PROCEEDINGS of the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY of SCIENCES, Vol

PROCEEDINGS SfP 2 4 1990 OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vol. 46, No. 14, pp. 299-326, 12 figs. September 11, 1990

NEW SPECIES AND NEW COMBINATIONS IN BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA (MELASTOMATACEAE), WITH AN HISTORICAlT PERSPECTIVE ON GENERIC LIMITS IN THE TRIBE BLAKEEAE

By Frank Almeda

Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118

Abstract: Blakea P. Browne and Topobea Aublet, the two currently recognized genera in the Blakeeae have been variously combined and segregated during their long history. A synoptic taxonomic history of these genera is presented with special attention given to characters used to combine or separate them. In keeping

with traditional generic concepts, Blakea and Topobea are maintained and a revised generic key is provided to accommodate anomalous or unusual Mesoamerican species. Descriptions, diagnostic illustrations, discus- sions, and distribution maps are presented for four new species of Blakea (B. gregii, B. hammelii, and B. herrerae from Panama; and B. scarlatina from Costa Rica and Nicaragua) and three new species of Topobea {T. fragrantissima, T. hexandra, and T. suaveolens from Panama). The study of recently collected flowering material of B. crassifolia and B. parvifolia necessitates their transfer to Topobea and the adoption of a new name, T. caliginosa, for the narrow Panamanian endemic previously known as B. micrantha.

Received February 2, 1990. Accepted March 14, 1990.

The striking morphological isolation of the Introduction Blakeeae within the family and the homogeneity The largely pantropical Melastomataceae of its constituent taxa undoubtedly account for comprise some 200 genera and approximately the fact that its tribal status has not been seriously

4,800 species. This comparatively large natural challenged since it was established by Bentham family has traditionally been divided into four- and Hooker (1867). However, Blakea P. Browne teen tribes based on fruit characters, staminal and Topobea Aublet, the two currently recog- features, and seed morphology. Of the eight tribes nized genera in the tribe, have been variously restricted to the western hemisphere, only the combined and segregated during their long his- Blakeeae and Miconieae are berry-fruited. The tory. Blakeeae are readily recognized by their axillary Recent fieldwork done in connection with the flowers that are individually subtended by two preparation of a treatment of Melastomataceae pairs of decussate bracts, ovoid to pyramidal for Rora Mesoamericana has resulted in the dis- smooth seeds, and wood with multiseriate rays covery of several undescribed species in the and frequent occurrence of druses (Koek-Noor- Blakeeae. An effort to devise a rational basis for man et al. 1979; ter Welle and Koek-Noorman assigning these taxa to one genus or the other has 1981). necessitated another look at generic limits in the

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tribe. I recently expressed serious reservations figures prominently in decisions to maintain To- about the continued recognition of Topobea and pobea as a distinct genus. In choosing the epithet even suggested that it be submerged in the older parasitica, Aublet was responsible for perpetrat- and larger genus Blakea (Almeda 1989). Addi- ing a misunderstanding of the epiphytic habit tional study of this problem, coupled with the that is common to so many species of Blakea paucity of information on pollen morphology and Topobea.

(Patel et al. 1 985) and chromosome numbers (Solt The younger Linnaeus (1781) and de Jussieu and Wurdack 1980), has led me to refrain from (1789) maintained Blakea and Topobea as de- merging Blakea and Topobea without a compre- fined by Aublet. By retaining Blakea quinque- hensive study throughout the extensive neotrop- nervia Aublet [=Bellucia grossularioides (L.) ical range of these genera. Triana] in Blakea, it is clear that their interpre- The following summary provides a synoptic tation was a broad one that included at least two taxonomic history of Blakea and Topobea to- genera now relegated to two different berry-fruit- gether with an assessment of the diagnostic fea- ed tribes. tures used to combine or separate them. This is David Don (1823), in an early paper devoted followed by descriptions of four new species of to the Melastomataceae, was the first to part ranks Blakea, three new species of Topobea, and three with his predecessors by merging Topobea and generic transfers. Working within the constraints Blakea. His decision, however, was based on of a geographically defined study, my decision characters other than anther morphology. The to recognize Blakea and Topobea is, of necessity, weakness of Don's argument is best conveyed by tempered by the historical consensus of opinion his own words: "Although the Topobea of Aublet among specialists in the family and the need for recedes somewhat from Blakea, in its being par- more data. Nevertheless, a slight modification of asitical; yet, notwithstanding, in the Lambertian original generic concepts is necessary to accom- Herbarium are several unpublished species, from modate the accretion of new and unusual Central Don Jose Pavon, natives of Peru, and not par- American species. asitical, which agree with Topobea in every es- sential point; and these also, accord well with Blakea, except in having four, instead of six scales, Synoptic History of surrounding the calyx, which, however, is a vari- Blakea and Topobea able character; and, therefore I think myselfjus-

The genus Blakea was first defined by Patrick tified in uniting these two genera." De Candolle Browne (1756) for a Jamaican species that was (1828) also adopted this interpretation in his subsequently given the binomial B. trinervia by Prodromus. Like Don and his immediate pre- Linnaeus (1759). Browne's circumscription of decessors, de Candolle's broad generic concept Blakea included a plate and a brief diagnosis of Blakea included species now recognized in describing it as a shrub with nitid trinerved el- Bellucia. liptic leaves, 6-merous axillary flowers, and tri- Naudin (1852) rejected this inclusive dispo- angular laterally connate anthers. The plate is sition and emphasized diversity in anther mor- generalized and provides no details of anther phology and habit as reasons for resurrecting To- morphology. The terse description is sufficient, pobea. He provided no involved explanation to however, to preclude confusion with the allied justify his decision, yet he described a new genus, genus Topobea, which was described and illus- Pyxidanthus, to accommodate three new species trated by Aublet (1775) from material collected that he considered closely related to Blakea. The in French Guiana. Although many of Aublet's concept of Blakea and Topobea espoused by published drawings are mixtures and some of his Naudin was faithfully followed by Bentham and descriptions are composites of discordant ele- Hooker (1867) without comment. ments (Howard 1983), both the plate and de- Triana (1871), as astute specialist in the Me- scription of T. parasitica emphasize the oblong lastomataceae, synonymized Pyxidanthus under subulate anthers that are typical of so many Blakea along with Valdesia Ruiz and Pavon, species in this genus. Curiously, Aublet over- another minor generic segregate. Pyxidanthus, looked or chose not to describe and illustrate the Valdesia, and the subsequently described Ama- broad, gaping, dorsally inclined, confluent anther raboya Linden are now universally accepted syn- pores. This is another diagnostic character that onyms o^ Blakea. As recognized by Triana (1871), ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 301

Blakea included those species with short, oval in press; Gleason 1935, 1958; Wurdack 1973, or elliptic, apically blunt or rounded anthers with 1980) and other authors of major regional treat- two minute well-separated pores. Topobea in- ments of the Melastomataceae (Standley 1924, cluded those species with linear-oblong or subu- 1938; Standley and Williams 1963), except Mac- late anthers with two confluent dorsally inclined bride (1941). Invoking a rationale similar to that pores. Baillon (1879), who was noted for his broad of Baillon, Macbride combined Blakea and To- view of generic limits, was unimpressed by these pobea and commented on the inconsistency of differences in anther morphology. He returned the filament character used as a diagnostic fea- Topobea to the synonymy o^ Blakea but provid- ture by Cogniaux. ed no convincing reasons aside from a comment In a paper describing many new species of describing the anthers of Topobea as more elon- Blakea and Topobea, Gleason (1945) sympa- gate and narrower than those in Blakea. For a thized with, but rejected, Macbride's view. The

botanist who excelled in character analysis, Bail- close relationship between these two genera is Ion's brief treatment of these genera reflects a readily apparent in their many parallel and over- superficial understanding of the anther differ- lapping variations in habit, leaves, indument, ences between them. floral bracts, petals, calyx lobes, ovary cell num- The most comprehensive and perhaps most ber, and seeds. Although Baillon (1879) and inffuential accounts ofgeneric limits in the Blake- Macbride (1941) intimated that anther charac- eae are those of Cogniaux (1888, 1891). Cog- ters provide insufficient grounds on which to base niaux was undoubtedly influenced by Triana. the recognition of genera, Gleason (1945, 1947), Unlike Triana, however, he was the first to pro- who defended their use, pointed out that speci- vide the following explicit key clarifying the dis- mens can be sorted precisely into one genus or tinctions between Blakea and Topobea as he the other when slaminal material is available.

understood them: According to Patel (in litt., 18 July 1985), pre- liminary results of a numerical taxonomic anal- A. Staminum filamenta crassiuscula, anthe- ysis of pollen (using SEM data) in the Melasto- rae breves, obtusae a latere compressae, mataceae reveal that Blakea and Topobea sort connectivo crassisimo, postice calcarato out into different clusters. Because pollen of Me- Blakea lastomataceae is diverse exomorphically (Patel B. Staminum filamenta filiformia; antherae et al. 1985), an expanded survey is needed to lineari vel oblongo-subulatae, rostratae, extend and refine these observations. connective mediocri, interdum ecalcarato Until more information about micromor- Topobea phological characters such as chromosome num-

These differences amply characterized the bers, pollen morphology, and chemistry is avail- species then known to Cogniaux, but they cannot able, it seems preferrable to adhere to traditional be used for a strict characterization of the two generic concepts until we can rest decisions on a genera at present. The short, obtuse, laterally broader data base than was available to our pre- compressed anthers oi Blakea (Fig. 2A, C, E; Fig. decessors. 3A, E) versus the linear to oblong-subulate ros- This, however, does not ease the current dif- trate anthers of Topobea (Fig. IE, F; 2B; 3B, C) ficulty of assigning the few unusual species to one are the only modal contrasts that appear to be genus or the other. In the Mesoamerican region, valid for distinguishing the majority of species at least four different species groups are problem- now assigned to these genera. The differences in atic in determining where to draw the line be- filament thickness and presence or absence of tween Blakea and Topobea. I will consider the dorsal appendages on the connective are incon- relationships among Blakea wilburiana Almeda sistent criteria for differentiating Blakea and To- and allied species in a future paper. The other pobea. Like his predecessors, Cogniaux neglected three species groups are mentioned here because to emphasize that Blakea has anthers with two at least one species from each is newly described typically minute and well-separated pores and below.

