The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham an Archaeological Excavation

The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham An Archaeological Excavation

View looking east of Building 2, a mid-19th century Scotch kiln identified during the archaeological excavation

ARS Ltd Report No-2015/140 OASIS No: archaeol5-224527

Compiled By: Rupert Lotherington PCIfA Archaeological Research Services Ltd The Eco Centre Windmill Way Hebburn Tyne and Wear NE31 1SR

Checked By: Robin Holgate MCIfA Tel: 01629 814540 [email protected] www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

ARS Ltd Report 2015/140

June 2015

Archaeological Research Services Ltd

Contents

Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………. 7 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 2. Location and Geology…………………………………………………………………… 9 3. Background………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 4. Aims and Objectives…………………………………………………………………….. 13 5. Methodology………………………………………………………………………………… 14 6. Results………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14 7. Specialist Reports…………………………………………………………………………. 54 8. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………….. 57 9. Publicity, Confidentiality, Copyright……………………………………………… 63 10. Statement of Indemnity……………………………………………………………….. 63 11. Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………. 63 12. References……………………………………………………………………………………. 63 Appendix I Context Register Appendix II Photograph Register Appendix III Cartographic Data Appendix IV Land Deeds relating to The Potteries, Coxhoe Appendix V Section and Plan Illustrations Appendix VI Tables Appendix VII Brick Samples Appendix VIII Written Scheme of Investigation Appendix IX OASIS Record

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

List of Illustrations

Figure 1. Site location ...... 9 Figure 2. Plan of development area...... 13 Figure 3. View facing north-west of furnace (Building 1) (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 15 Figure 4. View facing north-west of furnace (Building 1) (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 15 Figure 5. View facing east of Scotch kiln (Building 2) (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 16 Figure 6. North-facing view of Scotch Kiln (Building 2). (scale = 2 x 2)...... 18 Figure 7. South-west facing view of Scotch Kiln (Building 2) (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 18 Figure 8. East facing view of firebox (186e) and buttresses (206) (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 19 Figure 9. South facing view of fireboxes (186e - h). (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 19 Figure 10. North-west facing view of Building 2 and surface (188) (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 21 Figure 11. North-east facing view of fire-box arch (187a) and ash-pit (scale = 1 x 1m). .. 22 Figure 12. Northern Extent of Building 3 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 23 Figure 13. West-facing view of Phase 1 fireboxes (109a – d) in Building 3 ...... 24 Figure 14. North facing view of Phase 1 fireboxes (096a – d) in Building 3 ...... 25 Figure 15. East-facing view of Phase 2 kiln fireboxes (155a – c) in Building 3 ...... 26 Figure 16. South-east facing view of interior surface (087) in Phase 1 kiln Building 3 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 27 Figure 17. South-west facing view of northern extent of Building 3 (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 28 Figure 18. North-west facing view of firebox (109b) at the northern extent of Phase 1 Kiln in Building 3 (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 29 Figure 19. East-facing view of western flue (154) (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 30 Figure 20. East facing view of eastern flue (156) (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 31 Figure 21. South-east facing view of Phase 3 firebox (163) (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 32 Figure 22. Mid-19th century landscaping event [176] filled by grey/black levelling deposit (171) for the support of late 19th-century yard surface (172) (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 33 Figure 23. South-east facing view of repair (149) to Building 3 ...... 34 Figure 24. South-west facing view of wall (113) within late 19th-century flue (156) (scale = 1 x 0.2m)...... 35 Figure 25. West facing view of Building 4 - Phase 1 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 36 Figure 26. West facing view of southern extension (021) to Building 4 (scale = 2 x 2m). 37 Figure 27. East facing view of flue F004 in Building 4 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 38 Figure 28. East facing view of flue F004 and repair remodelling (007) (scale = 1 x 2m). . 39 Figure 29. East-facing section through flue F004 (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 39 Figure 30. North-east facing view of interior surfaces (076), (181) and (182) within Building 5 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 40 Figure 31. East facing view of eastern interior surfaces (076), (181) and (182). Note the gaps between the surfaces marking the location of the internal partition walls (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 41 Figure 32. South-east facing view of surface (181) (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 41 Figure 33. South-west facing view of surface (056) in Building 5 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 42 Figure 34. South-west facing view of demolition deposit (126) (scale = 1 x 1m)...... 44 Figure 35. South facing view of flue trench F121 (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 45

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 36. South-east facing view of flue trench F128 (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 46 Figure 37. South-east facing view of robber trench F167 (scale = 1 x 2m)...... 48 Figure 38. North-west facing view of robber trench F184 ...... 49 Figure 39. South-east facing section through drain F083 (scale = 1 x 0.2m) ...... 50 Figure 40. North-west facing view of 20th century surface (025) and bow window (020) (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 51 Figure 41. East-facing section through remodelling event F174 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 53 Figure 42. South-facing view of landscape remodelling event F174 (scale = 2 x 2m)...... 53 Figure 43. Reconstruction of the Scotch Kiln (Building 2) at Coxhoe ...... 58 Figure 44. Gable end wall of Newcastle kiln at Tarasfoot Tileworks in Building 3...... 59 Figure 45. 1842 Tithe Map with site location highlighted...... 79 Figure 46. 1857 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted...... 79 Figure 47. 1890 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted...... 80 Figure 48. 1919 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted...... 80 Figure 49. 1939 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted...... 81 Figure 50. 1962 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted...... 81 Figure 51. Aerial Photograph of the site c.1970...... 82 Figure 52. Page 1 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 84 Figure 53. Page 2 of 10 from land deeds relating to Coxhoe Pottery site ...... 85 Figure 54. Page 3 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 86 Figure 55. Page 4 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 87 Figure 56. Page 5 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 88 Figure 57. Page 6 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 89 Figure 58. Page 7 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 90 Figure 59. Page 8 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 91 Figure 60. Page 9 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 92 Figure 61. Page 10 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site...... 93 Figure 62. Mid-19th century building locations...... 95 Figure 63. Plan of Late-19th century building locations...... 96 Figure 64. Plan of mid-19th century archaeological features...... 97 Figure 65. Overall plan of late 19th century archaeological features...... 98 Figure 66. detailed plan of Scotch Kiln – Building 2 ...... 99 Figure 67. Detailed plan of Building 2 with section locations...... 100 Figure 68. Plan of Buildings 1 and 2 – mid-19th century...... 101 Figure 69. Plan of mid-19th century building 3...... 102 Figure 70. Phased plan of the northern extent of Building 3...... 103 Figure 71. Plan of late-19th century Building 4...... 104 Figure 72. Plan of late-19th century Building 5...... 105 Figure 73. Detailed plan of furnace incorporated into Building 5...... 106 Figure 74. Plan of late 19th century Building 6 and clay pit F176...... 107 Figure 75. Plan of mid-19th century features with 1850s OS map overlay...... 108 Figure 76. Plan of late 19th century features with 1890s OS map overlay...... 109 Figure 77. North-west facing section through Firebox (109) B ...... 110 Figure 78. East-north-east- section through flue F004 ...... 110 Figure 79. North-east facing section through flue F004 ...... 110 Figure 80. North-east facing section through wall (013) ...... 111

