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Assessment of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Unsewered Communities in Jordan

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Assessment of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Unsewered Communities in Jordan DEGREE PROJECT IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Assessment of on-site wastewater treatment systems in unsewered communities in Jordan HANI SHUBAIL KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TRITA-ABE-MBT-20728 www.kth.s e Assessment of on-site wastewater treatment systems in unsewered communities in Jordan Hani Shubail [email protected] Supervisor Sahar Dalahmeh, PhD Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Email [email protected] Elzbieta Plaza, (Prof.) Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental science, and Engineering (SEED), School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE) KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden Examiner Elzbieta Plaza, (Prof.) KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science, and Engineering SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden II Summary in Swedish För att täcka centraliserade avloppsreningssystems drift och underhåll är det kapitalinsättningen av stor betydelse, förutom högkostnadsprogram, något som anses vara olämpligt för låginkomstländer. In-situ avloppsreningssystem verkar vara en lovande lösning till detta. För att dock säkerställa att dessa ej belastar den omgivande miljö och fungerar som det skall i förbehåll att dessa ständigt övervakas. Konstruerade våtmarker är en typ av in-situ vattenreningsteknik. Dessa system är lämpliga för småstäder, bergiga och tätortsområden. Dessa system är kostnadseffektiva och flexibla vad dess implementering och hantering anbelangar. Två dylika system är i fokus av denna studie, nämligen två konstruerade våtmarker i Sakib - Jerash i Jordanien och i synnerhet utforskas dess prestanda, social acceptans i och dessutom utfördes en nyttokostnadsanalys. Båda våtmarkerna i denna rapport har konstruerats med ett vertikalt markflöde och är i drift sedan januari 2020 och juli 2015 respektive. Dessa två system ger goda reduktioner med avseende på biokemiskt syrebehov och kemiskt syrebehov (BOD, COD), totalt suspenderat material (TSS), och effektivitet rörande patogen borttagning (TC och E. coli). Även om patogen borttagningseffektivitet i sig var hög förblev patogenhalt hög i det lokala direktivs avseende; de lokala förutsättningarna, nämligen designparameter och belastningsförhållanden, tillåter dock uppbyggande och drift av dessa två systemen som i fokus i detta studium. Beträffande borttagning av näringsämnen visade det sig att båda systemen har låg kväve- och fosforborttagningseffektivitet. Vissa förslag och rekommendationer föreslogs för att förbättra näringsämnen samt systemens effektivitet vad gäller patogenborttagning; i synnerhet dessa förslag beträffar pumpa ut slammet ur septiktanken, utbyte och backspolning av vattenfiltermedia, vattenväxterinförande eller tillägg av en extern kolkälla samt användning av en ytterligare aerobfiltreringsenhet vid utlopp. Det visade sig att det jordanska samhälle sätter käppar i hjulet vad gäller implementering av dessa våtmarker emedan dess förfarande är oacceptabelt. Dylika problem kan överbryggas genom full insyn, föredrag och workshops samt allmänhetens deltagande. Det sistnämnda gav upphov till en ökad känsla av äganderätt robust, något som ledde till ökat intresse för ansvar i drifts- och underhållsfrågor. Vad nyttokostnadsanalysen anbelangar visade det sig att implementering av ett dylikt system skulle vara fördelaktigt och värdefullt som alternativ för kluster på tätorts- och landsbygdsområden. Avloppsvattenbehandlingen med lermineraler verkar hittills vara en lovande metod vid betraktande av tidigare studier. Det behöver dock göras ytterligare undersökningar för avloppsvattenbehandlingen med lermineraler vid bestämmande av den optimala lermineral koncentration och dess exponeringstid. I Abstract Centralized wastewater treatment systems need substantial funds besides high-cost operation and maintenance programs, which could be considered unsuitable for low-income developing countries. As a solution, it becomes the trend towards on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTs) due to its cost-effectiveness and flexibility of implementation and management. However, the keenness to implement these systems appropriately and monitor them continually is crucial to ensure that they do not impact the surrounding environment and human health. Constructed wetland is one of the on-site wastewater treatment systems. These systems are comparatively affordable alternative technology, and adequate systems for small communities, rural, and hilly areas. In the present study, two