Topobea has two (rarely one) broad approximate The first of these, Blakea gregii, belongs to a or confluent dorsally inclined pores. The generic group of five closely related species characterized concepts promoted by Cogniaux have been by nectar-producing pendant flowers with green adopted by all subsequent specialists (Almeda, petals. The anthers ofB. gregii are elliptic-oblong OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY

in and Topobea. A, B. wilburiana Almeda; B, B. austin-smithii Standley; Figure 1 . Representative stamen morphology Blakea (A from Almeda et C, B. purpusii Brandegee; D, T. crassifolia (Almeda) Almeda; E, T. pittieri Cogn.; F, T. brenesii Standley. from de Nevers 5943. CAS; E al. 6525. CAS; B from Almeda et al. 2145. CAS; C from Breedlove & Almeda 47747. CAS; D

from Almeda et al. 3161. CAS; F from Wilbur et al. 15809. DUKE.)

how- and laterally compressed with two dorsally in- encountered in Topobea. The pore width, in clined approximate pores (Fig. 4G). Anther con- ever, is narrower than that typically found deciding to formation is like that of Blakea but the dorsal many species of the latter genus. In by inclination of the apical pores is more like that place this species in Blakea, I was influenced ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 303

Figure 2. Representative stamen morphology in Blakea and Topobea. A, B. elliptica (Gleason) Almeda; B, T. calycularis

Naudin; C, B. woodsonii Gleason; D, T. storkii Standley; E, B. tuberculata J. D. Smith. (A from Almeda et al. 6261, CAS; B from Breedlove 50940. CAS; C from Almeda et al. 3046. CAS; D from Almeda et al. 2884. CAS; E from Almeda & Nakai 4529. CAS.)

the somewhat more typical Blakea-type anthers to place generically. It is part of an unusual as- of its close relatives, B. anstin-smithii Standley semblage in the Blakeeae distinguished by small (Fig. IB) and B. purpusii Brandegee (Fig. IC). sessile or short-pedicellate flowers with only six Topobea hexandra has been the most difficult antesepalous stamens. Its close relatives include 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

I^Ll

Figure 3. Representative stamen morphology in Blakea and Topobea. A, B. litoralis L. O. Williams; B, T. parvifolia (Gleason)

Almeda; C, T. albertieae Wurdack; D, B. hirsuta Triana var. rotundata Markgraf; E, B. anomala J. D. Smith. (A from Almeda

& Nakai 4189. CAS; B from Almeda et al. 5898. CAS; C from Almeda et al. 6153. CAS; D from Lugo 4140. CAS; E from Almeda 2655. CAS.)

T. cordata Gleason, T. caliginosa Almeda, and tions, available anther material exhibits inter- T. crassifolia (Almeda) Almeda. Stamens of T. esting variations on the Topobea theme. With cordata were unknown to Gleason (1950) when the exception of T. hexandra, all have anthers

he proposed it as a new species. His decision to with two broad confluent pores. In T. cordata,

place it in Topobea was based on its superficial the anthers are oblong-subulate (5-5.5 mm long) resemblance to some sessile-leaved species of that and the confluent pores are somewhat ventrally genus. Although each of the species in this com- inclined. In T. caliginosa and T. crassifolia the plex is known from very few flowering collec- anthers are linear-oblong but shorter (2-2.5 mm) ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 305 with tmncate to somewhat dorsally inchned pores summit with two typically well-separated

(Fig. 1 D). The anthers of T. hexandra are also (often minute) apical pores Blakea

short (2 mm) and oblong, but they are laterally Stamens 6, 8, or 12 in number; anthers 1 -pored compressed and the two apical pores, although or 2-pored, linear-oblong to oblong-subu- broad, are ventrally inclined and separated from late or rostrate, usually not compressed lat- one another (Fig. 1 IF). In the context of varia- erally (if conspicuously compressed then tion exhibited by its close relatives, the sum- 1 -pored or dorso-basally appendiculate) with mation of anther characters in this species argues approximate or confluent dorsally inclined for placement in Topobea. Without these in- pores (if pores are prominently inclined ven- sights, one might be inclined to assign it to Blak- trally then flowers are hexandrous or pedi- ea. cels are beset with spreading brown hairs 1-

The last of the problematic species to be con- 2.5 mm long) .._ Topobea sidered here is T. suaveolens Almeda. This species is unusual in having fragrant pendant flowers New Taxa and New Combinations with brightly colored petals and connivent an- gregii thers that form a ring around the exserted style Blakea Almeda, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) (Fig. 1 2C). The essentially elliptic shape and conspicuous lateral compression of the anthers (Fig. Type: — PANAMA. Chiriqui: Cerro Pate Macho, windswept 12E) are reminiscent of Blakea-type anthers but ridge, 8°49'N, 82°24'W, elev. 2,100 m, 17 Jan. 1986, de Nevers & McPherson 6840 (holotype: CAS! isotypes: MEXU!, MO!, the broad solitary dorsally inclined apical pore PMA!, US!). is a feature known only in Topobea. Again, my Frutex ca. 2-4 m altus. Ramuli primum quadrangulati de- generic placement of this species is influenced by mum teretes sicut petioli laminarum subtus pedicelli bracte- its close relationship to T. fragrant issi ma Al- aeque pilis 1-2.5 mm longis induti. Petioli 1.8-3.5 cm longi; meda (Fig. 10), a species with androecial char- lamina 9.3-14.5 x 5-9 cm elliptica vel elliptico-ovata apice acters that can only be attributed to Topobea. acuminata basi obtusa vel rotundata vel late acuta, 5-nervata Interestingly, the anomalous androecial mor- vel 5-plinervata, coriacea et Integra, nervis secundariis 3-6 mm inter se distantibus. Flores 6-meri penduli in quoque nodo phology in the cases discussed above all appear superiore plerumque 1-4, pedicellis 1.2-2 cm longis; bracteae to is represent derived syndromes. Each associ- exteriores 7-8 x 5-8 mm ellipticae vel ovato-ellipticae ad ated with a unique pollen presentation mecha- basim paulo (2 mm) coalitae; bracteae interiores omnino libe- nism {T. suaveolens), a specialized pollinator rae 5-6 x 4-7 mm ovatae vel suborbiculares apice tnincato- rotundato. Hypanthium (ad torum) 6 mm longum extus gla- spectrum (see discussion under B. gregii), or great brum vel sparse subamorpho-furfuraceum; calycis tubus 2-3 reduction in flower size {T. hexandra). Blakea, mm longus, lobis 2-4 mm longis extus sparsiuscule strigosis. with about 100 described species, and Topobea, Petala 13-14 x 9-11 mm obovata apice rotundato sparse ca- with over 60 species, are large and diverse, closely duceque glanduloso-ciliolata. Filamenta 6-7 mm longa; antherae 4-^.5 x 2 cm subulatae lateraliter non cohaerentes, related genera. If more unusual anther forms come dorsaliter biporosae; connectivum dorsaliter ca. 0.5 mm supra to light, it may become increasingly difficult to thecarum basim inconspicue tuberculatum. Stylus 1.2-1.3 cm; separate them without establishing arbitrary lim- ovarium 6-loculare et Vi inferum apice glabro (cono et coUo its or fueling counterarguments to submerge To- non evoluto). pobea. For floristic purposes, I find it expedient Terrestrial shrubs 2-4 m tall. Young inter- to recognize both genera. This is done for con- nodes quadrate, becoming rounded with age. venience and to preclude extensive nomencla- Distal branchlets, vegetative buds, petioles, and tural changes pending a comprehensive study of pedicels densely covered with a brown indument the tribe. It is not done out of a firm conviction of appressed, ± curved subulate hairs mostly 1- that generic status is necessarily the best way to 2.5 mm long. Mature leaves of a pair essentially reflect relationships based on currently perceived equal in size; petioles 1.8-3.5 cm long; blades differences. Accordingly, the following revised coriaceous, 9.3-14.5 cm long and 5-9 cm wide, key to these genera is offered in an attempt to elliptic to elliptic-ovate, apex acuminate, base incorporate the most obvious Mesoamerican obtuse to rounded but sometimes varying to anomalies discovered to date: broadly acute, margin entire and somewhat revo-

Stamens 1 2 in number; anthers 2-pored, oval, lute when dry, 5-nerved or 5-plinerved, the in- oblong, or elliptic, compressed laterally, nermost pair of primaries diverging from the me- bluntly obtuse or broadly rounded at the dian nerve 4-6 mm above the blade base, the 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

Figure 4. Blakea gregii Almeda. A, habit; B, representative leaf with enlargement (abaxial surface); C, representative flower (natural posture) with petals and stamens removed; D, outer floral bract (abaxial surface); E, inner floral bract (abaxial surface);

F; petals (adaxial surface); G, stamens, lateral view (left), ventral view (middle), dorsal view (right). (A from Almeda et al. 6137, CAS; B-G from the holotype.) 3

ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 307

elevated network oftransverse secondaries spaced collected in January; the only fruiting specimen 3-6 mm apart at the widest portion of the blade, was collected in March. the young unexpanded leaves beset with a de- Distribution.— A little-collected cloud forest ciduous indument of white wooly hairs but typ- or elfin forest species known only from Chiriqui ically becoming glabrous adaxially at maturity Province, Panama in the region extending from and moderately to copiously covered abaxially Cerro Horqueta to Cerro Pate Macho at 1,800-

with smooth appressed to ± curved brown hairs 2,200 m (Fig. 5). 1.5-2.5 mm long. Flowers pendant, solitary, Additional — paired, or in fascicles of 4 in the leaf axils of Specimens Examined. PANAMA. Chiriqui:

S slopes of Cerro Horqueta, 2 1 Jan. 1 97 1 , Wilbur et al. 13486 distal branches; pedicels 1.2-2 cm long. Floral (CAS, DUKE, MO); Cerro Pate Macho, SMQ'N, 82°24'W, 1 bracts thick and semisucculent, sessile and en- Mar. 1988, Almeda et al. 6137 (CAS, CR, MO, NY, PMA, tire; outer bracts connate basally for 2 mm, 7-8 TEX). X 5-8 mm, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, apex acute, Blakea gregii is closely related to four other densely covered abaxially with appressed to in- species characterized by cryptic, pendant flowers curved smooth brown hairs; inner bracts free to with green, connivent petals and nocturnal or the base, 5-6 x 4-7 mm, ovate to subrotund, crepuscular nectar production (Almeda 1980, apex rounded to truncate varying to retuse with 1981a). The green-flowered species are typically a bluntly acute median lobe, sparingly to mod- cloud forest hemiepiphytes that germinate ter- erately beset with appressed brown hairs that are restrially, ascend nearby trees by adventitious typically concentrated around or restricted to the roots, and ultimately become epiphytic by losing median apex. Hypanthia (at anthesis) campan- root contact with the soil. Both B. chlorantha ulate to suburceolate, 6 mm long to the torus and and B. gregii, however, are often conspicuous 7-8 mm in diameter, glabrous or sparingly brown terrestrial shrubs on windswept ridges of the con- furfuraceous toward the base. Calyx tube 2-3 tinental divide where the vegetation is common- mm long; calyx lobes erect, 2-^ mm long and 4- ly reduced to elfin woodland. 5 mm wide basally, ovate to deltoid-ovate with Intensive field studies by Lumer (1981) and a blunt callose-thickened tooth at the abaxial apex Lumer and Schoer (1986) have shown that B. of each lobe, roughened along interlobe sinuses, austin-smithii, B. chlorantha, and B. pendulijlora adaxially glabrous, abaxially covered with a sparse are visited and pollinated by six species of ro- indument of tardily deciduous short incurved dents belonging to four genera: Oryzomys, Pero- brown hairs that are restricted to or largely con- myscus, Reithrodontomys, and Scotinomys. Lu- centrated near the apex. Petals 6, glabrous, con- mer and Schoer (1986) suggest that rodents may nivent to somewhat imbricate when fully ex- indeed play a significant role as pollinators of panded, 13-14 X 9-11 mm, green, obovate, flowering plants in the harsh windy cloud forest apically rounded, entire but irregularly glandu- environment. Nothing is known about the pol- lar-ciliate. Stamens 12, isomorphic, free and en- lination of5. gregii, but similarities in floral mor- circling the exserted style; filaments complanate phology and habitat suggest that small rodents and glabrous, 6-7 mm long; anthers 4-4.5 mm may also play an important role in the repro- long, 2 mm wide, elliptic-oblong, laterally com- ductive biology of this species. pressed, each anther tipped with two dorsally To facilitate comparison, diagnostic characters inclined approximate pores; connective dilated of the five species o{ Blakea with pendant green dorso-basally ca. 0.5 mm above the filament in- flowers are summarized in the following key: sertion into a blunt callose spur. Ovary '/2 infe-