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 81. South and west-facing sections through construction trench F075 and associated features...... 111 Figure 82. South-south-east-facing section through drain F169 ...... 111 Figure 83. West-south-west-facing section exterior surface (172) ...... 112 Figure 84. South-west facing representative section through backfill deposits (174) ... 112 Figure 85. West-facing elevation through Brick Kiln exterior displaying firepits 186 D, E, F and G ...... 113 Figure 86. South-facing elevation through pottery foundation structure 191 ...... 113 Figure 87. West-facing elevation through Brick Kiln interior displaying surface (182) and firepits 187 E, F and G ...... 114 Figure 88. East-facing elevation through Brick Kiln exterior displaying firepits 187 C, D, E, F and G ...... 114 Figure 89. Fragments of a common brick recovered from (152), with misshapen face (scale = 0.15m)...... 121 Figure 90. Brick recovered from the north wall (197) of the Scotch kiln, with heat- affected face ...... 121 Figure 91. Stamped engineering brick recovered from context (048) (scale = 0.15m). . 122 Figure 92.Burnt refractory brick recovered from firebox (109c) (scale = 0.15m)...... 122 Figure 93. A burnt refractory brick from western wall (186) of the Scotch kiln ...... 123 Figure 94. A refractory brick recovered from surface (065) ...... 123 Figure 95. Refractory brick recovered from furnace wall (057) ...... 124 Figure 96. Specialist refractory brick recovered from firebox (109b) (scale = 0.15m). .. 124

List of Tables Table 1: Pottery Wares……………………………………………………………………………………………116 Table 2: Common Brick Samples……………………………………………………………………………..117 Table 3: Engineering Brick Samples………………………………………………………………………...118 Table 4: Refractory Brick Samples……………………………………………………………………………119

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Executive Summary

Project Name: The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham Site Code: COX15 Planning Authority: Durham County Council Planning Ref: DM/14/02852/FPA Superficial Geology: Quaternary Devensian- Diamicton Till NGR: NZ 32453 35173 Date of Fieldwork: May 2015 Date of Report: August 2015

In May 2015 Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by Gus Robinson Developments Ltd to undertake an archaeological excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham. The excavation was carried out between May 2015 and June 2015 in part fulfilment of a planning condition for a proposed housing development project located on the site.

The aim of the archaeological excavation was to gather sufficient information to establish the extent, condition, character and date of any archaeological features, structures and deposits within the area of the proposed development, and to record any features or deposits at an appropriate level.

Geotechnical data indicated that the eastern half of the development area had been heavily disturbed and the probability of archaeological remains surviving in this location were considered low. Consequently, an excavation area measuring 53m x 51m was established within the western portion of the development area.

The archaeological features identified within the excavation area revealed multi-phase periods of industrial and domestic occupation, including two mid to late 19th century phases and a 20th century phase.

The mid-19th century phase was characterised by the construction of a furnace (Building 1), a Scotch kiln (Building 2), four Newcastle kilns (Building 3) and an ancillary structure (Building 4). Cartographic and documentary evidence indicated that the buildings formed part of the Cornforth Brickworks and were established by Coxhoe brick manufacturer Ralph Carnaby between 1842 and 1857.

The later 19th century phase represented a period of demolition, remodelling and construction associated with the re-purposing of the brickworks for combined brick and pottery production. A flue was inserted through the eastern wall of Building 4 during the 1870s but archaeological and documentary evidence indicated that by 1881 the structure had been converted into terraced housing. Scotch kiln (Building 2) was demolished and sealed below the floor of an east-west orientated, sub-rectangular structure (Building 5) tentatively interpreted as housing ‘Muffle’ kilns for the production of pottery.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

The mid-19th century Newcastle kilns contained within Building 3 were converted from cross-draught kilns to downdraught kilns by the insertion of a flue network below the floor of the ware chamber. The insertion of flues into Building 3 represented the adoption of more efficient brick and pottery production technologies.

The later 19th century phase was also characterised by the construction of an east-west aligned, rectangular structure (Building 6). Building 6 was located at the southern extent of the site but due to heavy 20th century disturbance no understanding of structure function was attained.

The demolition of Building 2, the re-purposing of Building 3 and the construction of both Buildings 5 and 6 during the later 19th century were interpreted as modernisation and remodelling works associated with the re-naming of the site as the Cornforth Pottery. Documentary evidence suggested that the Cornforth Pottery was likely to have been established on the site by William Cowburn between 1871 and 1877. However, the operational life-span of the Cornforth Potteries was relatively short-lived as by 1890 the company had ceased trading and the site had been occupied by the Coxhoe Potteries, which had expanded from its previous location west of Station Road.

The Coxhoe Pottery-works continued operating until its eventual abandonment in the 20th century. The dis-use of the pottery-works was principally characterised by the deposition of a heavily disturbed demolition layer coupled with the excavation of multiple robber trenches within the interior of Buildings 3 and 5. Archaeological and photographic data suggested that Building 4 remained in use as a domestic residence until its eventual demolition during the late 20th century.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In May 2015 Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by Gus Robinson Development Ltd to undertake an archaeological excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham in advance of development on the site. The excavation was carried out between May and June 2015 in part fulfilment of a planning condition for a proposed housing development project.

2. LOCATION AND GEOLOGY

2.2 The development site was situated approximately 0.6km south of Coxhoe town centre, and centred at NGR NZ 32472, 35173 (Figure 1). The underlying geology of the site was Pennine Middle Coal Formation, Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone with overlying superficial deposits of Diamicton Till (British Geological Survey, 2015).

Figure 1. Site location (Ordnance Survey data copyright OS, reproduced by permission, Licence no. 100045420) 3. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Prehistoric 3.1 The earliest prehistoric evidence identified within the vicinity of Coxhoe was characterised by the discovery of a Bronze Age palstave (HER D5631), c.900m south-east of the proposed development area. The palstave displayed a typology characteristic of Bronze Age axe-heads produced in East Yorkshire during 1400-1200BC. No Bonze Age settlement types have been revealed in proximity to Coxhoe.

3.2 Aerial reconnaissance of the Tyne-Tees region by D.W.Harding in 1976 revealed a recti-linear cropmark approximately 200m south-east of Coxhoe at West House. Excavations conducted by the Durham Archaeology Committee in 1979 and the Archaeological Unit for the North-East of England revealed that the crop mark identified in 1976 was related to a late Iron-Age rectilinear settlement (HER D46015). The settlement consisted of a sub-square boundary ditch enclosing 0.4ha and a late Iron Age roundhouse structure (Allon and Haselgrove 1982). The form of the West House settlement was characteristic of late Iron Age farmstead enclosures in the north-east of England and drew parallels with a similar site at West Brandon, Co. Durham (HER D363- 4).

