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Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Scottish Augustinians: a study of the regular canonical movement in the kingdom of Scotland, c. 1120-1215 Garrett B. Ratcliff Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Classics, and Archaeology University of Edinburgh 2012 In memory of John W. White (1921-2010) and Nicholas S. Whitlock (1982-2012) Declaration I declare that this thesis is entirely my own work and that no part of it has previously been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. N.B. some of the material found in this thesis appears in A. Smith and G. Ratcliff, ‘A Survey of Relations between Scottish Augustinians before 1215’, in The Regular Canons in the Medieval British Isles, eds. J. Burton and K. Stöber (Turnhout, 2011), pp. 115-44. Acknowledgements It has been a long and winding road. There are many people who have contributed towards making this dissertation better than it otherwise would have been. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Judith Green, for her scholarly guidance, words of encouragement, and patience over the years. I will always be grateful. I have also benefitted from excellent secondary supervisors, Kirsten Fenton and Matthew Hammond, whose comments on early drafts were invaluable. I am also most appreciative of Steve Boardman (who got more than he bargained for as a supervisor), without whom the project may not have come to fruition. A number of other scholars have taken an active interest in my work and helped me along the way, including Norman Shead, James Fraser, Judy Frost, and Geoffrey Barrow. The archivists at the National Library of Scotland, the National Archives of Scotland, and the National Archives at Kew were extremely accommodating, none more so than Kenneth Dunn, who made special arrangements for me to consult the Balfour collection. I am also indebted to my friends and colleagues who helped improve my work in various ways. In this regard, I owe a debt of gratitude to Thomas Turpie, David White, and Sarah Snell (who spurred me on in the last months). I am especially grateful to two friends. To Brian Wallace, who learned more about ecclesiastical history than he ever desired, and helped make this study possible, and to Andrew Smith, whose knowledge of both Scottish history and monastic studies, were drawn upon constantly. I would also like to thank my father, John Ratcliff, who has always supported my academic pursuits. To my mother, Margaret Ratcliff, who read countless drafts of this thesis, and has always encouraged me in the study of history, my greatest debt is to her. Abstract The Augustinian canons have never enjoyed the level of scholarly attention afforded to the monastic and mendicant movements of the central middle ages. This disparity has been particularly acute in the British Isles, despite being its most prolific religious movement. Scholars working in England, Ireland, and Wales have begun to correct this historiographical lacuna. In Scotland, the regular canons have also received comparatively scant attention, and, indeed, have largely been understood on the basis of imported paradigms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to address a deficiency in Scottish historiography and make a contribution to the growing scholarship on the regular canons in the British Isles. The regular canonical movement is examined within the kingdom of Scotland over the course of roughly a century. Eleven non-congregational houses of regular canons are considered, namely Scone, Holyrood, Jedburgh, St. Andrews, Cambuskenneth, and Inchcolm and the dependencies of Loch Tay, Loch Leven, Restenneth, Canonbie, and St. Mary’s Isle. The kingdom of Scotland provides both a common context, and a diverse milieu, in which to consider the foundation and development of these institutions and the movement as a whole. The chronological parameters have been determined by the foundation of the first house of regular canons in Scotland in c. 1120 and the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, which had the effect of artificially creating the Order of St Augustine. By examining individual houses separately, as well as in unison, this study seeks to present an integrated picture of the regular canonical movement in the kingdom of Scotland during the period of its organic development from c. 1120 to 1215. The fundamental question concerning the regular canons is the nature of their vocation and their societal function. It has increasingly been recognised that a spectrum of different interpretations of canonical life existed ranging from the active – pastoral, practical, and outward looking – to the contemplative – ascetic, quasi-eremitical, and inward looking – which were all part of the same decentralised religious movement. This thesis attempts to situate the Scottish Augustinians, as far as possible, within this spectrum. It argues that a unique manifestation of the regular canonical movement emerged in the kingdom of Scotland as the result of a range of factors – including shared patrons, leadership, and episcopal support – which had the effect of creating a group identity, and, thereby, a collective understanding of their vocation and role in society. The subject institutions have been particularly fortunate in terms of the quality and variety of the surviving source material. The evidence is comprised principally of charter material, but also includes chronicles and foundation narratives produced by Scottish Augustinians, and these provide an essential supplement. This thesis sheds light on an important group of religious houses in Scotland and on a complex religious movement that is only beginning to be fully understood, and, thus, it is hoped that this study will lay the groundwork for future research. List of Abbreviations AC J.C. Dickinson, The Origins of the Austin Canons and their Introduction into England (London, 1950) Annals of Ulster The Annals of Ulster (to A.D. 1131), ed. and trans. S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1983) BL British Library Cambuskenneth Registrum Registrum Monasterii S. Marie de Cambuskenneth, AD 1147-1535, ed. W. Fraser (Edinburgh, 1872) CED Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland, eds. A.W. Hadden and W. Stubbs, 3 vols (Oxford, 1869-78) Chron. Fordun John of Fordun, Chronica Gentis Scotorum, ed. W.F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1871- 2) Chron. Holyrood A Scottish Chronicle known as the Chronicle of Holyrood, ed. M.O. Anderson (Edinburgh, 1938) Chron. Howden Roger Howden, The annals of Roger Hoveden comprising the history of England and of other countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201, trans. H.T. Riley, 2 vols (London, 1853) Chron. Melrose Chronica de Mailros, e codice unice in Bibliotheca Cottoniana servato, nunc iterum in lucem edita, ed. J. Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1835) Chron. Picts-Scots Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History, ed. W.F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1867) Chron. Wyntoun Andrew Wyntoun, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, ed. D. Laing, 3 vols (Edinburgh, 1872-6) DC The Charters of King David I: the Written Acts of David I King of Scots, 1124-5, and of his son Henry Earl of Northumberland, 1139-52, ed. G.W.S. Barrow (Woodbridge, 1999) DPE M. Heale, The Dependent Priories of Medieval English Monasteries (Woodbridge, 2004) Dryburgh Liber Liber S. Marie de Dryburgh: Registrum Cartarum Abbacie Premonstratensis de Dryburgh, ed. W. Fraser (Edinburgh, 1847) Dunfermline Registrum Registrum de Dunfermelyn: Liber cartarum Abbatie Benedictine S.S. Trinitatis et B. Margarete Regine de Dunfermelyn, ed. C.N. Innes (Edinburgh, 1842) Ecumenical Councils Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils: Nicaea I to Lateran V, ed. N.P. Tanner, 2 vols (London, 1990) ESC Early Scottish Charters prior to A.D. 1153: collected with notes and an index, ed. A.C. Lawrie (Glasgow, 1905) Fasti A.L. Murray and D.E.R. Watt, Fasti ecclesiae Scoticanae medii aevi ad annum 1638 (Edinburgh, 2003) GAS D.M. Robinson, The Geography of Augustinian Settlement in Medieval England and Wales, 2 vols (Oxford, 1980) Glasgow Registrum Registrum episcopatus Glasguensis: a sede restaurata, seculo ineunte XII ad reformatem religionem, ed. C.N. Innes, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1843) Holyrood Liber Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis: munimenta ecclesie Sancte Crucis de Edwinesburg, ed. C. Innes (Edinburgh, 1840) Holyrood Ordinale The Holyrood Ordinale: A Scottish Version of a Directory of English Augustinian Canons, with manual and other liturgical forms, ed. F.C. Eeles (Edinburgh, 1916) HRHEW C.N.L. Brooke, D. Knowles, and V.C.M. London, The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1972-2008) HRHS N.F. Shead and D.E.R. Watt, The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries (Edinburgh, 2001) Inchcolm Charters Charters of the Abbey of Inchcolm, eds. D.E. Easson and A. Macdonald (Edinburgh, 1938) IR Innes Review KS G.W.S. Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century (London, 1973) Melrose Liber Liber Sancte Marie de Melros: munimenta vetustiora monasterii cisterciensis de Melros, ed. C.N. Innes, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1837) MK A.A.M.
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