rior, 6-celled, glabrous and lobulate at the apex 1 . Leaf blades modified adaxially at the pet- but not expanded into a cone or collar. Style iole-laminar junction into flap-like saccate straight, glabrous, 1.2-1.3 cm long, conspicu- pouches, the basal and lateral margins of ously exserted beyond the petals and calyx lobes; which are free from but conspicuously de- stigma truncate. Berry globose, about 6 mm long current on the petiole. and 8 mm in diameter. Seeds clavate to narrowly 2. Pubescence of uppermost intemodes

pyriform, ca. 1 mm long, beige with a smooth consisting of hairs 1-2 mm long; leaf glossy testa and a conspicuous lateral raphe. blades bluntly denticulate and revolute PhenoixkjY. — Flowering specimens have been on drying; outer floral bracts linear-Ian- 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

B. gregii B. scarlatina T. fragrantissima

200 km

Figure 5. Distnbulions oi Blakea gregii, B. scarlatina, and Topobea fragrantissima.

ceolate, 1 5-2 1 mm long, equaling or ex- primary nerves on lower leaf sur- ceeding the calyx lobes at anthesis; Cos- faces moderately to densely covered ta Rica (Cerro Chompipe, Volcan Barva, with spreading brown hairs mostly and Volcan Irazu) less than 0.5 mm long; pedicels (20-) B. austin-smithii Standley 28-38 mm long; outer floral bracts 2. Pubescence of uppermost intemodes 13-20 mm long; Mexico (Chiapas) consisting of hairs mostly less than 0.5 and western Guatemala (Quezalten- mm long; leaf blades entire and revolute ango and San Marcos)

on drying; outer floral bracts ovate to _._ B. purpusii Brandegee elliptic-ovate, 5.5-9 mm long, conspic- 4. Uppermost intemodes and elevated uously shorter than the calyx lobes at primary nerves on lower leaf sur- anthesis; Costa Rica (Cordillera de Ti- faces densely covered with ap- laran) B. chlorantha Almeda pressed brown hairs 1-2.5 mm long;

1 . Leaf blades not modified adaxially at the pedicels 12-20 mm long; outer floral petiole-laminar junction into flap-like sac- bracts 7-8 mm long; western Pana- cate pouches. ma (Chiriqui) B. gregii Almeda 3. Older petioles, pedicels, and floral bracts essentially glabrous; outer floral bracts Among the green-flowered species, B. gregii is 13-17 mm wide on fruiting hypanthia; probably most closely related to B. chlorantha. Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca They are separable even in sterile condition be- and Volcan Barva) cause B. gregii lacks the flap-like saccate pouches B. penduliflora Almeda at the petiole-laminar junction that are typical 3. Older petioles, pedicels, and floral bracts of B. chlorantha. The latter also differs consis- moderately to copiously covered with tently in a number of other characters. Pubes- appressed or spreading brown hairs; cence of the upper cauline intemodes consists of outer floral bracts 5-9 mm wide on ± flattened subulate hairs mostly less than 0.5 fruiting hypanthia. mm long and the floral bracts are beset with a 4. Uppermost intemodes and elevated mixture of spreading shaggy hairs (these mostly ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 309

less than 0.5 mm long) and appressed stellate sessile, entire, and free to the base; outer bracts hairs. In addition, the pedicels of 5. chlorantha 3.5-5 X 2-3 mm, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or are shorter (0.4-1 cm), the calyx lobes are tri- elliptic-ovate, apex bluntly acute to rounded, angular instead of bluntly rounded, and the pet- sparingly and deciduously brown furfuraceous- als are about half the size (6-8.5 x 5-6 mm) of puberulent; inner bracts 3-4 x 3-3.5 mm, ob- those in B. gregii. long-ovate, apex rounded, essentially glabrous This species is named for Greg de Nevers but deciduously fimbriolate-puberulent on the (1955-), a student of Arecaceae, who collected margins. Hypanthia (at anthesis) campanulate, the type and many other important additions to 3^ mm long to the torus and 6-7 mm in di- the melastome flora of Mesoamerica in the course ameter, glabrous. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long; ca- of his extended field work in Panama from 1984 lyx lobes 1-1.5 mm long and 2.5-3.5 mm wide to 1986. basally, broadly ovate with a blunt callose-thickened tooth at the abaxial apex of each lobe, mar-

gin entire, glabrous on both surfaces. Petals 6, Blakea hammelii Almeda, sp. nov. glabrous, 1.4-1.5 x 0.8-0.9 cm, white flushed (Fig. 6) with pink unilaterally on the abaxial surface, ob- — Type. PANAMA. Chiriqui: 3.5 mi. NE of Boquete, end of ovate, apically rounded, entire. Stamens 12, iso- rd. on slope S of Rio Palo Alto, 17 Nov. 1978, Hammel 5688 morphic, free and declined to one side of the (holotype: CAS!; isotype: MO). flower opposing the style; filaments complanate Frutcx epiphyticus vel terrestris. Petioli 0.7-1.7 cm longi; and glabrous, 4.5-5.5 mm long; anthers 3.5^ lamina 3.5-7.5 x 1.6-4.5 cm elliptica vel elliptico-ovataapice mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, yellow, linear-oblong caudata vel cuspidata basi acuta ad maturitatem subcoriacea et glabra, 5-nervata, nervi in axillis acarodomatiis instructi, in dorsal and ventral view, narrowly ovoid in nervis secundariis 0.25 mm inter se distantibus. Flores 6-meri profile view, truncate at the apex with two some- in quoque nodo superiore singuli vel bini, pedicellis 2.6-3.5 what dorsally inclined pores; connective slightly cm longis, bracteae omnino liberae; bracteae exteriores 3.5-5 thickened dorsally and dilated into a blunt spur X 2-3 mm ovatae vel ovato-ellipticae extus sparse subamor- ca. 1-1.5 above the filament insertion. Ovary pho-furfiiraceae demum glabratae; bracteae interiores 3-4 x mm 3-3.5 mm oblongo-ovatae extus sparse inconspicueque fim- % inferior, 5-6-celled, glabrous at the summit briolato-ciliolatae. Hypanthium (ad torum) 3^ mm longum which is distended into a prominent cone that x extus glabrum; calycis tubus 1-1.5 mm longus, lobis 1-1.5 becomes rounded with age. Style declinate and 2.5-3.5 mm. Petala glabra 1.4-1.5 x 0.8-0.9 cm obovataapice somewhat sigmoid, glabrous, 10-11 mm long; rotundato. Filamenta 4.5-5.5 mm longa; antherae 3.5^ x l- 5-6.5 1.5 mm oblongae lateraliter non cohaerentes apicaliter bipo- stigma truncate. Berry globose, mm long rosae; connectivum dorsaliter ca. 1-1.5 mm supra thecarum and 4-7 mm in diameter. Seeds irregularly pryi- basim tuberculatum. Stylus 10-1 1 mm; ovarium 5-6-loculare form to pyramidate, 0.5-1 mm long, beige with et % inferum, cono glabro (collo non evoluto). a smooth testa and conspicuous lateral raphe. Phenology.— Rowering specimens have been Epiphytic or terrestrial shrubs or small trees collected from January through April and in No- 2.5-6 m tall. Young vegetative buds deciduously vember; the only known fruiting specimens were furfuraceous, otherwise glabrous, the distal collected in January and April. branchlets glabrous and bluntly quadrate with Distribution. — Local and uncommon in cloud thickened interpetiolar lines or ridges. Mature forests on the slopes of Cerro Pate Macho and leaves of a pair equal to unequal in size, glabrous along the Rio Palo Alto in Chiriqui Province, throughout; petioles 0.7-1 .7 cm long; blades sub- Panama at 1,600-1,900 m (Fig. 8). coriaceous, 3.5-7.5 cm long and 1.6^.5 cm wide, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, apex caudate to cuspi- — date, base acute, margin entire, 5 -nerved abax- Additional Specimens Examined. PANAMA. Chiriqui: S slopes of Cerro Pate Macho, along trail E of Jaramillo Arriba, ially with well-developed, irregularly ruptured 8°49'N, 82°23'W, 1 2 Apr. 1 984, Churchill & KuijI 5103 (CAS); domatia formed in the angles between the me- trail to Cerro Pate Macho, 8°49'N, 82°24'W, 17 Jan. 1986, de dian vein and each of the two proximal lateral Nevers & McPherson 6830 (CAS); back side of mountain, Bo- veins, the striolate transverse secondary veins quete, 20 Mar. 1977, Folsom 2185 (CAS); along trail between N fork of Rio Palo Alto and Cerro Pate Macho, ca. 6 km spaced mostly less than 0.25 mm apart at the NE of Boquete, 8°48'N, 82°23.5'W, 6 Feb. 1986, Grayum et al. widest portion of the blade. Flowers erect, soli- 6371 (CAS); road along Rio Palo Alto ca. 3 km NE of Boquete tary or paired in leaf axils of distal branches; to the end, 15 Apr. 1982, Huft 1855 (CAS); Rio Palo Alto, 28 pedicels 2.6-3.5 cm long, glabrous. Floral bracts Apr. 1983, Schmalzel 1478 (CAS). CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

showing domatium (abaxial surface); Figure 6 Blakea hammelii Almeda. A, habit; B, representative leaf with enlargement view (left), dorsal view (middle), ventral C representative flower (natural posture); D, petal (adaxial surface); E, stamens, lateral from Churchill Kuijt 5103- B from Huft 1855- C view (right); F, berry with persistent decussate bracts; G, seeds. (A, D, E & from de Nevers & McPherson 6830; F, G from Schmalzel 1478.) ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 311