Roman 3.3 Evidence for Roman activity within Coxhoe is limited to the presence of a Roman road (Cade’s Road) which passes through the village centre on a north-west – south-east alignment. Cade’s road (HER D3181) was originally proposed by the late 18th- century antiquarian John Cade in 1785. Cade considered that the route of the road ran from Brough-on-Humber, to the Pons Aelius, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and passed through Coxhoe on the same route as the modern carriageway (B6291). Cades road does not continue north of Hadrian’s Wall. Excavations conducted c.200m south of Coxhoe Bridge, during 1977, revealed stone cobbling characteristic of Roman road surfaces and confirmed the presence of Cade’s Road at this location (Corser 1977).

Medieval 3.4 A deserted medieval settlement (HER D3621, SM 1019918), considered to be the original core of Coxhoe village, is located c.170m south-west of Coxhoe East House (Pevsner 2002). The earliest records regarding the medieval village of Coxhoe first appeared in land grant documents dated to the 14th century. However, by 1418, further documentary evidence suggested that a manor house and mill, within the medieval village, were described as being in a ruinous condition. Consequently, the medieval village of Coxhoe (HER D3621, SM 1019918) has been interpreted as a relatively short- lived settlement, only occupied between the 14th and 15th century.

3.5 Aerial reconnaissance photographs have revealed evidence for earthworks and probable house platforms during the early 1970s. Similarly, the aerial photographs indicate that the medieval settlement of Coxhoe was of a type familiar to this part of County Durham in which parallel lines of tofts or houses with crofts or garden areas to the rear face on to a village green. The tofts and crofts at Coxhoe survive as visible earthworks up to 0.5m high, forming sub-rectangular enclosures of between 6m and

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

10m wide arranged around a narrow green (SM 1019918). A number of building platforms are visible within these enclosures, some of which have visibly surviving building stone within them. Ridge and furrow marks (HER D5873) are also visible within the fields immediately west of Coxhoe deserted medieval village (HER D3621, SM 1019918) and were likely related to the medieval phase of occupation.

Post- Medieval 3.6 The post-medieval rural settlement of Coxhoe expanded from a hamlet centred upon a tollgate, Blackgate, on the Stockton- Durham turnpike road. Limited evidence for post-medieval occupation of the village indicated that boring for coal was attempted in 1742 and a pottery-works, known as ‘Coxhoe Pottery’ was established by the Lammas family in 1769 (Barbara Leo pers comm). The pottery-works was known for the production of coarse, brown earthenware bowls used in cooking or baking that were usually cream glazed on the inside and plain or brown glazed on the outside. An 1808 sale notification indicated that the Coxhoe pottery-works site remained active during the early 19th century and comprised a dwelling-house with several associated buildings occupying 17 acres of land (The York Herald 1808).

3.7 By the mid- 19th - century Coxhoe grew from a small rural hamlet, with a population of 117, to an industrial village with a population of 4101. The rapid population increase was attributed to the exploitation of local coal formations during the early 19th century and by 1851 Coxhoe housed five collieries, two train stations, a gas works and three brickworks.

3.8 The first image of the development area comes from a mid- 19th century tithe map, dated to 1842, which shows the site as part of a larger complex comprising several houses and gardens (Figure 45). However, the 1857 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map shows that the site was later occupied by the ‘Cornforth Brickworks’, which housed three structures and a clay pit (Figure 46). Title deeds (Figures 52-61) relating to the site also indicated that by 1854, the site was part owned by Mr Ralph Carnaby (b.1818- d.1885). Carnaby was listed in the 1851 census as a Coxhoe brick-maker, employing eight men, two women and one boy and continued to be registered as a brick manufacturer in the 1855 edition of Slaters Trade Directory. Consequently, the documentary and cartographic evidence suggested that a Brickworks was likely constructed at the site between the 1840s and early 1850s.

3.9 The title deeds further indicated that the Cornforth Brickworks were sold by Carnaby in 1861 and purchased by William Cowburn (b.1828- d.1885). Carnaby continued to be listed as a Coxhoe brick manufacturer in the 1871 census but the deeds relating to the site suggest that, beyond 1857, he had no further involvement in the brickworks located within the development area.

3.10 Further reference to the deeds also suggested that the Cornforth brickworks, purchased by Cowburn in 1861, contained brick furnaces, stabling, brick drying sheds and pug mills (Figures 52-61). The 1842 and 1857 mapping data both show a series of north-south aligned structures situated immediately north of the site, within the

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

location presently occupied by Belgrave Avenue (Figures 45 and 46). The position and form of the north-south aligned structures was indicative of the brick drying sheds listed within the title deeds. The presence of the drying sheds on both the 1842 and 1857 maps further indicated that the a brick or tile works may have been located north of the site in the early 1840s and expanded southwards into the development area during the mid- 19th century.

3.11 William Cowburn continued to own the Cornforth Brickworks until his death in 1885, whereupon his son John Cowburn and George Haddrick inherited the land. The 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey map, surveyed in 1890, suggested that by the later 19th century the Cornforth Brickworks was re-purposed to house the Coxhoe Pottery-works which had expanded from its former location west Station Road (Figure 47) The cartographic evidence also indicated that by the late 19th century the two buildings present at the north-western corner of the site had been converted into a single east-west aligned structure and a third east-west orientated building had been constructed. Similarly, the 1890 Ordnance Survey map indicated that several clay pits had also expanded to occupy the eastern half of the development area.

3.12 John Cowburn gained power of attorney over the land in 1903 and the property assets listed within the document only mention domestic residences and their associated lands. No mention is made of industrial buildings or industrial activity. Additionally, reference to the 1890 edition of Kelly’s Trade Directory lists John Robinson as an earthenware manufacturer employed by Coxhoe Pottery. However, in the 1906 edition of the same publication, John Robinson is no longer associated with Coxhoe Pottery and works as an earthenware dealer. Consequently, it is not unreasonable to assume that the Coxhoe Pottery-works likely ceased production and closed during the early years of the 20th century. The closure of the pottery-works was further confirmed by the 1919 Ordnance Survey map which listed the site as dis-used at this date (Figure 48). The 1939 Ordnance Survey data further shows that, prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the northern-most building within the western part of the development had been demolished and by 1962 the southernmost building had been also removed (Figures 49 and 50).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

4.1 The aim of the archaeological excavation was to gather sufficient information to establish the extent, condition, character and date of any archaeological features, structures and deposits within the area of the proposed development, and to record any features or deposits at an appropriate level.

4.2 Geotechnical data from the site showed that the eastern portion of the development area had been greatly disturbed and the probability of remains surviving in this area were considered low. Due to the high level of disturbance, and the foundation strategy (piles) for the proposed development, archaeological intervention in this area was not recommended by the Durham County Council Senior Archaeologist. However, geotechnical data from the western portion of the site (Figure 2 - blue boundary) suggested that this area had been the subject of lesser disturbance and could have a higher potential for surviving archaeological remains. Consequently, only the western portion of the site was subject to archaeological excavation. An exclusion zone (Figure 2 – green boundary) was established at the south-western extent of the development area due to the presence of Japanese knotweed. All archaeological excavation work was omitted from the knotweed exclusion zone.

