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Phd Thesis Distinto.Pdf Università degli Studi di Cagliari Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze e tecnologie Farmaceutiche Ciclo XXVII Progettazione e sintesi di nuovi antagonisti CB1 a struttura pirazolica come potenziali radiofarmaci per la PET imaging CHIM08 Presentata da: Dott.ssa Rita Distinto Coordinatore Dottorato: Prof. Elias Maccioni Tutor/Relatore Prof. Elias Maccioni Dott. Paolo Lazzari Esame finale anno accademico 2013 – 2014 A mia madre 2 Abstract Cannabinoid receptors are members of the large family of G-protein coupled receptors. Two types of cannabinoid receptor have been discovered: CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are localised predominantly in the brain whereas CB2 receptors are more abundant in peripheral nervous system cells. CB1 receptors have been related with a number of disorders, including depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, chronic pain and obesity. For this reason, several cannabinoid ligands were developed as drug candidates. Among these ligands, a prominent position is occupied by SR141716 (Rimonabant), which is a pyrazole derivative with inverse agonist activity discovered by Sanofi-Synthelabo in 1994. This compound was marketed in Europe as an anti-obesity drug, but subsequently withdrawn due to its side-effects. Since the relationship between the CB1 receptors’ functional modification, density and distribution, and the beginning of a pathological state is still not well understood, the development of radio-ligands suitable for in vivo PET (Positron Emission Tomography) functional imaging of CB1 receptors remains an important area of research in medicine and drug development. To date, a few radiotracers have been synthesised and tested in vivo, but most of them afforded unsatisfactory brain imaging results. A handful of radiolabelled CB1 PET ligands have also been submitted to clinical trials in humans. In this PhD Thesis the design, synthesis and characterization of three new classes of potential high-affinity CB1 ligands as candidate PET tracers is described. 3 Sommario Scopo .................................................................................................................. 5 1 Introduzione .................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Cenni storici e classificazione botanica ...................................................... 6 1.2 Cannabinoidi naturali (fitocannabinoidi) ................................................... 7 1.3 Endocannabinoidi ...................................................................................... 9 1.4 Cannabinoidi sintetici .............................................................................. 14 Agonisti non selettivi .................................................................................. 14 Agonisti selettivi per i recettori CB1 ........................................................... 16 Antagonisti/agonisti inversi dei CB1 .......................................................... 16 Antagonisti/agonisti inversi CB2 ................................................................ 17 1.5 Recettori cannabinoidi ............................................................................. 18 1.6 PET .......................................................................................................... 21 2 Progettazione ................................................................................................. 23 2.1 Base scientifica ........................................................................................ 23 3 Sintesi e risultati ............................................................................................ 27 4 Conclusioni .................................................................................................... 45 5 Materiali e metodi ......................................................................................... 46 6 Referenze ....................................................................................................... 91 7 Articoli ......................................................................................................... 