Because of its elliptic to elliptic-ovate leaves Frutex epiphyticus. Ramuli subquadrangulsires demum te- sicut folia novella obscure fiirftiracei mox glabrati. with finely striolate secondary veins, erect long- retes primum Petioli 1-2 cm longi; lamina 6.5-1 1 x 3.2-5.8 cm elliptica vel pedicellate flowers, and white petals that are elliptico-obovata apice caudata vel cuspidata basi acuta, flushed with pink abaxially, B. hammelii is readi- 3-nervata vel 3-plinervata, subcoriacea et integra, nervis se- ly mistaken for B. paucijlora Gleason, to which cundariis 0.25 mm inter se distantibus. Flores 6-meri in quo- nodo superiore l-2(-3), pedicellis 0.5-1.2 longis, brac- it seems most closely related. The two differ pri- que cm teae omnino liberae; bracteae exteriores 2.5-5 x 1.5-2.5 mm marily in androecial details and the nature of the oblongo-lanceolatae acutae primum extus sparse vel modice calyx. In B. paucijlora the anthers, which are subamorpho-fiirfiiraceae demum glabratae; bracteae interiores fused laterally for most of their length, are conic 2-^ X 2-3 mm ellipticae vel ovato-ellipticae apice late acuto to rounded apically with two minute subterminal extus glabrae. Hypanthium (ad torum) 3-4 mm longum extus pores positioned on the ventral side of the anther sparsiuscule caduceque subamorpho-fiirfuraceum; calycis tubus 1.5-2.5 mm longus, lobis 1-2 mm longis. Petala 6-7 x 3- sacs. Many specimens of B. paucijlora and B. 5 mm obovato-oblonga apice rotundato. Filamenta 3-4 mm fruiting hammelii are collected only in condition, longa; antherae 2.5-3 x 0.75-1 mm oblongae inter se late- but the flaring, essentially truncate, calyx of the raliter cohaerentes subapicaliter minute biporosae; connecti- former provides a consistent character by which vum nee prolongatum nee appendiculatum. Stylus 6-7 mm; ovarium 6-loculare et omnino inferum apice glabro (cono et the two species can be distinguished. collo non evoluto). Although the domatia of B. hammelii and B. paucijlora are superficially similar to the pocket Epiphytic shrubs 2—4 m tall. Distal branchlets domatia ofClidemia hammelii Almeda (Almeda subquadrate, becoming rounded with age. Veg-

1 989), they appear to be modified versions of the etative buds and very young leaves deciduously pit or marsupiform (pocket-shaped) domatia de- scurfy-puberulent. Mature leaves of a pair equal

scribed and illustrated by Jacobs ( 1 966) and Stace to somewhat unequal in size, glabrous through- (1965), respectively. The term domatium was out; petioles 1-2 cm long; blades subcoriaceous, coined by Lundstrom (1887) when he hypothe- 6.5-1 1 cm long and 3.2-5.8 cm wide, elliptic to sized a mutualistic relationship between mites elliptic-obovate, apex caudate to cuspidate or and plants bearing these structures. Because of rarely varying to acuminate, base acute, margin insuflicient field study and the lack of experi- entire, 3-nerved or 3-plinerved with an addi- mental data, the functional significance of foliar tional submarginal pair of inconspicuous veins, domatia has remained conjectural for over a cen- the striolate transverse secondary veins spaced tury. Based in part on Lundstrom's seminal pa- mostly 0.25 mm apart at the widest portion of per, Pemberton and Turner (1989) recently pre- the blade. Flowers erect, solitary or paired, rarely sented new data to "support the hypothesis of a in fascicles of three in each leaf axil of the distal widespread facultative mutualism in which leaf branches; pedicels 0.5-1.2 cm long, sparingly domatia serve as shelters and nurseries for ben- scurfy-puberulent to glabrous. Floral bracts ses- eficial mites, which in turn reduce the number sile, entire, and free to the base; outer bracts 2.5- ofphytophagous arthropods and pathogens using 5 X 1.5-2.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, the plants." Interestingly, Pemberton and Turner sparingly to moderately scurfy-puberulent to gla- found three genera of predaceous mites in 32% brate; inner bracts 2-4 x 2-3 mm, elliptic to of the domatia of an unidentified Panamanian elliptic-ovate, apex acute, essentiaUy glabrous but species of Blakea examined specifically for their fimbriolate-puberulent on the margins. Hypan- study. thia (at anthesis) campanulate, 3-4 mm long to

This species is named for Barry E. Hammel the torus and 3-4 mm in diameter, sparingly and (1946-), avid student of the Mesoamerican flora, deciduously scurfy-puberulent. Calyx tube 1.5- who collected the type of this and several other 2.5 mm long; calyx lobes 1-2 mm long and 2.5- recently described species of Melastomataceae. 3 mm wide basally, triangular to triangular-ovate, margin entire or deciduously ciliate, glabrous on

both surfaces. Petals 6, glabrous, 6-7 x 3-5 mm, Blakea herrerae Almeda, sp. nov. pale greenish-white, oblong-obovate, apically (Fig. 7) rounded, entire. Stamens 12, isomorphic; fila- — Type. PANAMA. Comarca de San Bias: El Llano-Carti ments 3-4 mm long, complanate, glabrous and road at about km 1 9. Ina Igar trail in the vicinity of Nusagandi, declined to one side of the flower opposing the elev. 350 m, 1 Feb. 1989, Almeda et al. 6507 (holotype: CAS!; style; anthers 2.5-3 long, 0.75-1 wide, isotypes: AAU!, BM!, BR!, CR!, DUKE!, F!, G!, MA!, MEXU!, mm mm MICH!, MO!, NY!, P!, PMA!, TEX!, US!, WIS!). yellow, laterally connate for their entire length, 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

Figure 7. Blakea henerae Almeda. A, habit; B, C, representative leaves (abaxial surface) showing variation in shape and ^•--"^^"^'--"-'letails; D, representative flower and bud (natural showing posture) with enLrglent t^Z^^^:^rT''''''hypanthial pubescence; E, petal (adax.al surface); F, berry with persistent decussate bracts; G. seeds. holotype; (A-E from the F, G from Sytsma et al. 2603.) 1 1

ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 313

B. hammelii • B. herrerae T. hexandra ^ T. suaveolens

200 km

Figure 8. Distributions of Blakea hammelii. B. herrerae. Topobea hexandra, and T. suaveolens.

linear-oblong, with two minute pores positioned km to 15.8 km from Interamerican Hwy., 9°19'N, 78°55'W, 24 Aug. 1984, de Nevers el al. 3746 (CAS); Llano-Carti ventrally just below the truncate apex; connec- road, 1 3.8 km to 19 km from Interamerican Hwy., 9°19'N, 78°55'W, tive slightly thickened dorsally but not prolonged 3 Sep. 1 984, de Nevers & Porras 3822 (CAS); Llano-Carti road, or at insertion. appendaged the filament Ovary km 19.1, 9°19'N, 78°56"W, 9 Nov. 1984, de Nevers cfe Herrera completely inferior, 6-celled, glabrous at the 4242 (CAS); Llano-Carti road, km 19.1, 9°19'N, 78°55'W, 1 Mar. summit surrounding the stylar scar but not dis- 1985, Je Nevers & Herrera 5100 (CAS). Comarca de San Bias/Panama Border: on Kuna divide trail N of Llano-Carti tended into a prominent cone or collar. Style road, 9''20'N, 79°00'W, 16 Dec. \9il.McPherson 1 187 9 (MO). declinate slightly somewhat and incurved dis- Panama: Llano-Carti road, 9°16'N, 78''58'W, 12 Sep. 1980, tally, glabrous, 6-7 mm long; stigma truncate. Sytsma 1077 (CAS); headwaters of Rio Chagres, Rio Esperan- Berry globose and pink at maturity, 9-10 mm za, and Rio Piedras, 9°20'N, 79°20'W, 1 7 Oct. 1984, de Nevers et al. 4088 (CAS). long and 10-12 mm in diameter. Seeds clavate to narrowly pyriform or pyramidate, 1-1.5 mm First collected in 1977, Blakea herrerae, is long, beige with a smooth testa and conspicuous another species that has been confused with, and lateral raphe. is probably derived from, B. pauciflora. Both Phenology. — Rowering and fruiting occur species have finely striolate secondary foliar ve- sporadically throughout the year. nation and laterally fused anthers that are de- Distribution.— Low rainforests from the Ca- clined to one side of the flower to form a semi- ribbean slope of central Panama (Code) east to circle. Blakea pauciflora differs from B. herrerae the Llano-Carti road in the Nusagandi region in a number of floral characters. The pedicels of (Comarca de San Bias) at 100-400 m (Fig. 8). B. pauciflora are longer (2.5-5.3 cm), the calyx

is essentially truncate and flaring, the style is Additional Specimens Examined. — PANAMA. Code: be- longer (9-12 mm) and flexuous, and the larger tween La Junta and Limon, 5 hr. walk N of Alto Calvario, 1 Oct. 1977, Folsom 5878 (CAS); trail between Rio Blanco and petals (13- 19 x 8-1 mm) are white flushed with Continental Divide N of El Cope and El Petroso sawmill, pink instead of pale greenish-white. Blakea her- 8°38'N, 80°36'W, 14 Dec. 1980, Sytsma el al. 2603 (CAS). rerae is also distinctive in that some mature leaves Comarca de San Bias: Llano-Carti road, km 16, trail to creek on all collections examined have cryptic tufts of on Atlantic drainage, 2 Feb. 1989, Almeda et al. 6523 (CAS, PMA); Nusagandi, Llano-Carti road, 28 Jul. 1984, de Nevers short stiff hairs on the lower surface in the angles & Todzia 3540 (CAS); along Llano-Carti road, W of road 13.8 between the median vein and each of the two 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

proximal lateral veins. These may well function that have been studied in the field are buzz-pol- as acarodomatia, like the concentrated foliar hair linated by many species of bees (including two tufts now known to harbor beneficial mites in euglossine genera) seeking pollen as a floral re- many plant groups (Pemberton and Turner 1 989). ward (Lumer 1981; Renner 1989). Several eu- There is some variation in the size and shape glossine genera are among the common buzz- (Fig. 7B, C) of mature leaves, but none of this pollinating bees in the neotropics (Buchmann can be correlated with geography, elevation, or 1983; Roubik 1989). However, only female eu- other diagnostic characters. Despite the limited glossines are known to collect pollen from neo- range of this species, there is some variation that tropical Melastomataceae (Renner 1989). In the appears to be geographically correlated. The two male euglossine pollination syndrome of the Or- cited collections from Code Province west of the chidaceae, the flowers produce no nectar and the

