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Sri Lanka Sri SERIE CONFLICTOS OLVIDADOS SRI LANKA SRI SRI LANKA SÈRIE CONFLICTES OBLIDATS CONFLICTES SÈRIE ÍNDEX SRI LANKA: CLAUS DEL CONFLICTE I PERSPECTIVES DE FUTUR, María Villellas Ariño I. ANTECEDENTS: DOS DÈCADES DE CONFLICTE ARMAT, UN PAÍS DIVIDIT ..................................................................................3 II. UN PROCÉS DE PAU ESPERANÇADOR, UNES EXPECTATIVES TRUNCADES ............................................................................7 III. ALGUNES CLAUS PER ENTENDRE EL PROCÉS DE PAU ............ 11 1. La internacionalització de les negociacions .......................... 11 2. Reptes, riscos i oportunitats.............................................. 20 IV. BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................. 27 ALGUNS APUNTS ACTUALS SOBRE ELS DRETS HUMANS A SRI LANKA, M.C.M. Iqbal I. INTRODUCCIÓ .................................................................... 28 II. ESTAT D’EXCEPCIÓ ............................................................ 29 III. SEGRESTS, DESAPARICIONS I ASSASSINATS ...................... 30 IV. NENS SOLDAT................................................................... 32 V. DESPLAÇATS INTERNS ........................................................ 33 VI. EL DRET A LA LLIBERTAT D’OPINIÓ I EXPRESSIÓ .................. 34 VII. LLIBERTAT DE MOVIMENT I ACCÉS HUMANITARI ................. 35 VIII. LA INSEGURETAT DELS DEFENSORS DELS DRETS HUMANS . 37 IX. EL PODER JUDICIAL COM A PROTECTOR DELS DRETS HUMANS................................................................................ 37 X. CONCLUSIÓ ....................................................................... 40 1 SOMNIS IMPOSSIBLES: A LA RECERCA DE LA VERITAT, LA JUSTÍCIA I LA RECONCILIACIÓ EN EL CONFLICTE DE SRI LANKA, Kishali Pinto Javawardena I. INTRODUCCIÓ .................................................................... 42 II. L’ESCALADA DE LA CULTURA DE LA VIOLÈNCIA ..................... 45 III. EL FRACÀS DE LES COMISSIONS D’INVESTIGACIÓ PER IMPEDIR VIOLACIONS .......................................................................... 66 IV. CONCLUSIÓ...................................................................... 78 L’ORGANITZACIÓ DE LES NACIONS UNIDES I LA PROTECCIÓ DELS NENS EN ELS CONFLICTES ARMATS: CAS DE SRI LANKA, Montserrat Tafalla Plana I. INTRODUCCIÓ .................................................................... 82 II. EVOLUCIÓ DE LA PROTECCIÓ DELS NENS EN CONFLICTES ARMATS A LES NACIONS UNIDES ............................................. 82 III. LA TASCA DEL CONSELL DE SEGURETAT A LA QÜESTIÓ DELS NENS I ELS CONFLICTES ARMATS: EL MECANISME DE VIGILÀNCIA I PRESENTACIÓ D’INFORMES ..................................................... 92 IV. EL CAS DE SRI LANKA...................................................... 104 V. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................. 119 VI. DOCUMENTACIÓ DE L’ORGANITZACIÓ DE LES NACIONS UNIDES............................................................................... 119 VII ANNEXES ....................................................................... 122 2 SRI LANKA: CLAUS DEL CONFLICTE I PERSPECTIVES DE FUTUR∗ I. ANTECEDENTS: DOS DÈCADES DE CONFLICTE ARMAT, UN PAÍS DIVIDIT El febrer de l’any 2002, el Govern de Sri Lanka i el grup armat d’oposició LTTE (Tigres d’alliberament de la Terra Tamil) convenien la firma d’un acord d’alto al foc que suposava la interrupció dels enfrontaments armats que havien devastat el país des que el 1983 s’iniciés un conflicte armat que, al llarg del seu transcurs, ha causat la mort de més de 75.000 persones1. La firma d’aquest acord d’alto al foc va permetre l’inici d’un procés de negociació, en el què el Govern de Noruega va jugar el paper de mediador oficial, facilitant les converses i trobades entre les parts. No obstant, durant l’any 2006 la greu escalda de la violència va portar a la represa oberta i virulenta del conflicte armat provocant centenars de morts i milers de desplaçats. A principis de l’any 2008, el procés finalitzava de manera definitiva en retirar-se les parts signants de l’acord d’alto al foc que, si bé de manera únicament formal, s’havia mantingut vigent des de la seva firma. Per entendre les causes d’aquest conflicte s’ha de fer referència a la marginació que pateix la població tamil, minoritària al país però ∗ María VILLELLAS ARIÑO, Investigadora de l’Escola de Cultura de Pau de la UAB. 1 Segons la Armed Conflict Database del International Institute for Strategic Studies [consultada el 15 de maig de 2008], el número total de persones mortes a conseqüència del conflicte armat és de més de 75.110. http://www.iiss.org/publications/armed-conflict-database/ 3 concentrada geogràficament al nord i a l’est del país -zones en les