth date estimate of None, Day, or Month to be counted. Number of Month Percentage Litters January 35 9.59 February 26 7.12 March 26 7.12 April 30 8.22 May 28 7.67 June 16 4.38 July 24 6.58 August 35 9.59 September 39 10.68 October 40 10.96 November 38 10.41 December 28 7.67 Total 365 99.99

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 SIRE INFORMATION 87 reported sires, with 182.184.14 (380) offspring (All ages are at dam conception)

Sire Age at First Reproduction Median age: 7.567 Mean age: 9.359

10 Youngest Sires at First Reproduction: Studbook Age At Est Sire's Birth First First Offspring's First Offspring's Estimate ID Conception Date Offspring's ID Birth Date Estimate 259 4.203 8/16/1986 None 378 5/27/1991 None 390 4.485 7/16/1992 None 408 8/7/1997 None 453 4.613 9/20/1998 None 488 11/28/2003 None 13 4.723 1/1/1958 Year 20 4/20/1963 None 44 4.797 12/20/1966 Month 84 5/4/1972 None 605 4.797 11/22/2009 None 609 4/7/2015 None 120 4.81 1/1/1971 Year 137 5/21/1976 None 369 4.838 10/22/1990 None 407 3/21/1996 None 227 4.89 3/10/1984 None 351 8/27/1989 None 573 4.893 7/1/1979 Year 577 12/18/1984 None

10 Oldest Sires at First Reproduction: Studbook Age At Est Sire's Birth First First Offspring's First Offspring's Estimate ID Conception Date Offspring's ID Birth Date Estimate 97 29.859 1/1/1973 Month 485 6/9/2003 None 382 23.001 8/16/1991 None 602 3/14/2015 None 208 22.313 1/12/1983 None 507 12/2/2005 None 228 19.953 5/13/1984 None 412 11/22/2004 None 137 19.836 5/21/1976 None 411 10/18/1996 None 78 19.318 6/1/1969 Month 347 4/23/1989 None 347 17.254 4/23/1989 None 502 2/20/2007 None 288 16.947 2/13/1989 None 501 8/23/2006 None 87 16.427 12/19/1972 None 355 12/20/1989 None 115 16.326 1/1/1970 Year 263 11/26/1986 None

Sire Age for All Reproduction Median age: 13.721 Mean age: 14.694

10 Oldest Sires to Have Reproduced Studbook Age At Est Sire's Birth Offspring's Offspring's Birth Offspring's Estimate ID Conception Date ID Date Estimate 128 38.957 1/1/1967 Year 513 7/14/2006 None 97 37.467 1/1/1973 Month 586 1/17/2011 None 114 36.569 7/10/1974 None 588 9/1/2011 None 128 36.156 1/1/1967 Year 484 9/25/2003 None 97 35.458 1/1/1973 Month 521 1/13/2009 None 81 35.201 2/5/1972 None 510 11/15/2007 None 97 34.705 1/1/1973 Month 519 4/13/2008 None 81 33.484 2/5/1972 None 500 2/26/2006 None 114 32.799 7/10/1974 None 511 11/24/2007 None 92 32.003 5/1/1971 Month 486 11/28/2003 None

5 Sires with Most Offspring Studbook # of Offspring ID 24 17 60 15 19 13 135 11 72 11

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix F Ordered Mean Kinship

This list is current to January 2017. Values are subject to change with any birth, death, import, export, inclusion, or exclusion. Unknown sex individuals appear on both the male and female side of the mean kinship list.