Canal Area (Fig. 8) differ from populations east pollen is not available as a food source. It will of the Canal in having elevated primary leaf veins be interesting to learn if euglossine bees buzz- below that are sparsely beset with a mixture of pollinate the poricidal anthers of 5. herrerae and scurfy hairs and spreading glandular hairs. The if its floral fragrance serves only as a secondary lower leaf surfaces of these two collections are attractant, as suggested by Renner (1989) for also unusual in having a liberal scattering of mi- melastomes in general. In addition to the Or- nute red glands on and between the striolate sec- chidaceae, floral fragrance collection by male ondary veins. More material from Code and oth- euglossines has been found in some species of er intervening areas is needed to better assess the Anthurium and Spathiphyllum (both in the Ara- significance of these differences in pubescence. ceae), one species of Gloxinia (Gesneriaceae), A population from Cerro Jefe, Panama (rep- Cyphomandra (Solanaceae), Dalechampia (Eu- resented hy D'Arcy 12181, McPherson 7435, and phorbiaceae), and a scattering of species in other Sytsma 1414, all CAS), is similar to B. herrerae families of flowering plants (Ackerman 1986; in foliar venation, details of the floral bracts, and Williams 1983). Because pollen presentation in anther morphology. These collections differ from Cyphomandra provides a parallel to the porici- other cited material in having thicker leaves, dally dehiscent anthers of Blakea herrerae, ad- larger petals (12-15 x 8-9 mm) that are pink, ditional fieldwork is needed to document details and longer styles (11-12 mm long). Because plants of its pollination biology. of this population differ from typical specimens This species is named for Heraclio Herrera of Blakea herrerae in characters that are com- (1959-), a student of the Panamanian flora who monly diagnostic, they are excluded from my kindly directed me to a flowering population of circumscription of this species pending addi- this species at Nusagandi, Panama. tional study. Field study of this species in the Nusagandi Blakea scarlatina Almeda, sp. nov. region revealed an unusual method of vegetative (Fig. reproduction that to my knowledge has never 9) been reported for an epiphytic member of the Type. -COSTA RICA. Alajuela: 20-30 km SE of Cataratas de San Ramon, elev. 2,150-2,500 ft. (655-762 m), 20 Mar. Melastomataceae. Blakea herrerae is commonly 1978, Almeda et al. 4308 (holotype: CAS!). a massive rainforest epiphyte with lax spreading ca. 4 altus. primum subquad- branches that skirt host trees. In two individuals Frutex epiphyticus m Ramuli rangulati demum teretes sicut folia novella pedicelli hypanthia- examined, the outermost branches were attached que sparse vel densi furfuracei demum glabrati. Petioli 1.7- to adjacent trees clinging roots. by adventitious 4.5(-6.3) cm longi; lamina 8.5-19.7 x 5.4-10 cm elliptica vel One individual had colonized four neighboring elliptico-ovata apice acuminata basi acuta vel obtusa vel ro- host trees in this fashion. tundata, 3-nervata, coriacea et integra, nervis secundariis 1-2 mm inter se distantibus. Flores 6-meri in quoque nodo superio- Blakea herrerae also appears to be unique re singuli, pedicellis 1-1 .8 cm longis; bracteae exteriores 2-2.7 among the erect-flowered species of the genus in X 2.2-3.6 cm late ovatae vel suborbiculares ca. 1-1.5 cm coa- having greenish-white flowers that produce a litae apice truncato-rotundato plerumque mucronato; bracteae pleasant spicy fragrance but lack nectar. The fra- mteriores 1-2 cm omnino coalitae. Hypanthium (ad torum) 1-1.3 longum; calycis tubus 5-6 longus, lobis 5-10 grance is reminiscent of that produced by neo- cm mm mm longis. Petala 3-4.5 x 2.5-4.3 cm obovata vel cuneata tropical orchids that are pollinated by male eu- apice truncato vel rotundato. Filamenta 9-13 mm longa; an- glossine bees. The few species of Blakea and therae 6-8 x 4-6 mm inter se non cohaerentes, pons duobos Topobea with showy white and/or pink flowers minutis terminalibus; connectivum ad basim dorsaliter dente ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 315

Figure 9. Blakea scarlatina Almeda. A, habit; B, representative leaf (abaxial surface) with enlargement showing pubescence detail; C, outer flora! bracts; D, inner floral bracts enveloping hypanthium; E, hypanthium (top view) showing ovary summit, torus and calyx lobes; F, petal (adaxial surface); G, stamens, lateral view (left), ventral view (right). (A, B from the holotype; C-G from Hammel 9297. CAS.)

3-5 mm armatum. Stylus 2-2.1 cm; ovarium 6-loculare et buds, juvenile leaves, pedicels, and young hy- omnino incluso) glabro. inferum cono 5 mm longo (collo panthia sparsely to densely furfuraceous-puber- Massive epiphytic shrubs to 4 m tall with coarse ulent but becoming glabrate with age. Mature spreading branches 0.5-8 m long. Vegetative leaves of a pair essentially equal or only slightly 316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

unequal in size; petioles 1.7-4.5(-6.3) cm long; Distribution.— Widespread but local and un- blades thick and coriaceous, 8.5-19.7 cm long common in wet evergreen forests from southern and 5.4-10 cm wide, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, Nicaragua (Zelaya) south to Costa Rica from Par- apex acuminate, base acute to obtuse or rounded, que Nacional Rincon de la Vieja (Guanacaste) margin entire, 3-nerved with an additional pair and the Cordillera de Tilaran (Alajuela) south- of inconspicuous intramarginal veins, the trans- east to the vicinity of Turrialba (Cartago) from verse secondary veins mostly 1-2 mm apart at sea level to 1,450 m (Fig. 5). the widest portion of the blade, essentially glabrous but whitish puncticulate above, sparsely Additional Specimens Examined.— COSTA RICA. Ala- juela: 3 km N of Rio Cataratas on road to Bajo Rodriquez, 23 furfuraceous-puberulent on the elevated primary Feb. 1978. Almeda & Nakai 3884 (CAS, CR); 1 8-35 km NNW veins or almost glabrous. Flowers erect, below of San Ramon on road to Cataratas, 21 Mar. 1986, Almeda et solitary in the axils of uppermost leaves; pedicels al. 5652 (CAS); La Palma de San Ramon, 6 Nov. 1 923, Brenes somewhat compressed, 1-1.8 cm long. Floral 3920 (P)\ La Palma de San Ramon, 29 Sep. 1925, Brenes 4466 (F); La Palma de San Ramon, 24 Oct. 1926, Brenes 5031 (F); bracts thick and coriaceous, sessile and entire; La Palma de San Ramon, 24 Nov. 1926, Brenes 5115 (F); La outer bracts connate basally for about half their Palma de San Ramon, 24 Nov. 1926, Brenes 5138 (F); La length, 2-2.7 x 2.2-3.6 cm, broadly ovate to Palma de San Ramon, 22 Aug. 1927, Brenes 5671 (F); La suborbicular, apex rounded to subtruncate, typ- Palma de San Ramon, 5-8 Aug. 1935, Brenes 20627 (F); Re- serva Forestal de San above and in valley of Rio ically mucronate, deciduously furfuraceous-pu- Ramon San Lorencito, 10°13'N, 84°37'W, 12-14 Mar. 1987, Burger et al. berulent abaxially; inner bracts connate for their 12105 (CAS, F); Monteverde Reserve, Atlantic slope, Rio Pe- entire length to form a shallowly lobed, glabrous, fias Blancas valley, 19 Mar. 1986, Haber 1519 (CAS); San bowl-like collar 1-2 cm high that envelops the Carlos, margin of Rio Pefias Blancas at elevation of San Pedro, hypanthium but is usually concealed by the outer 29 Jun. 1985, Haber & Bella 1744 (CAS); San Carlos, Penas Blancas, 9 Jul. 1985, Haber & Bella 1873 (CAS); Rio Peiias bracts. Hypanthia (at anthesis) campanulate, 1- Blancas, San Carlos, 1 1 Aug. 1 985, Haber & Bella 2306 (CAS); 1.3 cm long to the torus and 1.3-1.6 cm in di- finca Don Bolivar Ruiz on road between the Reserva de San ameter. Calyx tube 5-6 mm long; calyx lobes Ramon station and the road to Palmareiia, Feb. 1987, Herrera erect or slightly spreading. 5-10 mm long and 508 (CAS); 6 km S of Ciudad Quesada, near Rio La Vieja, 10 Sep. 1967, Lent 1265 (F); 8 km NE of Villa Quesada, near 9-14 mm wide basally, triangular-ovate and Artezalea, 17 Feb. 1966, Molina et al. 17258 (F); near San apiculate, margin entire, moderately to sparingly Isidro de Peiias Blancas, 22 Oct. 1965, Schnell 231 (F); La furfuraceous-puberulent abaxially. Petals fleshy 6, Marina, near Ciudad Quesada, 23 Oct. 1965, Schnell 243 (F); and glabrous when fresh, 3-4.5 x 2.5-4.3 cm, Villa Quesada, 21 Feb. 1939, Smith H1603 (F); 5.8 km N of brilliant red but white for the basal Va of their Cataratas de San Ramon, 1 1 Apr. 1 976, /& K. Utley 4606 (CAS, DUKE). Cartago: Institute Interamericano de Ciencias length, obovate to cuneate, apically truncate to Agricolas. Turrialba, 4 Oct. 1950, Leon 2790 (MO); 2.5 km E broadly rounded, entire. Stamens 12, isomor- of Tuis along banks of Rio Tuis, 9 Mar. 1978, Utley 6006 phic, free but connivent and forming a somewhat (CAS, DUKE). Cartago/San Jose Border: Estacion Carrillo, declinate nearly semicircular ring around the style; Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 28 Jul. 1984, Zamora & filaments complanate, white, fleshy and gla- Elizondo 672 (CAS). Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Rincon de la Vieja, Hacienda Santa Maria, SE of Mirador on road to brous, 9-13 mm long; anthers 6-8 mm long and Volcan Santa Maria, 10°48'N, 85°19"W, Herrera & Rabies 756 4-6 mm wide, yellow, oblong-ovoid, laterally (CAS, MO). Heredia: Finca La Selva on Rio Puerto Viejo, just compressed and tipped with two minute pores; E of its junction with the Rio Sarapiqui, along Far Loop Trail, connective thickened and prolonged dorsally at 1,000 m S, 21 Jul. 1980, Hammel 9297 (CAS, DUKE, F); Finca La Selva on Rio Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the base into an acute spur 3-5 mm long that Rio Sarapiqui, ridge above Q. Esquina, 30 Aug. 1981, Smith assumes a pseudoterminal position because of 135 (CAS, DUKE). Limon: hills 2 airline km SSE of Islas the pronounced adaxial tilt of each anther apex. Buena Vista in Rio Colorado, 10°40'N, 83°40'W, 13-14 Sep. Ovary completely inferior, 6-celled, glabrous at 1986, Davidse & Herrera 31127 (CAS); Hacienda Tapezco- the gently fluted summit and dilated apically into Hda. La Suerte, 29 airline km W of Tortuguero, 10°30'N, 83°47'W, 28 Aug. 1979, Davidson & Donahue 8913 (CAS); a cone and stylar collar 5 mm long. Style decli- path beyond Rio Sucio, Braulio Carrillo, May 1984, Gomez nate and incurved distally, glabrous, 2-2.1 cm et al. 22760 (CAS); ridge between Rio Chirripo and Q. El long and 0.5-1 mm wide, stigma truncate to cap- MoHnete, 10°12'N, 83''54'W, 19 Jul. \9M,Gra\nimet al. 3553 itellate. Mature berry and seeds not seen. (CAS); Cerro Coronel, E of Laguna Danto, 10''4rN, 83°38'W, Phenology. — Flowering specimens have been 1 5-20 Sep. 1 986, Stevens & Mantiel 24614 (CAS). Puntarenas: Monteverde community, windbreak next to road, 10''20'N, collected in every month except December and 84°50'W, 22 Jul. 1986, Haber 5729 (CAS). NICARAGUA. January; of the nearly 40 collections available Zelaya: 4 km N of Nueva Guinea, between Rio Plata and San for this study none had mature fruits. Antonio, 1 1°44'N, 84°26'W, 7 Sep. 1983, Nee 27883 (CAS). ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 317