Figure 2. Plan of development area (highlighted in red), the excavation area (highlighted in blue) and the knotweed exclusion zone (highlighted in green).

5. METHODOLOGY

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

5.1 All elements of the archaeological excavation were carried out in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (2013) and with the IfA Code of Conduct (2014).

5.2 Excavation work was conducted using a 360 mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless ditching bucket. All superficial deposits were removed until the identification of the first significant archaeological horizon. All machine excavation was subject to archaeological supervision. Plant was excluded from travelling across areas which had been stripped, except to carry out work under archaeological supervision where any areas to be crossed had been previously investigated to the satisfaction of Durham County Council Senior Archaeologist. The excavation followed the method set out in the Written Scheme of Investigation (Appendix VIII).

6. RESULTS

Mid - 19th century

6.1 The mid-19th century phase of activity was principally characterised by Buildings 1, 2 and 3, which were situated within the northern portion of the excavation area (Figures 62 and 64).

Building 1

6.2 Building 1 was located 21.63m east of the western extent of the excavation area at a depth of 104.14m aOD (Figures 3, 64, 66 and 68). The structure measured 6.09m x 6.09m x 1.24m at its maximum visible extents and displayed a uniform square shape in plan. It is worth noting that the original builders likely used an imperial system of measurement for setting out the foundations of Building 1. Correspondingly, the imperial plan measurements of the structure were recorded as exactly 20ft x 20ft.

6.3 Building 1 principally consisted of a north-facing, east-facing and west-facing wall (057), constructed from irregularly coursed, shaped, sandstone blocks (avg. dim. – 0.33m x 0.16m x 0.19m). Wall (057) was constructed in a single phase and a white- yellow, sandy mortar was identified on the east, west and north facing components of the structure (Figures 3 and 4). Similarly, it should be noted that the east and west facing elements of wall (057) displayed an average thickness of c.1m. However, the northern-facing component only measured c.0.70m. Demolition scars were visible at the southern extent of wall (057) and suggested that a south facing wall had existed but was likely removed during the destruction of the building. The interior faces of wall (057) were all severely heat affected and were considered to have been subject to persistent high temperatures. It should also be noted that a mid-19th century brick bearing the stamp ‘Coxhoe, Carnaby’ was recovered from the southern face of the north wall (057) (Figure 4 and 103).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 3.View facing north-west of furnace (Building 1) (scale = 2 x 2m).

Figure 4. View facing north-west of furnace (Building 1) (scale = 1 x 1m). 6.4 Building 1 was constructed within a vertically sided foundation cut [058] which was filled by both wall (057) and a grey-yellow, silty-clay backfill (075) containing frequents fragments of sandstone and mortar (Figures 73 and 81). Foundation cut [058]

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

was excavated through both a yellow-green, buried subsoil (052) and a brown-yellow, natural clay (008). A natural clay (074) was also visible within the interior of the structure, at a depth of 103.49m aOD, but had been scorched an orange-red colour due to persistent and prolonged exposure to high temperatures. No industrial machinery or ‘use’ deposits were identified within the interior of Building 1 which was filled by demolition layer (002).

6.5 Building 1 was interpreted as a furnace which was likely related to the mid-19th century occupation of the site by the Cornforth Brickworks. The relative thickness of the furnace walls (057) were considered necessary for the adequate retention of heat and as foundation support for a tapered sandstone chimney.

Building 2

Figure 5. View facing east of Scotch kiln (Building 2) (scale = 2 x 2m).

6.6 Building 2 was situated 5.7m north-east of Building 1 and measured 7.7m x 5.14m in plan. Similarly, Building 2 displayed a maximum height of 0.88m and was identifiable at a depth of 104.13m aOD.

6.7 The north (197), east (187), south (210) and west (186) facing walls were all constructed from unfrogged, red brick built to irregular courses in a flying bond (Figures 5-7, 10, 66 - 68 and 85 - 88). Additionally, the north (197) and south (210) gable-end walls only displayed a single skin of brickwork, which contrasted with the east (186) and west (187) long-walls of the structure which displayed an average thickness of c.1.28m. Both long-walls were pierced by fire-boxes measuring 1.27m x 0.22m in plan which were regularly spaced at 0.60m intervals (Figures 5 - 10, 66 - 68 and 85 - 88). The west wall (187) of Building 2 displayed the highest level of preservation and contained a complete

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

bank of eight fireboxes (186a – h) (Figures 6, 8 and 85). The eastern wall (187) almost certainly housed eight fireboxes when originally constructed but had been partially disturbed by later activity. Consequently, only eight fireboxes (187a – g) were identified during excavation (Figures 5, 7, 87 and 88). Firebox (187a) survived to a maximum height of 0.88m and displayed evidence of an arched roof potentially indicating that all sixteen fireboxes, originally housed within Building 2, would have been similarly arched (Figure 11). Additionally, all of the fireboxes were constructed from white refractory brick built to a single skin of thickness and laid in regular courses. The interior of the fireboxes all contained accreted coal and ash residue (198/205) in addition to severe vitrification of the brickwork (Figures 9, 66 - 68, 85 and 87). Consequently, the presence of ash deposits (198/205), fire damage to the brickwork and the location of support struts for a grate in firebox (187a) and (187d) indicated that the lower 0.20m of the fireboxes should be interpreted as ash-pits.

6.8 The exterior face of the west wall (187) was also supported by six brick-built buttresses (206) measuring 0.41m x 0.47m x 0.58m (Figures 7 and 66 - 68). Similarly, 3 buttresses (208), were also identified abutting the exterior face of the eastern long-wall (187) (Figures 5 - 9, 48, 87 and 88). All of the buttresses were situated in a flanking position either side of a firebox inlet.

6.9 The southern wall (210) of Building 2 was pierced by a 0.70m wide door-way, termed a wicket, which displayed wear consistent with heavy use (Figures 10, 66 and 67). The southern doorway was considered the only ground level access route into Building 2. The doorway/wicket opened into a sub-rectangular, interior floor surface (188) constructed from 2 courses of unbonded, red-brick. Surface (188) also measured 2.66m x 7.4m and displayed a semi-circular wear pattern beside the ash-pits below fireboxes (187b), (187d), (205b), (205c) and (205)g. The wear marks were likely caused by the ‘raking out’ of the fireboxes following use (Figure 9).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 6. North-facing view of Scotch Kiln (Building 2). Note buttress structures (206) in the foreground (scale = 2 x 2).

Figure 7. South-west facing view of Scotch Kiln (Building 2). Note the sooty trample (203) and buttresses (208) in the foreground (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 8. East facing view of inlet to firebox (186e) and exterior buttresses (206) (scale = 1 x 1m).