Population MK = 0.0222

Male Female ID MK Known Age Location ID MK Known Age Location 579 0.0063 1.0000 23 LEON 293 0.0078 1.0000 28 BROWNSVIL 260 0.0065 1.0000 30 SEATTLE 209 0.0104 1.0000 34 MONROE 208 0.0098 1.0000 34 GIBSBIRDS 269 0.0104 1.0000 29 HONOLULU 207 0.0117 1.0000 34 MONROE 495 0.0111 1.0000 17 GIBSBIRDS 440 0.0119 1.0000 18 HONOLULU 507 0.0129 1.0000 11 GIBSBIRDS 191 0.0156 1.0000 35 GIBSBIRDS 258 0.0130 1.0000 30 LOSANGELE 583 0.0156 1.0000 13 NORFOLK 595 0.0138 1.0000 4 HONOLULU 401 0.0160 1.0000 23 GARDENCTY 603 0.0138 1.0000 1 HONOLULU 437 0.0169 1.0000 17 MEMPHIS 522 0.0140 1.0000 7 BROWNSVIL 476 0.0169 1.0000 14 BROWNSVIL 496 0.0143 1.0000 17 GIBSBIRDS 502 0.0176 1.0000 9 LOUISVILL 368 0.0150 1.0000 26 METROZOO 508 0.0176 1.0000 10 GIBSBIRDS 383 0.0166 1.0000 25 RIO GRAND 462 0.0181 1.0000 16 HOUSTON 388 0.0179 1.0000 24 LITTLEROC 485 0.0182 1.0000 13 LITTLEROC 218 0.0182 1.0000 33 BROWNSVIL 382 0.0186 1.0000 25 GREENVISC 466 0.0184 1.0000 17 GARDENCTY 500 0.0192 1.0000 10 DICKERSON 240 0.0189 1.0000 31 W PALM BE 586 0.0205 1.0000 6 SIOUX FAL 590 0.0190 1.0000 6 PITTSBURG 414 0.0207 1.0000 19 ERIE 510 0.0192 1.0000 9 LOWRY 374 0.0208 1.0000 26 COLUMBUS 487 0.0197 1.0000 17 COLUMBIA 492 0.0208 1.0000 11 ALEXANDRI 588 0.0200 1.0000 5 DISNEY AK 503 0.0212 1.0000 9 LOUISVILL 589 0.0200 1.0000 5 DISNEY AK 519 0.0218 1.0000 8 BISMARCK 501 0.0212 1.0000 10 LOUISVILL 521 0.0218 1.0000 8 W PALM BE 511 0.0213 1.0000 9 BISMARCK 581 0.0220 1.0000 6 FRESNO 597 0.0220 1.0000 3 RIO GRAND 288 0.0221 1.0000 27 RIO GRAND 473 0.0221 1.0000 14 DICKERSON 616 0.0231 1.0000 0 LOSANGELE 612 0.0229 1.0000 0 W PALM BE 602 0.0236 1.0000 1 GREENVISC 375 0.0234 1.0000 26 GREENVISC 615 0.0236 1.0000 0 GREENVISC 615 0.0236 1.0000 0 GREENVISC 272 0.0241 1.0000 29 MINOT 381 0.0244 1.0000 25 EL PASO 604 0.0242 1.0000 2 BISMARCK 499 0.0247 1.0000 11 WATERTNSD 357 0.0246 1.0000 26 EL PASO 594 0.0257 1.0000 4 NORFOLK 515 0.0247 1.0000 8 COLO SPRG 261 0.0259 1.0000 30 TULSA 601 0.0257 1.0000 2 NORFOLK 403 0.0263 1.0000 22 LEON 614 0.0275 1.0000 0 ALEXANDRI 514 0.0271 1.0000 9 FRESNO 524 0.0276 1.0000 7 WATERTNSD 587 0.0271 1.0000 5 EL PASO 484 0.0280 1.0000 13 TULSA 614 0.0275 1.0000 0 ALEXANDRI 513 0.0280 1.0000 10 LOSANGELE 387 0.0276 1.0000 25 HOUSTON 474 0.0281 1.0000 15 OMAHA 493 0.0276 1.0000 12 OMAHA 491 0.0281 1.0000 11 CINCINNAT 399 0.0280 1.0000 23 DREHER PA 516 0.0281 1.0000 7 LOWRY 464 0.0280 1.0000 17 PHOENIX 259 0.0286 1.0000 30 JACKSONVL 460 0.0289 1.0000 18 ALEXANDRI 389 0.0286 1.0000 24 PHOENIX 599 0.0295 1.0000 2 TULSA 518 0.0286 1.0000 7 PITTSBURG 292 0.0302 1.0000 27 COLUMBUS 613 0.0286 1.0000 0 ERIE 490 0.0306 1.0000 12 NORFOLK 467 0.0293 1.0000 19 COLO SPRG 354 0.0313 1.0000 27 ERIE 158 0.0299 1.0000 37 SYRACUSE 365 0.0339 1.0000 26 BATONROUG 226 0.0326 1.0000 32 BATONROUG 434 0.0358 1.0000 18 MINOT 461 0.0326 1.0000 18 SAN FRAN 592 0.0358 1.0000 5 BATONROUG 468 0.0358 1.0000 15 COLUMBIA 610 0.0358 1.0000 1 BATONROUG