Blakea scarlatina is unique among its Central The ffowers of B. scarlatina are some of the American congeners in having large flowers (8- most spectacular among neotropical epiphytes. 9 cm across at anthesis) with brilliant red petals They are also some of the most enigmatic when that are white for the basal Va of their length. For attempting to make inferences about likely pol- an obligate epiphyte this species has a compar- linators. The casual observer might be inclined atively broad geographic and elevational distri- to suggest bird pollination because of the brilliant bution; however, all available collections exhibit red coloration of the petals. This seems highly

remarkable uniformity in floral and vegetative unlikely. I have found no detectable nectar in features. any ffowers examined in the field during morning Blakea scarlatina was first collected by A. M. and late afternoon hours. These observations are

Brenes in 1 923. Many additional specimens have supported by Stein and Tobe (1989), who found accumulated in herbaria since that time, but most no anatomical basis for nectar production in this have repeatedly been misidentified as B. gran- species (referred to as Blakea sp. nov.). diflora Hemsley. Blakea grandijlora, which is Although pollinators of B. scarlatina remain

known only from higher elevations ( 1 ,400-2,350 unknown, a color slide photograph in the frag-

m) in Costa Rica, differs in having 5-plinerved ment packet of Burger et al. 12105 shows the leaves with an additional intramarginal pair of brown anther discoloration (bruising) typically veins, longer pedicels (3-5 cm), flowers borne in found on yellow-anthered melastome species that clusters of 2-4 in the upper leaf axils, petals that have been visited by buzz-pollinating bees. Field are white flushed with pink distally, and anther studies will be needed to determine the pollinator connectives that are modified dorso-basally into spectrum of this species and to evaluate conffict- short deflexed spurs. Vegetatively, B. scarlatina ing reports on the nature of its fforal fragrance. has an aspect most reminiscent of B. cuneata The ffowers of 5. scarlatina have been described Standley, a little-collected species of Belize, Gua- as having a musky odor (Haber 1519), a distinct temala, and Honduras. Striking similarities in delicate fragrance {Almeda et al. 5652), and a foliar morphology and pubescence details ini- strange, unpleasant odor (Nee 27883). tially led me to assign many collections of B. The name for this species is derived from scar- scarlatina to B. cuneata. Study of the type of B. latinus, Latin for scarlet, in reference to the vivid cuneata and more recent collections, however, red petal color. leaves no doubt that these two allopatric species are readily separated a number of diagnostic by Topobea caliginosa Almeda, nom. nov. characters. In B. cuneata there is a consistent Blakea micrantha Almeda, Rhodora 82:614. 1980. tendency for the elliptic leaves to be narrower — (3.5-6 cm), and the free portions of the outer Type. PANAMA. Veraguas: Cerro Tute ca 10 km NW of Santa Fe on ridgetop in cloud forest above 1,000 m, 19 Jun. floral bracts are elliptic-lanceolate and bluntly 1975, Mon 6765 (holotype: CAS!; isotype: MO!). acute at the apex. Blakea cuneata also differs in having smaller petals (1.8-2.1 x 1.5-2 cm) that A study of anther morphology in recently col- are pink, shorter filaments (5-6 mm), and linear- lected ffowering material of this species has led oblong anthers that are short (5-5.5 mm), erect, to the conclusion that it is closely related to T. and unappendaged dorso-basally. cordata, T. crassifolia, and T. hexandra. This has In anther morphology B. scarlatina most necessitated a reassessment of the proper generic closely approaches 5. tuberculataj. D. Smith and placement for this specialized group of species. B. cuatrecasii Gleason. Blakea tuberculata also For reasons discussed in the synoptic history at has anthers that are connivent and free, but they the beginning of this paper, it seems appropriate form a complete circle around the straight style. to transfer Blakea micrantha to Topobea. Adop-

Blakea cuatrecasii has stamens that form a nearly tion of a nomen novum is needed because the circular ring opposing the declinate style, but the epithet micrantha is pre-empted in Topobea (Al- anthers are laterally fused for nearly half of their meda 1981b:307). For additional comments and length. Because both of these species differ from an enumeration of its diagnostic features, see the

B. scarlatina in so many other characters, I see discussion under T. hexandra. The new name no compelling reason to suggest that they form for this species is derived from caligo, Latin for a particularly close alliance based solely on an- fog, mist, or darkness, in reference to its fog- droecial morphology. shrouded habitat at the summit of Cerro Tute. 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

Topobea crassifolia (Almeda) Almeda, comb, mm apart at the widest portion of the blade. nov. Flowers erect, solitary or paired in leaf axils of

Blakea crassifolia Almeda, Rhodora 82:612. 1980. distal branches; pedicels 2-3 cm long, glabrous. Floral bracts sessile, entire and free to the base; Type: — PANAMA. Code: La Mesa above El Valle in forest x on both sides of junction with road to Cerro Pilon, ca 800 m, outer bracts 5-11 3-5 mm, elliptic or rarely 21 Jul. 1974, Croat 25430 (holotype: CAS!; isotypes: MO!, varying to obovate, glabrous, apex rounded; in- US!). ner bracts 4-6 x 4-5 mm, obovate, glabrous, apex broadly rounded. Hypanthia (at anthesis) The rationale for transferring B. micrantha to campanulate, 3-4 long to the torus and 4- Topobea also applies to B. crassifolia. Among mm 5 mm in diameter, glabrous. Calyx tube 1 the four hexandrous species, T. crassifolia is most mm long; calyx lobes 1 long and 1-1.5 like T. cordata in having ovate to elliptic-ovate mm mm wide basally, ovate to deltoid-ovate with a blunt cal- leaves and a 4-celled ovary. The leaves of T. lose-thickened tooth on the abaxial apex of each crassifolia are petiolate whereas those of T. cor- lobe, margin entire but sometimes roughened data are invariably sessile. Anther differences be- along interlobe sinuses, glabrous on both sur- tween these two species are discussed above un- faces. Petals glabrous, 1.2-1.4 x 1-1.2 cm, der the synoptic history. With a distribution that 6, white flushed with pink unilaterally, obovate, extends to Costa Rica, T. crassifolia is the only apically rounded, entire. Stamens 12, isomor- hexandrous species known to occur outside of Panama. phic, free and strongly declined to one side of the flower opposing the style; filaments complanate and glabrous, 5-6 mm long; anthers 3.5- Topobea fragrantissima Almeda, sp. nov. 5 long, 1 wide, yellow, linear-oblong (Fig. 10) mm mm and tipped with a solitary dorsally inclined pore; Type:— PANAMA. Chiriqui: vicinity of Fortuna Dam, along connective dilated dorso-basally into a deflexed trail across valley of Rio Homito, elev. 1,100-1,250 m, 12 V2 Mar. 1988, Almeda et al. 6086 (holotype: CAS!; isotypes: CR!, spur 0.25 mm long. Ovary inferior, 4-celled, F!, MO!, PMA!, TEX!, US!). glabrous at the summit but not distended into a collar. Style sig- Frutex epiphyticus vel terrestris. Petioli 0.5-3 cm iongi; lam- cone or declinate and somewhat ina 1.5-5.5 X 1.6-3 cm elliptica vel elliptico-obovala apice moid, glabrous, 10-11 mm long; stigma punc- acuminata basi acuta ad maturitatem glabra, 3-nervata vel tiform. Berry globose, 7-10 mm long and 10 mm 3-plinervata, subcoriacea et integra nervis secundariis 0.25 mm in diameter. Seeds clavate to narrowly pyriform inter se distantibus. Flores 6-meri in quoque nodo superiore or pyramidate, 1 long, beige with a smooth singuli vel bini, pedicellis 2-3 cm longis, bracteae omnino mm liberae ellipticae vel obovatae; bracteae exteriores 5-11 x 3- testa and conspicuous lateral raphe. 5 mm apice rotundato; bracteae interiores 4—6 x 4-5 mm apice Phenology. — Rowering and fruiting speci- rotundato. Hypanthium (ad torum) 3-4 mm longum extus mens have been collected in January, March, glabrum; calycis tubus 1 mm longus, lobis 1 mm longis. Petala April, and July. 1.2-1.4 X 1-1.2 cm obovato-oblonga apice rotundato. Fila- Distribution. — Local and uncommon in cloud menta 5-6 mm longa; antherae 3.5-5 x 1 mm oblongae lateraliter non cohaerentes, poro unico dorsaliter inclinato; con- forests from the Boquete region of western Pan- nectivum ad basim dorsaliter dente 0.25 mm longo descendenti ama (Chiriqui) to the slopes bordering the Rio armatum. Stylus 1-1.1 cm; ovarium 4-loculare et '/2 inferum Homito above Los Planes east to Cerro Colorado apice glabro (cono et collo non evoluto). at 1,000-1,300 m (Fig. 5). Epiphytic or terrestrial shrubs or small trees Additional Specimens Examined. — PANAMA. Chiriqui: 1.5-4 m tall. Distal branchlets subquadrate and Edwin Fabrega Dam and Reserve along trail to Rio Homito glabrous with interpetiolar ridges or lines. Veg- above Los Planes, 8''45'N, 82°15'W, 18 Jan. 1989, Almeda et etative buds and young leaves sparingly and de- al. 6309 (CAS, MO, PMA); Monte Rey, above Boquete, 21 ciduously lepidote-furfuraceous. Mature leaves Jul. 1971, Croat & Porter 15692 (CAS, MO); trail to Zarzo, between Los Planes de Homito and Fortuna Lake, 8°4rN, of a pair equal to somewhat unequal in size, gla- 82°13'W, Hampshire & Whitefoord 689 (BM, CAS); ca. 5 km brous throughout; petioles 0.5-3 cm long; blades E of Fortuna Dam along trail crossing Rio Homito, 8°45'N, subcoriaceous, 1.5-5.5 cm long and 1.6-3 cm 82°15'W,26 Apr. 1988, rtom;750« 5027 (CAS, CM). Chiriqui/ wide, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, apex acumi- Bocas del Toro Border: windswept cloud forest off the road to Cerro Colorado, 26 Jan. 1989, Almeda et al. 6418 (CAS, CR, nate, base acute, margin entire, 3-nerved or DUKE, MO, PMA, US). 3-plinerved abaxially with an additional submarginal pair of inconspicuous veins, the striol- Topobea fragrantissima is distinguished by its ate transverse secondary veins spaced mostly 0.25 glabrous leaves with finely striolate secondary ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 319

Figure 1 0. Topobea fragrantissima Almeda. A, habit; B, representative leaf (abaxial surface); C, D, enlargement of foliar venation (abaxial surface); E, petal (adaxial surface); F, stamens, ventral view (left), lateral view (middle), dorsal view (right);

G, berry with persistent decussate bracts; H, outer floral bract (adaxial surface); I, inner floral bract (adaxial surface); J, seeds.