Figure 9. South facing view of fireboxes (186e - h). Note ‘raking’ wear to surface (188) in front of the left-hand firebox (186g) (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.10 Building 2 was constructed within a broadly sub-rectangular, landscaped depression [189] measuring c.8.10m x c.8.2m. Cut [189] had heavily truncated sides but, where visible, displayed broadly sloping sides and a flat, even base. The base of the cut was overlain by a 0.03m thick sooty trample layer which was likely deposited during the construction and operation of Building 2. The form and dimensions of cut [189] was suggestive of a topographic re-modelling event specifically intended to accommodate Building 2 at a depth lower than the surrounding ground level.

6.11 Building 2 was interpreted as an intermittent updraught kiln, or ‘Scotch’ kiln, for the firing and production of bricks. The presence of fire grates and soot within the fireboxes suggested that the kiln was coal powered. Similarly, the construction of Building 2 within a man-made depression [189] may have been related to air-flow regulation into the interior of the structure. Building 2 broadly matched the location of a sub-rectangular building marked on the 1857 Ordnance Survey map and should, therefore, be interpreted as a mid-19th – century brick-kiln within the Cornforth Brickworks complex.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 10. North-west facing view of Building 2 interior and surface (188). Note soot stained doorway/wicket in the foreground (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 11. North-east facing view of fire-box arch (187a) and ash-pit (scale = 1 x 1m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Building 3

Figure 12. Northern Extent of Building 3 (highlighted in red) (scale = 2 x 2m).

6.12 The third mid-19th century structure, identified during the excavation was characterised by Building 3 which housed multiple kilns. Building 3 was located 3.38m south-east of Buildings 1 and 2 and was identifiable at a depth of 103.88m aOD (Figures 12 and 62 – 64). Additionally, Building 3 was divided between two mid-19th century phases.

Building 3 – Phase 1

6.13 The earliest rendition of Building 3 displayed a rectangular shape in plan and was aligned on a north-west – south-east alignment (Figures 62- 64). The early phase building also measured 19.22m x 8.26m at its maximum extents in plan. A bank of four fire-boxes (109a - d) were identified at the northern extent of the structure and four fireboxes (096a - d) were revealed at the southern extent (Figures 12-14 and 64). All eight fireboxes were constructed from white refractory brick, laid to a stretcher bond of double skin thickness. The northern fireboxes (109a – d) all displayed iron struts for the support of a grate and all displayed evidence of fire damage to the interior facing brickwork. Similarly, a 0.08m thick, greyish-black, sooty ‘use’ deposit (110) was identified abutting the interior facing bricks of firebox (109a – d) (Figures 13 and 77). Deposit (110) overlay an additional sooty, ‘use’ deposit (112) which displayed an average thickness of 0.25m and also contained occasional fragments of red-brick. The northern fireboxes measured an average 1.04m x 0.60m and were identified at a depth of 103.76m aOD. The southern fireboxes (096a – d) had been heavily truncated by the insertion of a modern sunken driveway and contained no internal ‘use’ deposits (Figure 14). However, the northern half of the southern fireboxes (096a – d) displayed similar

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

dimensions to fireboxes (109a – d) and were probably constructed in a near identical format. The only difference between the northern and southern fireboxes was that a refractory brick surface (129/130/131/141) had been inserted into the base of fireboxes (096a – d).

Figure 13. West-facing view of Phase 1 fireboxes (109a – d) in the northern wall of Building 3 (scale = 1 x 1m and 1 x 2m).

6.14 Limited evidence for the external walls of Building 3 survived. However, two brick pillars containing mid-19th century brickwork were identified at the north east corner (151) and the north-west corner (152) of the structure (Figures 17 and 70). Both brick pillars abutted the northern bank of fireboxes and almost certainly represented the corners of the Phase 1 kiln. It should be noted that a fragmentary, two skin thick, redbrick wall (153) was also identified abutting the southern face of brick pillar (151) and was interpreted as the only surviving evidence for the eastern long-wall of the Phase 1 kiln. Both the northern and southern bank of fireboxes were abutted by a 0.02m thick, sooty trample deposit (093) which was overlain by a pavia-tile floor surface (087) measuring 9.54m x 5.07m x 0.09m (Figures 16 and 64). Surface (087) was interpreted as the internal floor of the kiln which likely extended across the full extent of Building 3. It should also be noted that the individual pavia tiles measured 0.50m x 0.50m x 0.09m, were formed from white fire-clay and displayed degradation consistent with exposure to high temperatures. Similarly, both trample deposit (093) and floor surface (087) overlay a buried subsoil (095) which had been scorched an orange/red colour by exposure to prolonged and intense heat. Subsoil (095) was scorched in a broadly rectangular shape consistent with the floor plan of Building 3 (Figures 14 and 64).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.15 Both the northern bank of fireboxes (109a – d) and southern bank of fireboxes (096a – d) were set within a vertical sided construction cut [108/135] below the level of the internal floor. Additionally, the natural topography of the landscape immediately north of Building 3 was remodelled in order to construct the kiln in a flat man-made depression [176] which was lower than the surrounding ground level. Trampled coal dust and soot (114) was also identified at the base of the depression [176] and it seems likely that the landscape was remodelled in order to allow exterior access to the fireboxes, potentially for stoking, raking out and air-flow.

Figure 14. North facing view of Phase 1 fireboxes (096a – d) in southern wall of Building 3 (scale = 1 x 2m).

6.16 In summary, the first phase of Building 3 was characterised by the construction of a rectangular brick-making kiln during the mid-19th century. It should be noted that the number and arrangement of fireboxes in Building 3 was markedly different from the ‘Scotch’ kiln characterised by Building 2. The location of the fireboxes at opposite ends of Building 3 was more indicative of an intermittent cross-draught kiln of the ‘Newcastle’ variant. Newcastle kilns rely on air being heated in fireboxes at one end of the structure and being drawn through the kiln interior by a chimney located within the opposing wall. The placement of fireboxes within a gable end wall, as characterised by Building 3, was a typical feature of Newcastle kilns. Additionally, the presence of fireboxes in both gable end walls of the Phase 1 rendition of Building 3 was suggestive of two, back-to-back Newcastle kilns which likely vented warm air from a centrally located chimney. No wicket into Building 3 was identified during the course of the excavation. However, it seems likely that a doorway would have been located in the eastern long- wall of the structure in order to facilitate ease of access into both the northern and southern ware chambers.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Building 3 – Phase 2

Figure 15. East-facing view of Phase 2 kiln fireboxes (155a – c) at the northern extent of Building 3 (scale = 1 x 1m and 1 x 2m).