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix G Descriptive Survival Statistics Report

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) North American regional Studbook Studbook data current as of 1/19/2017 Compiled by Becky Malinsky ([email protected])

PopLink Studbook filename: SIAMANG_27Jan17 PopLink User Who Exported Report: ssullivan Date of Export: 1/27/2017 Data Filtered by: Association = AZA.FED AND StartDate = 1/1/1980 AND EndDate = 1/27/2017 PopLink Version: 2.4

REPORT OVERVIEW: Based on this analysis, if a Siamang survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy is 27.0 years. Please see the body of the report for more details.

BACKGROUND ON ANALYSES:

These analyses were conducted using animals that lived during the period 1 January 1980 to 27 January 2017 at institutions within AZA. The analyses mainly focus on survival statistics from 1 year (e.g. excluding any individuals that did not survive past their first birthday). These statistics most accurately reflect typical survival for animals which can be seen on exhibit in zoos and aquariums.

This report summarizes survival records of individuals housed at zoological facilities for a specific geographic range and time period; these records trace an individual's history from birth or entry into the population to death, exit out of the population, or the end of the time period. As such, this history only reflects standard practices - including management, husbandry, and acquisition/disposition practices - for the specified time period and geographic range. Thus, the report contents should be viewed with some caution as they may not fully reflect current and newly emerging zoo and aquarium management techniques or practices. For example, if the population has not been maintained in zoos and aquariums long enough to have many adults living into old age, median life expectancy will likely be an underestimate until more data accrue in older age classes. Thus, users of these reports should recognize that the results produced will likely vary over time or depending on the subset of data selected.

Although for many species, including humans, survival statistics often differ for males and females, for these analyses male and female statistics were not statistically different1; these results therefore include pooled data from males, females, and unknown sex individuals.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES:

SURVIVAL STATISTICS

The dataset used for analysis includes partial or full lifespans of 297 individuals, 121 (40.7%) of which had died by 27 January 2017.

If a Siamang survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy2 is 27.0 years of age. Given the quality of the data - how many animals are in the database and how many have died - there is a 95% chance that the true median falls between 23.8 and 29.3 years of age (i.e., these are the 95% confidence limits). Only 25% of Siamang can be expected to survive to be 36.6 years or older.

First-year (infant) survival3 for Siamang is 76%. The year after birth/hatching is a period of relatively low survival for many species and life histories.

The maximum longevity4 observed for Siamang is 49.5 years; this longevity record is based on an individual which was CENSORED as of the analysis end date (studbook number 109, sex = Male, origin = Wild Born, birth date estimate = Year).5 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy. 38

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

The correct interpretation of these statistics is that, if it survives the first year of life, the 'typical' Siamang will live 27.0 years; that half of all Siamang can be expected to die before they reach 27.0 and half will live longer than 27.0; that only 25% of all Siamang can be expected to live 36.6 years; and that it is rare but possible for Siamang to live 49.5 years.

The median life expectancy, confidence interval, first-year survival, and maximum longevity may change as more data are accumulated, the population's age structure changes, or management practices improve.

While both median life expectancy and maximum longevity are discussed in this report, it is more appropriate to rely on median life expectancy to place the age of any one individual in context. To put these statistics in perspective, median life expectancy from age one for people in the United States is 77.5 years and the maximum longevity (documented worldwide) is 122 years6. Therefore, if a person lived to be 85 years old, the appropriate context is that they lived well beyond the median life expectancy (77.5), not that they fell short of the maximum longevity (122).

