SAFE SPACES: an Updated Toolkit for Empowering Communities and Addressing Ideological Violence CONTENTS
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SAFE SPACES: An Updated Toolkit for Empowering Communities and Addressing Ideological Violence CONTENTS Acknowledgements 04 Introduction 06 FAQ: Why this Toolkit Matters to my Community 08 What is the ‘PI’ Model? 11 Purpose & Structure of this Toolkit 12 Glossary of Terms 13 What Does this All Mean for Communities? 14 Prevention 15 Safe Spaces: Recommended Actions for Mosques and Other 16 Faith-Based Community Institutions Why do Safe Spaces Matter? 19 Safe Spaces in Cyber Space 24 Building Relationships with your Local Law Enforcement Agency 29 Intervention 34 Why Conduct an Intervention? 35 Necessary Preparations for an Intervention 37 Core Membership 38 Assessing Situations 41 What an Intervention Can Look Like—Some Basic Principles 48 Other Factors to Consider 52 Conclusion 55 Notes 56 Appendices 60 A: Resource List for Your Community 61 B: Resources for Building Relationships With Law Enforcement 63 C: Common Religious References to Justify and Sustain 65 Ideological Extremism D: Primary Source Material on Ideological extremist Ideology 70 E: Sample Templates for Community Safety Team Record-Keeping 72 Documents and Checklist of Steps Taken Endnotes 74 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This toolkit is the culmination of more than two Appreciation is also due to Heidi Beirich, and a half decades of the Muslim Public Affairs Director of the Intelligence Project at the Council’s (MPAC) policy advocacy and Southern Poverty Law Center, for her role in engagement in the sphere of public affairs and connecting MPAC to those public policy. The core of MPAC’s mission is to individuals and voices that have helped people boost the voice of American Muslims regarding avoid racist and xenophobic violence in the the critical issues facing our community and United States. country, and in advocating policies that uphold the faith and security of all Americans. MPAC also submitted drafts to a group of outside reviewers including community Its contents are based on a deep advocates and activists, law enforcement examination of the research literature across practitioners, and subject matter experts. Their many disciplines including psychology and comments and feedback were absolutely crucial counseling, public health, community psychology, to improving this criminology, law, and public policy. Sources document during its long path toward final include peer-reviewed academic articles, publication. Finally, a note to thank mainstream media stories, court documents, Alejandro Beutel who was instrumental in empirical studies, and government and writing the first draft of Safe Spaces; while he non-government reports. did not contribute to this updated version, his research was influential in helping develop a On the one hand, MPAC works with community-led response to this issue. policymakers, think tanks and media outlets to provide a mainstream American Muslim This updated version of Safe Spaces reflects perspective on timely issues. On the other hand, the feedback that we have received from they work with Muslim communities around the community leaders, civil libertarians and country – particularly youth – to empower them experts in national security. Previously, Safe to engage directly with elected officials and local Spaces was modeled on a PIE (Prevention – community groups for mutual benefit. In the last Intervention – Ejection) approach. This new decade, MPAC has doubled its efforts to both version maintains the Prevention and understand what drives people to commit acts of Intervention aspects of the framework while violence in the name of Islam, and also to spread leaving criminal behavior to be addressed by Islam’s message of equality, mercy, and justice. those in law enforcement. In addition, our toolkit reflects the collective insight and wisdom of a diverse set of perspectives and voices who were interviewed for this project. In total, 20 individuals were interviewed, in addition to several others. We give thanks to all participants involved, including Jonathan Birdwell, John Horgan, Yasir Fazaga, Yasir Qadhi, Asma Rehman, Pete Simi, Rabia Chaudry, William Modzeleski, Gary Margolis, Ali Soufan, Jarret Brachman, William Braniff, Daryle Lamont Jenkins, and Bryon Widner. Thanks also go to those individuals who were willing to be interviewed on a not-for-attribution basis. Their insights and voices were critical to making this project complete. 