6.17 A second, sub-rectangular kiln structure was built against the western wall of the Phase 1 kiln. The Phase 2 kiln contained three fireboxes (155a – c) at its northern extent and abutted the western face of corner pillar (152) from the Phase 1 kiln (Figures 14, 15, 64 and 70). The fireboxes were constructed in a similar manner to the fireboxes in the Phase 1 kiln and also contained sooty ‘use’ deposits (110) and (112). Similarly, the second phase fireboxes were also all constructed from white refractory brick laid in a stretcher bond. The only identifiable difference between the Phase 1 fireboxes (109a – d) and the Phase 2 fireboxes (155a – c) was that the Phase 2 variants were marginally smaller, measuring an average 1.02m x 0.53m (Figures 12, 15 and 70). Fireboxes (155a – c) were also accessed externally from the north side of the structure, as discussed above.

6.18 It should be noted that the Phase 2 kiln was heavily disturbed by the construction of a 20th century house, situated 3.4m south-east of the Phase 2 fireboxes. Consequently, no evidence for the southern bank of fireboxes, or any interior surface, was identified during the archaeological excavation. The Phase 2 kiln measured 8.06m x 7.06m at its maximum visible extents and was identified at a depth of 103.32m aOD.

6.19 The similar form and near identical construction techniques displayed by both the Phase 1 kiln and the Phase 2 kiln suggested that the second phase of Building 3 likely post-dated the Phase 1 kiln by only a few years. The Phase 2 kiln was also interpreted as a ‘Newcastle’ kiln and represented an expansion in brick production capabilities at the Cornforth Brickworks during the mid-19th century.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.20 In summary, the mid-19th century phase of activity consisted of one Scotch kiln (Building 2), at least three Newcastle kilns (Building 3) and a single sub-square, sandstone furnace (Building 1). Buildings 1 to 3 were all interpreted as being related to brick manufacture within the Cornforth Brickworks.

Figure 16. South-east facing view of interior surface (087) in Phase 1 kiln Building 3 (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 17. South-west facing view of northern extent of Building 3. Note the addition of a late 19th century, brick-built flue blocking external access to the Phase 1 and 2 fireboxes (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 18. North-west facing view of firebox (109b) at the northern extent of Phase 1 Kiln in Building 3 (scale = 1 x 1m).

Late – 19th century

6.21 The late 19th century phase of activity was represented by extensive demolition works and remodelling of many pre-existing Cornforth Brickworks structures for use in both brick and pottery production. The later 19th century structures were principally characterised by Building 3 – Phases 3 and 4; Building 4 – Phases 1 and 2; Building 5 and Building 6.

Building 3- Phase 3

6.22 Substantial remodelling to the interior of Building 3 and the northern bank of fireboxes (109a - d/155a - c) occurred during the later 19th century. An arched brick flue (156) measuring 6.3m x 0.57m x 0.55m was inserted immediately north of the Phase 1 fireboxes (109a – d) (Figures 20, 69, 70 and 72). Similarly, an additional arched brick flue (154), measuring 7.04m x 0.51m x 0.52m was also constructed north of the Phase 2 fireboxes (155a – c) (Figures 19 and 70). Flue (154/156) was constructed from unfrogged, redbrick laid in a flying bond of headers, stretchers and rowlocks. The arched roof of the flue had partially collapsed but was identifiable at a depth of 103.94m aOD. It is also worth noting that the Phase 1 and 2 fireboxes no longer maintained access to the exterior of Building 3 and were re-purposed to feed into the arched flue (154/156) (Figures 21 and 70).

6.23 Both flues also fed into a centrally located, sub-square, firebox (163) which abutted the north-west face of Phase 1 pillar (152)(Figures 21 and 70). Firebox (163)

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

measured 0.93m x 0.91m x 0.81m and was constructed from regularly coursed, unfrogged, refractory bricks. The interior of the firebox (163) was divided by a north- west – south-east aligned firebrick partition wall which created two, sub-rectangular, firing chambers. The eastern firing chamber fed into flue (156) and the western firing chamber fed into flue (154).

Figure 19. East-facing view of western flue (154) (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 20. East facing view of eastern flue (156). Note that Phase 1 and 2 fireboxes were not blocked and fed into the Phase 3 flue (154/156) (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 21. South-east facing view of Phase 3 firebox (163) (scale = 1 x 1m).

6.24 South of the Phase 2 fireboxes (155a – c) were three north-west – south-east aligned robber trenches (F103, F105 and F159) (Figures 12, 15, 69 and 70). Robber trench F103 was aligned with the south facing wall of firebox (155a) and consisted of a vertical sided cut [102] filled by a grey/black silty-clay backfill (103). Robber trench F105 was aligned with the south face of firebox (155b) and robber trench F159 fed into the fragmentary remains of firebox (155c). Both robber trenches F105 and F159 also displayed similar form and composition to trench F105. All three robber trenches measured an average 1.54m x 3.53m x 0.18m and were identified at a depth of 103.44m aOD.

6.25 Trenches F103, F105 and F159 were interpreted as demarcating the presence of flue extensions to the Phase 2 fireboxes. The location of the robber trenches (F103/F105/F159) suggested that the flue extensions were inserted into the interior of Building 3 but had been removed or ‘robbed out’ following the decommissioning of the structure.

6.26 It is also worth noting that landscape remodelling event [176], north of Building 3 was filled by a black/grey, silty-clay levelling deposit (171) for the support of a redbrick surface (172) (Figures 22 and 83). Levelling deposit (171) and surface (172) were both deposited following the formation of flue (154/156) and were dated to the late 19th century phase of operations. Surface (172) was visible north-east of Building 3 but likely served as a late 19th – century exterior yard and could have originally extended across the pottery-works between Building 3, 4, 5 and 6. Flue (154/156), levelling deposit (171), firebox (163) and trenches F103, F105 and F159 were representative of a comprehensive remodelling of brick-kiln Building 3. The insertion of flue (154/156),

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

across the northern extent of Building 3, blocked external access to the Phase 1 and 2 fireboxes. The lack of external access prevented the loading of fuel onto the grates, the raking out of the ash-pits and heavily restricted air-flow to any combustible fuel that was set within the fireboxes. Consequently, it seems likely that the Phase 3 fire-box (163) served as the new heat source and hot air travelled through flues (154/156), through the pre-existing fireboxes and into the kiln interior. The mid-19th century brick kiln fire-boxes were no longer being utilised as a heat source but as air inlet flues. Similarly, the location of robber trenches F103, F105 and F159 suggested that the warm air which now flowed through the Phase 2 fireboxes was being fed into a subterranean flue network which ran under the interior floor of Building 3.

Figure 22. Mid-19th century landscaping event [176] filled by grey/black levelling deposit (171) for the support of late 19th-century yard surface (172) (scale = 1 x 1m).