DATA QUALITY

The PopLink Survival Tool uses five data quality measures to determine whether data are robust enough to make reliable estimates of key survival parameters. This population passed all of the following data quality tests:

1. Can the median life expectancy be calculated? PASS 2. Is the sample size (number of individuals at risk) greater than 20 individuals at the median? PASS 3. Is the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) bounded? PASS 4. Is the sample size in the first age class of analysis (e.g. the first day of analysis) greater than 30 individuals? PASS 5. Is the length of the 95% CI < 33% of the maximum longevity? PASS

1 Statistical significance was determined by comparing 84% confidence intervals around median life expectancy for males and females, with 0 unknown sex individuals proportionally incorporated into the analysis. For this population, overlapping confidence intervals indicated that data could be pooled. See the PopLink manual for more details.

2 The statistics analyzed for this report (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive) exclude any individuals who did not survive to their first birthday; these individuals are excluded because this Report is focused on providing median survival estimates for the typical individual that survives the vulnerable infant stage. In other words, this report answers the question, 'how long is this species expected to live once it has reached its first birthday?' For this studbook, 63 individuals died before their first birthday and were excluded from these analyses.

For all animals that survive to their first birthday, 50% will die before the median life expectancy in this report and 50% die after. Note that the median life expectancy obtained from population management software (PM2000, PMx, ZooRisk) or from life tables in Breeding and Transfer Plans (e.g. where Lx = 0.5) will be lower because it includes these individuals that did not survive to their first birthday in order to project the correct number of births needed. See the PopLink manual for more details.

3For reference, first-year survival is provided. For this studbook and the selected demographic window, 63 individuals did not survive to their first birthday and were excluded from the estimates provided above (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive).

4 Maximum longevity is the age of the oldest known individual for this species, living or dead. It is not necessarily the biological maximum age, but only reflects the individuals included in the dataset.

5 Censored individuals are individuals whose deaths have not been observed as of the end of the analysis window, including individuals who 1) are still alive as of the end date, 2) exited the geographic window before the end date (through transfer or release), or 3) were lost-to-follow up before the end date.

6 Median life expectancy for people is estimated from: Xu, Jiaquan, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, and Tejada-Vera B. 2007. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National vital statistics reports; vol 58 no 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Jeanne Calment of France was the oldest documented and fully validated human and died at 122 years and 164 days; from: http://www.grg.org/Adams/Tables.htm. Accessed August 9, 2007.

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix H Definitions

Management Terms

Green Species Survival Plan® (Green SSP) Program – A Green SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals and is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for a minimum of 100 years or 10 generations. Green SSP Programs are subject to AZA’s Full Participation and Non–Member Participation Policies.

Yellow Species Survival Plan® (Yellow SSP) Program – A Yellow SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals but cannot retain 90% gene diversity for 100 years or 10 generations. Yellow SSP participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Red Species Survival Plan® (Red SSP) Program – A Red SSP has a population size of greater than 20 but fewer than 50 animals, at least three AZA member institutions, and a published studbook. Animal Programs that manage species designated as Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, or Endangered (IUCN) do not need to meet minimum population size and number of participating institution criteria to be designated as an SSP Program. Red Program participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Full Participation – AZA policy stating that all AZA accredited institutions and certified related facilities having a Green SSP animal in their collection are required to participate in the collaborative SSP planning process (e.g., provide relevant animal data to the AZA Studbook Keeper, assign an Institutional Representative who will communicate institutional wants and needs to the SSP Coordinator and comment on the draft plan during the 30-day review period, and abide by the recommendations agreed upon in the final plan).

All AZA member institutions and Animal Programs, regardless of management designation, must adhere to the AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management and the AZA Code of Professional Ethics. For more information on AZA policies, see https://www.aza.org/board-approved-policies-and-position-statements.

Demographic Terms

Age Distribution – A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex classes.

Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x.

Lambda () or Population Growth Rate – The proportional change in population size from one year to the next. Lambda can be based on life-table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means an 11% per year increase; lambda of 0.97 means a 3% decline in size per year. lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (e.g., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class.

Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because SPARKS is typically using relatively small sample sizes, SPARKS calculates Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction.

Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one time period; is conditional on an individual being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next.

Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px Alternatively, the proportion of individuals that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk").

Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate Mx and Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class.

Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age x.

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017

Genetic Terms

Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population.

Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the probability that two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will not be identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex ratio and a Poisson distribution of family sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation).