4 5 INTRODUCTION American Muslims, like all Americans, are Our work has shown us that effective national concerned with intrusive government policies security requires partnered solutions that draw that infringe on civil liberties. The community is from the public, private, academic and also concerned about our national security and non-profit sectors. Continuous engagement on the impact ISIS-inspired extremism has on our policy and law enforcement issues is essential to nation’s safety. The rise in ISIS-inspired violence, the safety and security of our nation, while also however, is just one of the many types of preserving American values of civil liberties and extremism growing in our country, including religious freedom. right-wing extremism, which has been shown to be a larger threat in terms of the number of Indeed, American Muslim leaders have shown a cases. willingness to openly tackle tough issues facing their communities, including condemnations of The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) has a terrorism; moreover, many leaders have invested 20-year track record of examining the threat of in the substantive work needed to raise the voice violent extremism. MPAC considers the most of the mainstream Muslim community. effective strategies that law enforcement and American Muslim communities can utilize in At MPAC, our years of experience have shown working together to promote strong communities us that grassroots leaders more often lack the and prevent violence. support to properly address any possible cases of dangerous extremists. MPAC published its first policy memo in 1993 entitled the “Counterterroism Chronicles”, and Unfortunately, since 9/11 there have been at produced its first policy paper on least 314 U.S.-based militants counterterrorism policy in 1999. In September associated with Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State of 2003, MPAC published its second Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and their affiliated groups counterterrorism policy paper titled, “A Review and movements.a In the past decade, we have of U.S. Counterterrorism Policy: American learned a number of important lessons from Muslim Critiques and Recommendations.” on-going research and advocacy. First, law enforcement must primarily focus on criminal In 2005, MPAC launched its “National activities, while the jurisdiction of local Grassroots Campaign to Fight Terrorism,” which communities and leaders lies in the realm of was borne out of concerns, both nationally and theology and community/social issues. within local communities, about how to deal with extremist intrusion into American Muslim The need to reexamine our approach to mosques and other community institutions. countering violent extremism has become abundantly clear, with the success of ISIS in Endorsed by the Islamic Society of North attracting vulnerable youth who travel to the America (ISNA) and the Department of Justice, Middle East to join the group. the campaign was one of a small number of community-led initiatives intended to take a Could more have been done to possibly proactive stand against violent extremism. intercept these individuals before they went Dozens of mosques and community institutions down a violent path? adopted the campaign and implemented its recommendations in their institutional bylaws. At this point, it is important to state that this is where the framework of this project a Taken from: “Homegrown Extremism.” New America Foundation International Security Program, 2015, 6 accessed July 20, 2015, http://securitydata.newamerica.net/extremists/analysis.html lies. It is designed for an American Muslim grassroots leadership audience, by acting as a practical resource to help deal with the possibility of seemingly minor but troubling incidents of extremism and violence. This framework doesn’t claim to have all the answers to our communities’ challenges; that would be naïve and misleading. We do, however, provide a viable set of alternative options and strategies for communities without the consequences or being arrested or having someone getting hurt. Our framework’s content is based on insights from current and rigorous research conducted across many disciplines including psychology and counseling, terrorism studies, criminology, law and public policy. Its findings are also based on interviews with experienced imams, counselors, academic experts, ex-members of extremist movements and others. This updated version of Safe Spaces reflects the feedback that we have received from community leaders, civil libertarians and experts in national security. Previously, Safe Spaces was modeled on a PIE (Prevention – Intervention – Ejection) approach. This new version maintains the Prevention and Intervention aspects of the framework while leaving criminal behavior to be addressed by those in law enforcement. RESOURCES IN THIS TOOLKIT: • Suggestions for building strong communities • Steps for communities to take in rehabilitating a person from a path toward violence • A list of social services and other resources to help your community institution • Specific advice for college/university Muslim student organizations 7 FAQs: WHY THIS TOOLKIT MATTERS TO MY COMMUNITY Why should this matter to