102 4 Scopo In questo lavoro di tesi viene descritta la progettazione, la sintesi, la caratterizzazione e l’attività biologica di composti a potenziale attività antagonista dei recettori cannabinoidi 1 (CB1) allo scopo di individuare i canditati selettivi più promettenti da funzionalizzare successivamente con l'introduzione dei radioisotopi 18F e 11C e utilizzare con le apparecchiature di PET (tomografia ad emissione di positroni) imaging. Le molecole radiomarcate dei CB1 potranno essere utilizzate: - per valutarne la capacità di oltrepassare la barriera ematoencefalica e raggiungere il cervello, dove si trovano prevalentemente i recettori CB1; - per studi dettagliati di imaging sui recettori CB1 del sistema nervoso centrale in modelli animali. La prospettiva futura è quella di utilizzare questi strumenti molecolari come strumenti diagnostici nel cervello umano. L’attività di ricerca è stata svolta in parte nei laboratori dell’azienda PharmaNess-Neuroscienze Scarl, presso il Parco Scientifico della Sardegna (Pula, CA) e in parte presso i laboratori dell’Institute of Medical Sciences dell’Università di Aberdeen. Il progetto di questa tesi rientra nel progetto FP7- PEOPLE-2009 IAPP - Marie Curie Action: "Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways" intitolato “Pet Brain. Mapping the brain with PET radiolabeled cannabinoid (CB1) ligands”. 5 1 Introduzione 1.1 Cenni storici e classificazione botanica La canapa (cannabis) è una pianta dai molteplici usi, e il suo impiego a scopo medico si perde nella notte dei tempi. La troviamo già citata nel più antico testo cinese sulle piante medicinali il Pen T’Sao Ching. Anche in India la cannabis è usata dalla medicina tradizionale fin dal secondo millennio a.c. Viene citata in antichi testi assiri, egizi e persiani, ed è ben conosciuta anche dalla medicina greco-romana.1 Secondo la tassonomia ufficiale moderna, il genere Cannabis è incluso nella famiglia delle Cannabaceae dopo essere stato precedentemente inserito nelle Moraceae e successivamente nelle Urticaceae, viste le molte caratteristiche in comune con queste famiglie. Nel 1753, Linneo parlò esclusivamente di Cannabis sativa L. l’indicazione di una Cannabis indica è dovuta a Lamarck e risale al 1783 ma oggi è considerata un errore di classificazione. Il binomio Cannabis indica e Cannabis sativa però si è mantenuto in letteratura farmacologica e tossicologica, creando così forte confusione. Schultes, direttore del Museo Botanico di Harvard, nel 1974 espose la sua classificazione distinguendo la Cannabis sativa, C. indica e C. ruderalis. Nel 1976 Small e Cronquist hanno proposto un diverso approccio, basando le differenze sulle proprietà della pianta. Il genere Cannabis avrebbe una sola specie (C. sativa) altamente variabile soprattutto per intervento dell’uomo. Identificando poi un gruppo del nord con maggiore contenuto di fibra e olio (C. sativa subs. sativa) e un gruppo del sud con maggior potenziale inebriante (Cannabis sativa subs. indica).2 Le prime pubblicazioni in riviste mediche sulla Cannabis risalgono al 1840 quando lo psichiatra J.J. Moreau condusse un esperimento clinico in seguito alla somministrazione di hashish per l'uomo, scoprì gli effetti del fumo di hashish e cominciò a studiarli al fine di comprendere il rapporto tra follia e sogni.3 Intorno alla fine del XIX secolo, dopo acetilazione di un estratto di hashish è stato 6 ottenuto il cannabinolo acetato. La sua struttura è stata individuata nel 1930, quando è stato isolato anche il cannabidiolo (CBD). Roger Adams e Alexander Todd pubblicarono numerosi documenti sulla Cannabis e scoprirono che alcuni composti triciclici sintetici avevano attività sui cani. Loewe nel 1950 riassunse il lavoro farmacologico effettuato su estratti di cannabis e di alcuni composti sintetici.4 Sono state distinte tre classi di cannabinoidi: naturali, endogeni e sintetici. 1.2 Cannabinoidi naturali (fitocannabinoidi) La pianta Cannabis sativa contiene centinaia di sostanze a varia struttura chimica. Di queste, fino a oggi, sono stati identificati circa 66 composti appartenenti alla famiglia dei cannabinoidi, accomunati da una particolare struttura di 21 atomi di carbonio: derivano dalla combinazione di un elemento terpenico ad un fenolo di tipo chetidico, l’olivetolo, sono caratterizzati da una bassa polarità e solubilità in acqua (Fig. 1).5 7 OH OPP OH COOH COOH + HO HO Pre-Cannabigerolo (CBG) Geranil-PP Acido olivetolico H OH H OH OH HO HO Cannabigerolo (CBG) OH H OH H O HO Cannabicromene (CBC) H Cannabidiolo (CBD) OH OH H H O O 9- tetraidrocannabinolo (THC) Cannabinolo (CBN) Figura 1: Alcuni composti cannabinoidi contenuti nella Cannabis sativa e indicazione dei precursori naturali. Fitocannabinoidi sono presenti anche in diverse specie vegetali oltre alla Cannabis. Questi includono le N-alchilamidi che ritroviamo nell’Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida,6, 7 le N-alchildien- trienamidi nell’Otanthus maritimus,8 il falcarinolo nelle Apiaceae (es. Daucus carota),9 la rutamarina nella Ruta graveolens L,10e altri composti.11, 12 8 Il Tetraidrocannabinolo (THC) è il componente psicoattivo principale della Cannabis. Il 9-THC e 8-THC, mimano l'azione dell’anandamide, un neurotrasmettitore prodotto naturalmente nel corpo. THC e gli altri cannabinoidi sono liposolubili, quindi possono accumularsi nel tessuto adiposo dal quale vengono lentamente rilasciati determinando un prolungamento dell’effetto del composto.
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