FOKE, First Order Kin Equivalents – The number of first-order kin (siblings or offspring) that would contain the number of copies of an individual’s alleles (identical by descent) as are present in the captive-born population. Thus an offspring or sib contributes 1 to FOKE; each grand-offspring contributes 1/2 to FOKE; each cousin contributes 1/4 to FOKE. FOKE = 4*N*MK, in which N is the number of living animals in the captive population.

Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any individuals in the derived population (except for its own descendants).

Founder Contribution -- Number of copies of a founder's genome that are present in the living descendants. Each offspring contributes 0.5; each grand-offspring contributes 0.25, etc.

Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same amount of gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE).

Founder Genome Surviving – The sum of allelic retentions of the individual founders (i.e., the product of the mean allelic retention and the number of founders).

Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that founder. I.e., proportional Founder Contribution.

GU, Genome Uniqueness – Probability that an allele sampled at random from an individual is not present, identical by descent, in any other living individual in the population. GU-all is the genome uniqueness relative to the entire population. GU-Desc is the genome uniqueness relative to the living non-founder, descendants.

Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor common to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population.

Kinship Value (KV) – The weighted mean kinship of an animal, with the weights being the reproductive values of each of the kin. The mean kinship value of a population predicts the loss of gene diversity expected in the subsequent generation if all animals were to mate randomly and all were to produce the numbers of offspring expected for animals of their age.

Mean Generation Time (T) – The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times.

Mean Kinship (MK) – The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living, captive-born population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD.

Percent Known – Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known Founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK sire, the % Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75.

Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation, because neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual will produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx.

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Appendix I Directory of Institutional Representatives

Contact Name Institution Email Phone ALEXANDRI - Alexandria Zoological

Lisa Laskoski [email protected] 318-441-6835 Park, Alexandria, LA Courtney AUDUBON - Audubon Zoo, New

[email protected] 504-478-1112 Eparvier Orleans, LA BATONROUG - BREC's Baton 225-775-3877

Sam Winslow [email protected] Rouge Zoo, Baker, LA (213) BISMARCK - Dakota Zoo, Bismarck,

Terry Lincoln [email protected] 701-223-7543 ND BREVARD - Brevard Zoo, 321-254-9453

Michelle Smurl [email protected] Melbourne, FL (217)) BROWNSVIL - Gladys Porter Zoo,

Walter DuPree [email protected] 229-412-9102 Brownsville, TX CINCINNAT - Cincinnati Zoo &

Ron Evans [email protected] 513-559-8340 Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH COLO SPRG - Cheyenne Mtn 719-633-9925

Dina Bredahl Zoological Park, Colorado Springs, [email protected] (166) CO COLUMBIA - Riverbanks Zoological

John Davis [email protected] 803-602-0886 Park, Columbia, SC COLUMBUS - Columbus Zoo and

Celeste Lombardi [email protected] 614-645-3458 Aquarium, Powell, OH DICKERSON - Dickerson Park Zoo,

Kesha Schreiber [email protected] 417-833-1570 Springfield, MO DISNEY AK - Disneys Animal

Barbara Weber [email protected] 407-938-2823 Kingdom, Bay Lake, FL DREHER PA - Palm Beach Zoo at 561-833-7130

Jan Steele [email protected] Dreher Park, West Palm Beach, FL (224)

John Kiseda EL PASO - El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX [email protected] 915-212-2813 ERIE - Erie Zoological Gardens, 814-864-4091

Cynthia Kreider [email protected] Erie, PA (226) FRESNO - Fresno Chaffee Zoo,

Nicole Presley [email protected] 559-498-5931 Fresno, CA GARDENCTY - Lee Richardson Zoo, Sarah Colman [email protected] Garden City, KS GIBSBIRDS -Gibbon Conservation Gabriella Skollar [email protected] (661)219-4785 Center (GCC), Santa Clarita, CA GREENVISC - Greenville Zoo,

Keith Gilchrist [email protected] 864-467-4311 Greenville, SC GULF BREZ - The ZOO, Northwest

Katy Rich [email protected] 850-932-2229 Florida, Gulf Breeze, FL HONOLULU - Honolulu Zoo,