6.27 The flow of air under the floor of Building 3 suggested that the mid-19th century brick kilns were being converted from intermittent cross-draught kilns into intermittent downdraught kilns. The resultant modification to Building 3 was likely caused by a change in the type of ware being manufactured within the kilns and could have been due to the expansion of Coxhoe Potteries onto the site during the late 19th century.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Building 3 – Phase 4

6.28 A fourth phase of activity was also identified at the northern extent of Building 3. A length of brickwork (149) was inserted into the north wall of the eastern flue (156) and was identified at a depth of 103.76m aOD. Wall (149) measured 0.68m x 0.26m x 0.46m and was constructed from un-frogged redbrick laid to a header and stretcher bond. The relatively inferior standard of construction, identified within (149) contrasted with the pre-existing brickwork in the north wall of flue (156) (Figures. 22 and 70). Consequently, wall (149) was interpreted as a repair to the eastern flue network (156) and was almost certainly constructed during the later 19th century.

Figure 23. South-east facing view of repair (149) to the north-eastern flue (156) in Building 3 (scale = 1 x 1m).

6.29 Additionally, a north-west - south-east aligned wall (113) was inserted into the interior of flue (156) between Phase 1 fireboxes (109c) and (109d) (Figures 24 and 70). Wall (113) was identified at a depth 103.71m aOD and was constructed from white refractory brick and re-used redbrick. It seems likely that wall (113) was inserted in order to focus the flow of warm air from the Phase 3 firebox (163) through a single, re- purposed, Phase 1 firebox (109d). Wall (163) dated to the late 19th century and represented the final modification to have occurred during the operational life-span of Building 3.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 24. South-west facing view of wall (113) within late 19th-century flue (156) (scale = 1 x 0.2m).

Building 4 – Phase 1

6.30 Building 4 – Phase 1 was constructed 15.04m west of furnace Building 1, at the western extent of the site (Figures 24 and 71). The structure measured 9.8m x 6.8m x 0.48m and was identified at a depth of 104.25m aOD. Due to the proximity of Building 4 to the limit of excavation only the east-facing long-wall (013) and the south-facing gable-end wall (010) were visible (Figures. 25 and 71). The east-facing wall (013) was aligned on a north-west – south-east alignment and constructed from unfrogged redbrick built to regular courses in a stretcher bond. The south-facing wall (010) abutted the southern extent of (013) and was constructed on a north-east – south-west facing alignment. Additionally, the southern wall of Building 4 – Phase 1 was constructed from irregularly coursed, shaped sandstone blocks. Both walls (010) and (013) were constructed above a poorly sorted, grey/black levelling deposit (211) containing frequent fragments of redbrick and tile (Figure 71). Deposit (211) was interpreted as a levelling deposit which derived from the localised demolition of a pre-existing mid-19th century structure. No occupation or use deposits were identified within the interior of Building 4 – Phase 1.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 25. West facing view of Building 4 - Phase 1 (scale = 2 x 2m).

Building 4 – Phase 2

6.31 Building 4 – Phase 2 was characterised by the addition of an extension, abutting the southern wall (010) and the insertion of a flue F004 through the eastern long-wall (013) (Figures 25, 71, 78 and 79).

6.32 The southern extension measured 7.3m x 4.8m and consisted of a north-west – south-east orientated exterior wall (021). Wall (021) was constructed from late 19th century, unfrogged red-brick, which was regularly coursed and laid in both a header and stretcher bond (Figures. 25 and 71). A north-west – south-east aligned, partition wall (012) was also identified within the interior of Building 4 and bisected the full extent of the Phase 2 extension (Figures 25 and 71). Both walls (012) and (021) were constructed upon levelling deposit (211). An internal grey/black, crushed brick surface (011), also abutted the interior faces of walls (012) and (021). Surface (011) was interpreted as a fragmentary internal floor servicing the interior of the Phase 2 extension.

6.33 As previously mentioned, a north-east – south-west orientated brick lined flue (F004) was also inserted through the east-facing long-wall (013) of the Phase 1 structure. (Figures. 25, 26, 78 and 79). Flue F004 measured 28m x 0.48m x0.61m and consisted of a concave sided cut [005] filled by a fragmentary ceramic pipe and a grey/black, silty-clay backfill deposit (004). It was noted that although flue F004 bisected the northern extent of the site, the cut [005] within the interior of Building 4 displayed relatively shallow dimensions (0.15m) and also contained a single skin thick, redbrick wall (006) constructed from re-used 18th century brick (Figures. 27 and 28). Wall (006) was not identified outside the interior of Building 4. Consequently, flue-wall (006) was considered to have been constructed within the interior of Building 4 in order to protect

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

the flue-pipe and partially support an internal floor. A concrete and sandstone repair (007) was identified within the eastern long-wall (013) and was considered related to the insertion of flue F004 into the interior of the structure during the later 19th century (Figures 26 and 27).

6.34 Building 4 – Phase 1 and 2 were not detailed on the 1857 Ordnance Survey map but were present on site prior to the compilation of the 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey map in 1890 (Figures 46 and 47). Consequently, the first phase of Building 4 was interpreted as a probable ancillary brickworks structure which was initially constructed in the mid-late 19th century. The Phase 2 extension (021) and the insertion of flue F004 suggested that the Phase 1 brickworks structure was later re-purposed for pottery production during the later 19th century.

Figure 26. West facing view of late 19th century southern extension (021) to Building 4 (Scale 2 x 2m). Note that the late 19th century phases of Building 4 (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 27. East facing view of flue F004 in Building 4. Note sandstone and concrete repair (007) in east- facing long-wall (013) (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 28. East facing view of flue F004 and repair/wall remodelling (007) (scale = 1 x 2m).

Figure 29. East-facing section through flue F004, 3m east of Building 4. Note the pipe-hollow at the base of the feature (scale = 1 x 1m).

Building 5

6.35 At a broadly contemporaneous date to the modification of the southern brick kilns in Building 3, the pre-existing brickworks landscape at the north of the site was being similarly remodelled. The Scotch Kiln (Building 2) was partially demolished and the

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

resultant demolition debris (195) was used to fill the man-made depression [189] that Building 2 had occupied (Figure 31).

6.36 A north-east – south-west aligned structure (Building 5) was then constructed over both demolition deposit (195) and the remnants of the Scotch Kiln (Building 2). Building 5 displayed a sub-rectangular shape in plan and measured 26m x 5.62m x 0.40m at its maximum visible extents (Figures 72 and 73). The interior of the structure contained 4 sub-square, redbrick surfaces (056), (076), (181) and (182) measuring an average 3.36m x 4.46m x 0.08m (Figures 30, 31 and 32). The eastern-most surfaces, (181) and (182), were constructed above demolition deposit (195) and the western- most surfaces overlay a heat affected subsoil (055/077). Internal surfaces (056/076/181) were bisected by a north-east - south-west aligned black scorch pattern (212/213/214) which separated the northern half of the interior from the south (Figures. 29 - 31). It should also be noted that 3 heat affected mortar construction scars were identified at 0.91m intervals within scorch pattern (213). Additionally, 6 similarly spaced, sub- circular, wear patterns were visible at the southern border of scorch marks (213/214) on surfaces (076) and (181).

Figure 30. North-east facing view of interior surfaces (076), (181) and (182) within Building 5. Note the heavy wear present on the southern half of the surfaces (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 31. East facing view of eastern interior surfaces (076), (181) and (182). Note the gaps between the surfaces marking the location of the internal partition walls (scale = 2 x 2m).