què el conflicte armat ha tingut el seu epicentre -, després de la proclamació d’independència de l’illa l’any 1948, així com les seves aspiracions d’autodeterminació i de creació d’un Estat tamil independent, mai satisfetes. Durant l’època de la colonització anglesa de l’illa, els tamils havien gaudit de certs privilegis socials i econòmics que van veure’s minvats amb la fi del període colonial. Amb l’arribada de la independència, la comunitat cingalesa (ètnia majoritària i que habita les províncies centrals i meridionals del país) es fa amb les posicions de poder i inicia un procés de consolidació de privilegis i d’exclusió de la minoria tamil, produint- se, així, una “cingalització” de l’Estat. L’esclat del conflicte armat va estar precedit de diversos episodis de tensió i de violència entre les dues comunitats. En les dècades prèvies al seu inici es van produir greus tensions entre cingalesos i tamils, que van accentuar-se a finals de la dècada dels 70. El grup armat d’oposició tamil LTTE, fundat l’any 1972, inicia el conflicte armat el 1983 amb un atac que causa la mort de dotze soldats i contra el qual el Govern respon amb represàlies que causen la mort d’entre 2.000 i 3.000 persones. Des del 1983, el conflicte armat que ha devastat el país s’ha desenvolupat en quatre fases. La primera d’elles va concloure amb una petita treva de tres mesos a principis de l’any 1990. Aquest període va deixar un terrible llegat de 20.000 persones mortes, 750.000 desplaçades a l’interior del país i més de 120.000 refugiats, que fonamentalment van fugir a la Índia. El juny de 1990, el LTTE va trencar la treva i va reiniciar el conflicte armat, en una segona fase el desenvolupament de la qual tindrà com a conseqüència la divisió del país en tres zones clarament diferenciades: el Nord, amb 4 un 95% de població tamil, l’Est, on conviuen tamils (42%), musulmans (32%) i cingalesos (25%); i les set províncies centrals i meridionals del país, habitades majoritàriament per cingalesos . Des que el 1993 es va iniciar un procés informal de negociació amb Europa, que va culminar amb una trobada patrocinada pel Comitè Internacional de la Creu Roja el 1994 entre la delegació governamental i el LTTE. Tot aquest procés exploratori va tenir com a resultat final un alto al foc i l’obertura de negociacions el gener de 1995, situació que únicament va durar fins l’abril del mateix any, quan van re iniciar-se les hostilitats, que duraran fins la firma d’un alto al foc el gener del 2002. L’any 2000, en un context de clar estancament militar en el conflicte després que el LTTE hagués obtingut importants victòries militars i tingués el control sobre alguns punts estratègics de l’illa, totes dues parts van demanar a Noruega que facilités unes negociacions de pau. Així doncs, el febrer del 2002 es va firmar un acord d’alto al foc i es va iniciar un procés que va durar fins el 2006, període durant el què es van mantenir diverses rondes de negociació amb la mediació de Noruega a Tailàndia, Japó, Alemanya i a la pròpia Noruega. A més a més, va desplegar-se una missió de supervisió de l’alto al foc integrada pels països nòrdics (Dinamarca, Finlàndia, Noruega, Suècia i Islàndia). No obstant, la decisió adoptada pel LTTE l’any 2003 de suspendre la seva participació directa en les negociacions de pau al·legava que el Govern estava intentant marginar al grup armat del procés de negociació. Tot i la retirada, es va mantenir l’acord d’alto al foc i es van produir diversos intents per part de Noruega de rellançar les negociacions de pau. No obstant, al llarg del 2006 el deteriorament de la situació al país és notable i els episodis esporàdics van augmentar la seva 5 freqüència i la seva intensitat provocant centenars de víctimes mortals i de població desplaçada així com la represa del conflicte armat. El líder tamil Prabhakaran va declarar, el 27 de novembre, que davant de l’evolució de la situació no li quedava cap altra opció que pressionar per a la creació d’un Estat independent, fet que, segons nombrosos analistes, va suposar la defunció de facto de l’acord d’alto al foc. Aquestes declaracions van provocar, paradoxalment, l’oferta del President M. Rajapakse, de mantenir conversacions directes amb el líder tamil. Tot i això, en paral·lel, es van produir greus violacions dels drets humans per part de les dues bandes en conflicte i les FFAA van acusar al LTTE d’utilitzar la població civil com a escut humà. L’ofensiva militar iniciada per les FFAA el 2006 va erosionar notablement la capacitat militar del LTTE i li va permetre prendre el control de bona part de la regió oriental del país durant l’any 2007, obligant al LTTE a arreplegar-se a zones selvàtiques i a abandonar feus que havien controlat durant els últims 15 anys. A més a més, el líder de l’ala política
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