Robert Porec [email protected] 808-768-7166 Honolulu, HI HOUSTON - Houston Zoo, Inc.,

Diane Shea [email protected] 713-533-6878 Houston, TX JACKSONVL - Jacksonville Zoo and 904-757-4463

Tracy Fenn [email protected] Gardens, Jacksonville, FL (108) Elizabeth JNGLARY F - The Naples Zoo, 239-262-5409

[email protected] Harmon Naples, FL (141) LEON - Parque Zoologico de Leon, Isabel Arce (IL) [email protected] Leon, Mexico LITTLEROC - Little Rock Zoological 501-666-2406

Sydney Tanner [email protected] Gardens, Little Rock, AR (105) Candace LOSANGELE - Los Angeles Zoo &

[email protected] 323-644-4745 Sclimenti Botanical Gardens, Los Angeles, CA LOUISVILL - Louisville Zoological

Jane Franklin [email protected] 502-459-2181 Garden, Louisville, KY LOWRY - Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo, 813-935-8552

Angela Belcher [email protected] Tampa, FL (280)

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017 Contact Name Institution Email Phone MEMPHIS - Memphis Zoological

Courtney Janney [email protected] 901-333-6544 Garden & Aquarium, Memphis, TN METRORICH - Metro Richmond Jim Andelin [email protected] 804-739-5666 Zoo, Moseley, VA 305-251-0400

Lyn Heller METROZOO - Zoo Miami, Miami, FL [email protected] (84914) MILWAUKEE - Milwaukee County

Patricia Khan [email protected] 414-771-3040 Zoological Gardens, Milwaukee, WI MINOT - Roosevelt Park Zoo, Minot,

Brandi Clark [email protected] 701-857-4166 ND MONROE - Louisiana Purchase Lisa Taylor [email protected] 318-372-9661 Gardens & Zoo, Monroe, LA MONTGOMRY - Montgomery Zoo, Jason Bielen [email protected] 334-240-4911 Montgomery, AL NASHV ZOO - Nashville Zoo at 615-833-1534

Sabrina Barnes [email protected] Grassmere, Nashville, TN (135) NORFOLK - Virginia Zoological

Jill Tarrant [email protected] 757-390-9314 Park, Norfolk, VA NZP-WASH - Smithsonian National

Meredith Bastian [email protected] 202-633-3243 Zoological Park, Washington, DC Margaret OAKLAND - Oakland Zoo, Oakland, 510-632-9525

[email protected] Rousser CA (289) OMAHA - Omaha's Henry Doorly

Christie Eddie [email protected] 402-557-6932 Zoo, Omaha, NE PHOENIX - Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix,

Kara Schilling [email protected] 602-914-4375 AZ Michelle PITTSBURG - Pittsburgh Zoo & [email protected] (412)487-7734 Farmerie Aquarium, Pittsburgh, PA RIO GRAND - Albuquerque

Lynn Tupa [email protected] 505-764-6216 Biological Park, Albuquerque, NM SAN FRAN - San Francisco

Joe Knobbe Zoological Gardens, San Francisco, [email protected] 415-753-7035 CA SANDIEGOZ - San Diego Zoo, San

Dean Gibson [email protected] 619-557-3985 Diego, CA SEATTLE - Woodland Park

Libby Lawson [email protected] 206-548-2664 Zoological Gardens, Seattle, WA SIOUX FAL - Great Plains Zoo,

Lisa Smith [email protected] 605-789-1277 Sioux Falls, SD Adrienne SYRACUSE - Rosamond Gifford 315-435-8511

[email protected] Whiteley Zoo at Burnet Park, Syracuse, NY (119) Alicia Chapman TACOMA - Point Defiance Zoo & [email protected] 253-404-3684 Aquarium, Tacoma, WA TULSA - Tulsa Zoo & Living

Patrick Murphy [email protected] 918-669-6230 Museum, Tulsa, OK Christina Cloutier W PALM BE - Lion Country Safari 561-793-1084

[email protected] Barbour Inc - Florida, Loxahatchee, FL (2350) WATERTNSD - Bramble Park Zoo,

Jim Lloyd [email protected] 605-882-5218 Watertown, SD

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Yellow SSP - 2017