(A-I from the holotype; J from Croat & Porter 15692. CAS.) venation, long-pedicellate, erect flowers, linear- field observations and the label information on oblong anthers with solitary dorsally inclined most collections suggest that this species typi- pores, and a 4-celled ovary. Although it has been cally becomes a small, free-living tree. The style described as an epiphytic shrub or small tree, my in this species is declinate like many other species 320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

of Topobea, but the posture and orientation of Topobea hexandra Almeda, sp. nov.

its androecium is unlike that of other congeners (Fig. 11) with free anthers. In the erect-flowered species Type. — Panama. Panama: Cerro Jefe, along summit road of Topobea with free anthers, the filaments are and along trail into the Chagres Valley, elev. ca. 900 m, 19 declined to one side of the flower opposing the Feb. 1988, Almeda et al. 5837 (holotype: CAS!; isotypes: CR!, DUKE!, F!, MO!, NY!, PMA!, TEX!, US!). style and the anthers are typically erect or somewhat incurved apically. In T. fragrantissima this Frutex hemiepiphyticus. Ramuli primum sulcato-quadrangulati demum teretes glabri (in nodis caduce puberuli pilis orientation is taken to such an extreme that both castaneisca. 0.5-1 mm longis). Petioli 5-14 mm longi; lamina filaments and anthers lie flat on the surface of 2-3.9 X 1.1-3 cm subrotundata vel elliptico-ovata apice ro- the petals to form a semicircular configuration tundato vel obtuso basi late acuta vel obtusa vel rotundata, (Fig. lOA). In this unusual androecial orientation 3-nervala coriacea et Integra, nervis secundariis nervulisque the ventral surface of the anther faces upward invisis. Flores 6-meri sessiles vel subsessiles in quoque nodo superiore singuli vel bini; bracteae omnino liberae; bracteae and the dorsal surface (including the dorsally in- exteriores 5-6.5 x 3-5 mm ovatae vel ovato-ellipticae apice clined pore) face downward toward the petal sur- obtuso vel mucronato; bracteae interiores 4-5 x 4-6 mm late face. ovatae vel suborbiculares apice rotundato. Hypanthium (ad Field observations of pollination in this species torum) 3 mm longum extus sparsiuscule caduceque stellulato- should be of special interest because this pollen furfuraceum; calycis tubus 1 mm longus, lobis 2 mm longis. Petala 6.5-7 x 4 mm obovato-elliptica apice obtuso. Fila- presentation mechanism is coupled with the pro- menta 3 mm longa; antherae 6, ca. 2 x 1 mm oblongae inter duction of a perfume-like fragrance. The unusual se non cohaerentes, ventraliter biporosae; connectivum ad ba- anther posture and orientation of the pore may sim dorsaliter dente 0.25 mm descendenti armatum. Stylus require some peculiar manipulative behavior on 5.5 mm; ovarium 2-loculare et omnino inferum apice glabro (cono et collo non evoluto). the part of bees if this species is buzz-pollinated like the majority of species in the family with Hemiepiphytic shrubs to 1 m tall adhering to poricidally dehiscent anthers. the bark of host trees by nodal and intemodal Topobea fragrantissima is similar to T. suave- adventitious roots. Distal branchlets quadrate to olens (also described below) in a number of char- quadrisulcate, glabrous or sparsely beset with acters, and it seems likely that these two species spreading, deciduous, glandular hairs 1-2 mm are closely related. The shape and venation of long like the young petioles and upper and lower mature leaf blades are nearly identical. In the few surfaces of the juvenile leaves; older branches known collections of T. suaveolens, however, fo- rounded with leaf scars that are typically swollen liar pocket domatia (Fig. 1 2B) are formed abax- and nodular in appearance. Uppermost nodes ially in the angle between the median vein and copiously beset with brown spreading hairs. Veg- the innermost pair of lateral veins; domatia are etative buds copiously covered with a deciduous lacking in T. fragrantissima. The differences be- brown stellate-lepidote indument. Leaves of a tween these species are most readily apparent pair equal in size, glabrous throughout; petioles when fresh flowers are examined. In T. suaveo- 5-14 mm long; mature blades coriaceous, 2-3.9 lens the connivent petals give the pendant flowers cm long and 1.1-3 cm wide, suborbicular to el- a bell-like conformation, the free stamens form liptic-ovate, apex rounded or var>'ing to obtuse, a ring around the straight style, and the ovary is base obtuse to rounded, rarely varying to acute, 6-celled. The most distinctive feature shared by margin entire, 3-nerved, often with an additional the two species is the solitary anther pore. Within intramarginal pair of depressed veins. Flowers the Blakeeae, this derived character is known in erect, solitary or paired in the leaf axils of distal other species. Topobea acuminata Wurdack, T. branches, sessile or subsessile with short (to 1 caudata Wurdack, T. dodsonorum Wurdack, and mm) ill-defined pedicels formed by the com- T. pittieri Cogn. are a few notable examples. The pressed bases of the outer floral bracts. Floral fact that solitary anther pores occur in more than bracts thick and semisucculent, sessile, entire and one species complex within Topobea suggests that free to the base, sparingly stellulate-furfuraceous this character has arisen more than once in the abaxially; outer bracts 5-6.5 x 3-5 mm, con- course of its evolutionary history. cave, ovate to elliptic-ovate, apex obtuse to

The name for this species is derived iromfra- bluntly mucronate; inner bracts 4-5 x 4-6 mm, gro, Latin for sweet smelling, in reference to the broadly ovate to suborbicular, apex rounded. perfume-like fragrance of fresh flowers. Hypanthia (at anthesis) narrowly campanulate. ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 321

Figure 11. Topobea hexandra Almeda. A, habit; B, representative leaf (abaxial surface), C, enlargement of distal node showing spreading hairs; D, representative flower (natural posture); E, petal (abaxial surface); F, stamens, ventral view (left), lateral view (right); G, berry with persistent floral bracts removed; H, abaxial surface of inner floral bract (left), abaxial surface of outer floral bract (right); I, seeds. (A-H from the holotype; I from Witherspoon 8552.) 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14

3 mm long to the torus and 4-5 mm in diameter, cialized evolutionary line within the genus. They sparingly stellate-lepidote or stellulate-furfura- are distinguished from other congeners by a com- ceous. Calyx tube 1 mm long; calyx lobes erect, bination of specialized features associated with 2 mm long and 2-2.5 mm wide basally, ovate to great reduction in flower size. These are: (1) flow- deltoid-ovate, entire but irregularly roughened ers sessile or short-pedicellate (2-3 mm) at an- along interlobe sinuses, sparingly stellate-lepi- thesis; (2) diminutive petals (4.5-9 x 1.5-6 mm); dote. Petals 6, liberally covered with disc-shaped (3) each flower has only six stamens, each of hyaline processes, 6.5-7 x 4 mm, pink, elliptic- which is attached to the torus opposite a calyx obovate, apically obtuse, entire. Stamens 6, iso- lobe; and (4) the ovary is 2-celled or 4-celled. morphic and free; filaments complanate and gla- The stamen number in T. crassifolia and T. cali- brous, 3 mm long, declinate but incurved distally ginosa was unknown to me when I described bringing the anthers to an incurved position op- these taxa, because all available study material posing the style; anthers 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, had flowers with detached stamens (Almeda pale yellow, turning brownish orange with age, 1980). Recent collections of these two species oblong with two ventrally inclined pores at the and T. cordata clearly show that they are all hex- broadly rounded apex; connective slightly thick- androus. The reduction in stamen number ex- ened and dilated dorsally at the filament inser- hibited by this group of species is otherwise un- tion into a short blunt spur up to 0.25 mm long. known in the tribe. Ovary completely inferior, 2-celled, sparingly Among its close allies, T. hexandra is most beset with stellate-lepidote hairs, glabrous at the similar to T. caliginosa. Both species have summit surrounding the stylar scar but not dis- 3-nerved leaves, translucent petals that have a tended into a prominent cone or collar. Style liberal scattering of hyaline disc-shaped gland- declinate, incurved distally, glabrous, 5.5 mm like processes, and 2-celled ovaries. Topobea ca- long; stigma punctiform. Berry globose, 5-6 mm liginosa diflers in having glabrous uppermost long and 4-7.5 mm in diameter. Seeds bluntly nodes, oblanceolate to spatulate, basally atten- deltoid, 1-1.5 mm long, beige with a smooth uate leaf blades, confluent anther pores, and un- glossy testa and conspicuous lateral raphe. appendaged anther connectives. Phenology. — The only known flowering Within its restricted range, T. hexandra shows specimens were collected in February; fruiting inconstancy in characters of the indument. Distal collections have been made in February, Septem- branchlets can either be glabrous or sparsely be- ber, October, and December. set with spreading glandular hairs. When present Distribution.— Endemic to the low cloud for- these hairs are found on distal intemodes, peti- ests on Cerro Jefe in central Panama at 900- oles of juvenile foliage, and on upper and lower

1,000 m (Fig. 8). surfaces of some young leaves, but most of the hairs appear to fall away with age. All specimens Additional Specimens Examined.— PANAMA. Panama: of the type collection are devoid of glandular summit and S facing slopes of Cerro Jefe, 9 Feb. 1978, Almeda hairs. Mori & Kallunki 3755 and Witherspoon & Nakai 3459 (CAS); Cerro Jefe, along trail on ridge running 8552 are beset with hairs as described above, but NE from summit, 18 Dec. 1974, Mori & Kallunki 3755 (MO); Almeda & Nakai 3459, which consists of two Cerro Jefe, 29 Oct. 1980, Sytsma 2007 (MO); Cerro Jefe, road leading N from summit, 26 Sep. 1975, J. T. & F. Witherspoon branches, has hairs on one branch but not on the 8552 (MO). other. Unfortunately, T. hexandra is known from too few collections to determine which, if any, Collections of T. hexandra are few despite the of these forms constitutes the prevalent condi- fact that it is one of the most common shrubby tion. epiphytes in the forest at the summit of Cerro The epithet for this species is derived from the Jefe. In the field, fertile material is evidently Greek words hex, six, and andros, male, in ref- overlooked without the aid of binoculars, be- erence to the 6-stamened flowers. cause the small flowers are produced on uppermost branchlets positioned high on host trees Topobea parvifolia (Gleason) Almeda, comb. nov. where access to sunlight is optimal. Topobea hexandra, together with T. cordata, Blakea parvifolia Gleason, Phytologia 3:357. 1950.