constructed wetlands as on-site wastewater treatment systems in Sakib - Jerash Governorate, Jordan, were investigated regarding systems performance, social acceptance, and cost-benefit analysis. The first system is a vertical flow constructed wetland (VCW) that has been operating since January 2020. The second system is a recirculation vertical flow constructed wetland (RVCW) that has been in operation since July 2015. The checking of the theoretical design parameter and the actual loading conditions of the septic tanks and wetlands in both systems showed that both implemented septic tanks and the wetlands are adequate and appropriate for the design goals. The wetlands’ treatment performance showed sufficient capability in organic matter removal efficiencies: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal efficiency. For pathogens: Total Coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (E.coli), even though the removal efficiency was high, the effluents' values exceeded the local directive. Concerning nutrients removal, both systems showed low nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies. Some suggestions and recommendations were proposed for improving nutrients removal and pathogen removal efficiencies. These recommendations were in desludging the septic tanks, replacing the filtering media, introduce plantation or add other carbon sources to the system, and using an additional aerobic filtration unit in the wetlands’ outlets. The study showed that the Jordanian society's nonacceptance of the on-site wastewater treatment systems could be handled through full transparency, educational workshops, and public participation. The latter contributed an increased sense of ownership robustly and increased concern of responsibilities on the operational and maintenance matters. Regarding the cost-benefit analysis, the study results demonstrated that the implementation of a constructed wetland as an on-site wastewater treatment system could be a beneficial and valuable alternative for clusters in rural areas and even in newly urbanized plans. The promising method for the treated wastewater's disinfection using clay minerals needs further investigation to determine the optimum clay mineral concentration on treatment and the needed time for exposure. Keywords Constructed wetland — Decentralized wastewater treatment — Jordan — On-site wastewater treatment system. II Acknowledgments The author has to thank God Almighty, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, who deserves the praise for successfully and peacefully giving the author the ability to complete this dissertation. First and foremost, the author has to express the sincerest gratitude to the supervisor, Dr. Sahar Dalahmeh, from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Energy and Technology. Without Dr. Sahar's instructions and guidance throughout the entire thesis period, the author would not improve the research capability to get the outcomes of this dissertation. The continuous follow-up to all novelties during the study and endeavor to overcome all difficulties and obstacles faced by the author was real support and encouragement. Likewise, the author expresses the gratefulness thanks to Prof. Elzbieta Plaza, Department of sustainable development, environmental science, and engineering (SEED), KTH, for granting the author the trust and the acceptance to examine this thesis. The author presents appreciation for Dr. Moayied Assayed, Head of Division of Water Studies, Royal Scientific Society (RSS) for the helpful discussion, and insightful suggestions. Besides, for giving the author the chance to use the RSS physical and chemical laboratory to conduct the thesis's required tests. Special thanks to Eng. Mohammed Mashatleh, member of water studies division, RSS, for the continuous readiness to provide the author with the needed tools and instruments for sampling and carrying out laboratory testing. The tremendous support from Dr. Moayied and Eng. Mohammed during experimentation, analysis, and characterizations was indescribable. The sincere appreciation is given to Dr. Jwan H. Ibbini, Assistant Professor, Department of Land Management and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Hashemite University (HU), and Dr. Jwan's assistant, Eng. Mais Thaher for, the real support and cooperation, to secure the author's access to the HU's biological laboratory to conduct the dissertation's biological tests. From Dr. Jwan and Eng. Mais, the author got continuous inspiration, care, and support. Special thanks to the author's collage Spyridon Xenos for the contribution in translating summary into Swedish. Finally, the author gives gratitude to beloved parents for continuous prayer throughout the study. Finally, the author wants to admit that without
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