T. caliginosa and T. crassifolia, form a closely Type. -PANAMA. Cocle: crest of Cerro Pajita, El Valle de related species group best interpreted as a spe- Anton, 1,100 m, Allen 3761 (holotype: NY; isotype: MO!). ALMEDA: ^fEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 323

In the protologue, Gleason described the an- cm long and 1.6-2.5 cm wide, elliptic, apex acu- thers of Blakea parvifolia as acute and emargin- minate to caudate-acuminate, base acute, margin ate at the tip with each anther sac opening by a entire, 3-plinerved with an additional incon- separate dorso-terminal pore (Fig. 3B). Because spicuous pair of submarginal veins and numer- anthers of this kind can only be interpreted as ous striolate transverse secondary veins spaced those of Topobea, Gleason appears to have erred mostly 0.25 mm apart at the widest portion of in placing this species in Blakea and subsequent- the blade, pocket domatia typically formed abax- ly maintaining it in that genus for his treatment ially in the angle between the median vein and of the family in the Flora of Panama (Gleason the two proximal lateral veins. Flowers pendant 1958). Gleason's brief discussion in the proto- and solitary in the leaf axils of uppermost logue also stated that "the one flower remaining branches; pedicels 2.3-3 cm long, glabrous. Flo- had lost part of its petals and stamens but there ral bracts sessile, glabrous, entire, and free to the was no evidence that there had been more than base; outer bracts 4.5-7.5 x 3-4 mm, elliptic to four of the one and eight of the other." My study elliptic-ovate, apex bluntly acute to rounded; in- of this species in the field and herbarium shows ner bracts 4-4.5 x 4 mm, ovate to suborbicular, that it has stamens that are coherent in a ring, apex broadly rounded. Hypanthia (at anthesis) as noted by Gleason, but the flowers are consis- campanulate, 4 mm long to the torus and 5.5-6 tently 6-merous with 1 2 stamens. mm in diameter, glabrous. Calyx tube 1.5 mm

Despite the heightened collecting activity in long; calyx lobes 1 mm long and 4 mm wide Panama during the past decade, T. parvifolia is basally, broadly ovate to deltoid-ovate with a still known only from the windswept slopes and blunt callose-thickened tooth on the abaxial apex ridges in the vicinity of El Valle de Anton. of each lobe, margin entire, glabrous on both

surfaces. Petals 6, glabrous, connivent to some- Topobea suaveolens Almeda, sp. nov. what imbricate and bell-like when fully expand-

(Fig. 12) ed, 1.2-1.5 X 0.9-1.1 cm, white flushed with dark pink along a broad continuous margin, ob- Type: Panama. Veraguas: along trail to summit ofCerro Tute about Vi mile above the Escuela de Agricultura Alto Piedra ovate, apically rounded, entire. Stamens 1 2, iso- near Santa Fe, elev. 900-1,100 m, 29 Jan. 1989, Almeda et al. morphic, free and encircling the exserted style; 6484 (holotype: CAS!; isotypes: AAU!, BM!, BR!, CR!, DUKE!, filaments complanate and glabrous, 2.5-3.5 mm F!, MEXU!, MICH!, MO!, NY!, PMA!, TEX!, US!). long; anthers 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, yellow, Arbor epiphytica 4 m. Ramuli primum sulcato-quadrangulati demum teretes glabri; linea interpetiolaris paulo elevata laterally compressed, oblong in ventral view and evoluta. Petioli 1.1-1.8 cm longi; lamina 3.6-5.3 x 1.6-2.5 narrowly ovoid in profile view with a shallow cm elliptica apice acuminata vel caudato-acuminata basi acuta, dorso-basal depression at the filament insertion, 3-plinervata, nervi in axillis acarodomatiis instructi, subcori- tipped with a solitary, dorsally inclined pore 0.75 acea et Integra, nervis secundariis 0.25 mm inter se distantibus. in diameter; connective simple. Ovary Vi Flores 6-meri penduli in quoque nodo superiore singuli, pedi- mm cellis, 2.3-3 cm longis; bracteae omnino liberae; bracteae ex- inferior, 6-celled, dilated at the glabrous summit teriores 4.5-7.5 x 3-4 mm ellipticae vel ovato-ellipticae apice into a smooth gentle dome 1-1.5 mm high. Style 4—4.5 x acuto vel rotundato; bracteae interiores 4 mm ovatae straight, glabrous, 8.5-9 mm long; stigma trun- vel suborbiculares apice rotundato. Hypanthium (ad torum) 4 cate. Berry globose, 5-6 mm long and 6-7 mm mm longum extus glabrum; calycis tubus 1.5 mm longus, lobis in diameter. Seeds narrowly and irregularly pyr- 1 mm longis. Petala 1.2-1.5 x 0.9-1.1 cm obovata apice rotundato. Filamenta 2.5-3.5 mm longa; antherae 2.5 x 1 mm iform, 0.75-1 mm long, pale brown with a smooth oblongae inter se lateraliter non cohaerentes, poro unico dor- testa and prominent lateral raphe. saliter inclinato; connectivum nee prolongatum nee appendi- Phenology.— The three known collections of culatum. Stylus 8.5-9 mm; ovarium 6-loculare et Vi inferum this species which are in flower and fruit were apice glabro (cono et coUo non evoluto). collected in January, February, and March. Epiphytic trees to 4 m tall, often obscuring and Distribution.— Known only from the cloud overtaking the crowns of host trees. Distal forests of Cerro Tute in west-central Panama at branchlets quadrisulcate gla- quadrate to and 850-1,100 m (Fig. 8). brous with well-defined interpetiolar ridges or AoDrrioNAL Specimens Examined. — PANAMA. Veraguas: lines. Vegetative buds deciduously lepidote-fur- vicinity of Cerro Tute, along trail to summit, 08°30'N, 8 1°07'W, furaceous. Mature leaves ofa pair equal or slight- 19 Mar. 1987, McPherson 10654 (CAS); near Cerro Tute- ly unequal in size, glabrous throughout; petioles Arizona, above Santa Fe and Alto de Piedra, 8''30'N, 8 1°1 0'W, 1.1-1.8 cm long; blades subcoriaceous, 3.6-5.3 5 Feb. 1988, McPherson 12043 (CAS). CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 46, No. 14 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

surface) with enlargement showing do- Figure 12 Topobea suaveolens Almeda. A, habit; B, representative leaf (abaxial view (left), dorsal view (middle), ventral view matium- C flower (natural posture); D, petal (adaxial surface); E, stamens, lateral the holotype; G from McPherson 10654.) (right)- F berry with persistent decussate bracts; G, seeds. (A-F from ALMEDA: NEW BLAKEA AND TOPOBEA 325

Topobea suaveolens is unusual in having flow- BM, BR, CM, CR, DUKE, F, K, MEXU, MO, ers that are bell-like and pendant with free con- NY, P, PMA, TEX, US, WIS. nivent anthers that form a ring around the exserted straight style. This floral syndrome is not found Resumen in the other species of Topobea with brightly Blakea y Topobea, los unicos generos en la colored petals. Topobea suaveolens is clearly a tribu Blakeeae, estan intimamente relacionados, sister species of T. fragrantissima (also described pero las anteras de Topobea tienen tecas lineal- above). In addition to diflerences noted in the oblongas, con uno o dos poros dorso-apicales o discussion of the latter, T. suaveolens is distinc- dos poros ventro-apicales. Topobea es un genero tive in at least two other floral features. Its fila- con mas de 60 especies descritas, incluido en ments are conspicuously broadened at the base Blakea solamente por Don, Baillon y Macbride, (Fig. 12E), and its shorter, laterally compressed pero es muy util reconocerlo hasta que dispon- anthers are narrowly ovate in profile view and gamos de una monografia. Se presenta una his- have a conspicuous dorso-basal depression. toria taxonomica de los dos generos con un co- The strong vegetative similarities between T. mentario sobre las caracteristicas de las anteras suaveolens and T. fragrantissima can make iden- empleado originalmente por Browne, Aublet, tification of fruiting specimens difficult. Al- Cogniaux, y otros botanicos. Las diferencias ge- though T. suaveolens is known from few collec- nericas a menudo se han alterado un poco para tions, even sterile material can be distinguished reflejar mejor las caracteristicas inusuales de al- by the peculiar foliar pocket domatia that are gunas especies que se encuentran en las monta- formed abaxially in the angle between the mid- iias de Costa Rica y Panama. Se provee una clave vein and the two proximal lateral veins (Fig. 1 2B). neuva para los dos generos. Se describen cuatro Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this especies nuevas de Blakea {B. gregii, B. ham- species is its agreeable floral fragrance. I de- melii, y B. herrerae de Panama; y B. scarlatina scribed it as fruity {Almeda 6484), but a more de Costa Rica y Nicaragua), y tres especies nue- telling comparison likens it to grape-flavored vas de Topobea {T. fragrantissima, T. hexandra, chewing gum {McPherson 12043). The name for y T. suaveolens de Panama) y se transfieren tres this species is derived from suavis, Latin for sweet, especies de Blakea a Topobea. Estos cambios se in reference to the sweet-smelling flowers. basan en caracteristicas de las anteras. Se pro- veen descripciones, ilustraciones y discusiones Acknowledgments sobre las afinidades entre las especies nuevas. Ademas se presentan notas sobre polinizacion y This study was supported, in large part, by mapas de distribucion. U.S. National Science Foundation Grant BSR 8614880 (Flora Mesoamericana) and the G. Literature Cited Lindsay Field Research Fund of the California AcKERMAN, J. D. 1986. Coping with the epiphytic existence: Academy of Sciences. For field assistance and/ polhnation strategies. Selbyana 9:52-60. in I or special technical support the herbarium Almeda, F. 1980. Central American novelties in the genus thank Bruce Bartholomew, Thomas F. Daniel, Blakea (Melastomataceae). Rhodora 82:609-615.

Greg de Nevers, Gordon McPherson, Kei Nakai, . 1981a. i5/aA-^a p£'«6^w///7ora (Melastomataceae): a new green-flowered species from Costa Rica. Brittonia 32(4):508- Orbelia R. Robinson, and Colleen Sudekum. For 511. logistical support in the field, special thanks go . 1981b. New and reconsidered species of Miconia to the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, the Mis- (Melastomataceae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Proc. Cal- souri Botanical Garden, the Organization for if Acad. Sci. 42(10):303-314. Tropical Studies, and the Smithsonian Tropical . 1989. Five new berry-fruited species of tropical American Melastomataceae. Proc. Calif Acad. Sci. 46(5): Research Institute. I am also grateful to John J. 137-150. Wurdack for a review of the manuscript; Varsha . In press. Melastomataceae. In Flora de Nicaragua.

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