Figure 32. South-east facing view of surface (181). Note the black sub-circular wear marks at the southern extent of the surface and the location of the mid-19th Scotch kiln (Building 2) in the foreground (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.37 The sub-circular wear marks all contained vitrified fuel waste and represented the most fire-damaged regions of surface (181) (Figures 29-31). Similarly, the southern half of the interior surfaces all displayed wear consistent with occupation or ‘use’ whilst the northern half of the interior remained relatively well preserved. The southern half of the western-most interior surface (056) displayed such significant wear that multiple repairs (061/065) were also identified (Figures 29 - 32 and 72).

6.38 It seems likely that both scorching (212/213/214) and the evenly spaced construction scars on surface (076) may have been caused by a bank of pottery kilns within the interior of Building 5. Additionally, the heavy wear on surfaces (056), (076) and (181) suggested that the southern half of the building interior served as a working space and also provided access to the bank of kilns.

6.39 The mid-19th century sandstone furnace (Building 1) was also incorporated into the interior of Building 5 (Figure 72). Edging bricks (059) and (078) indicated that the eastern and western faces of furnace Building 1 were abutted by the interior surfaces (056) and (076) of Building 5. Similarly, a sub-square brick pillar (079), measuring 1.24m x 1.06m x 0.43m, was also identified abutting the south-east corner of the sandstone furnace. Pillar (079) was tentatively interpreted as foundation support for a late 19th century arch abutting the southern face of furnace wall (057).

Figure 33. South-west Facing view of western surface (056) in Building 5. Note the surface edging bricks (059) abutting the earlier furnace wall (057) in the foreground (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.40 Surfaces (056), (076), (181) and (182) were bounded by a north-east – south- west aligned exterior wall, (067), (081) and (183). Walls (067) and (081) displayed a single skin of thickness and were constructed from redbrick laid to a header bond. The southern wall (183) was constructed to a similar bond but was markedly thicker, displaying two skins of brickwork. The exterior walls set within a vertically sided, flat- based construction cut [053] which was identifiable at the northern, southern and eastern extents of Building 5. Additionally, 20th century robber trenches F167 and F194 indicated that surfaces (076), (181) and (182) were within separate rooms divided by north-west – south-east aligned partition walls (Figures 31 and 72).

6.41 It is also worth noting that the north-eastern extent of Building 5 had been heavily disturbed by the insertion of 20th century services. The late 19th century flue F004, which was inserted into Building 4, ran north of Building 5 before terminating at a 20th century manhole 0.59m north of wall (081). Additionally, a heavily truncated, sub- rectangular brick built structure (191) was located at the north-east corner of Building 5 and was interpreted as a probably chimney base (Figures 72 and 86). Flue F004 and structure (191) were both tentatively interpreted as related to a late19th century pottery production area abutting the north wall (081) of Building 5.

6.42 The possible presence of multiple banks of internal kilns and the sub-divided floor plan of Building 5 was also displayed by three early20th century muffle kilns recorded at the Bovey-Tracey Pottery-works in Devon (Dawson and Kent, 2008). Consequently, Building 5 was tentatively interpreted as a later 19th century Muffle kiln utilised for the production of pottery.

Building 6

6.43 Building 6 was located 6.04m south of Building 3 at a depth 102.32m aOD (Figures. 33 and 74). No walls, surfaces or foundation structures were identified however, the construction cut [125] for Building 6 remained visible. Cut [125] measured 16.32m x 6.8m x 0.12m and was filled by a grey/black, silty-clay demolition deposit (126) containing frequent brick and tile fragments (Figures 31 and 74). Deposit (126) broadly matched the footprint of a late 19th century pottery-works building which was identifiable on the 1890 ordnance Survey map. However, due to the lack of structural components or ‘use’ deposits no indication of building function was attained. Three curvi-linear features F122, F124 and F128 were also identified in close association with Building 6 (Figures 34 and 35). All three features displayed vertical sides and were filled by grey-black, silty-clay containing frequent ash, clinker and occasional fragments of ceramic piping. Consequently, F122, F124 and F128 were all interpreted as housing ceramic flue pipes and were considered related to the production of pottery within Building 3 and Building 6.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 34. South-west facing view of demolition deposit (126) marking the footprint of late 19th century pottery-works Building 6. Location of building footprint highlighted (scale = 1 x 1m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 35. South facing view of flue trench F121 (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 36. South-east facing view of flue trench F128 (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.44 In summary, the late 19th century phase was characterised by the remodelling of the pre-existing brickworks landscape, probably caused by the de-commissioning of the Cornforth Brickworks and the expansion of the Coxhoe Potteries. Brick-kiln (Building 2) was demolished and a rectangular structure (Building 5) containing a bank of pottery kilns was constructed in the same location. Sandstone furnace (Building 1) was not demolished but incorporated into the working interior of pottery-works Building 5. The brick-producing ‘Newcastle’ kilns (Building 3) were repurposed from cross-draught kilns into downdraught kilns by the addition of a flue network across the northern bank of fireboxes. It was noted that flues were only inserted under the western most ‘Newcastle’ kiln and could indicate that the eastern-most kilns remained in use for the production of brick or earthenware. Building 4 was constructed and a ceramic flue pipe was inserted through the eastern wall in order to convert the structure into a potential pottery drying chamber. Additionally, a north-east – south-west aligned structure (Building 6) was inserted at the southern extent of the site but no definitive understanding of structure function was attained.

20th century

6.45 The 20th century phase of activity was largely defined by the closure of the Coxhoe Pottery works and the conversion of Building 4 into a domestic residence.

Building 1 and 5

6.46 A limited phase of modernisation to the Coxhoe Pottery buildings, characterised by drainage network (F083), occurred during the early 20th century (Figures. 39, 69, 70, 72, 73 and 82). Drainage pipe trench (F083) measured 20.35m x 3.7m x 0.65m and ran from the northern extent of Building 3 to the southern extent of Building 5 (Figure 72). Additionally, F083 consisted of a vertically sided cut [084] which was filled by two ceramic drainage pipe (085) and a poorly sorted, brown/grey backfill deposit (083) (Figure 82). Deposit (083) produced a fragment of 20th century pottery and it was noted that the drainage network post-dated the late 19th century flue (154/156) at the northern extent of Building 3. F083 terminated at a salt-glazed drain border which was identified abutting wall (183) south of surface (076). The salt-glazed drain border demarcated the location of a down-comer water pipe on the southern face of Building 5 (Figures 39 and 73).

6.47 Drainage network F083 represented the final modification to the Coxhoe Pottery-works prior to the sites closure. The internal partition walls within Building 5 were ‘robbed-out’ as evidenced by robber trenches F167 and F194 (Figures. 37 and 72). Similarly, an additional robber trench (F184) was identified at the eastern extent of Building 5 and suggested that the external wall (183) was also deliberately removed (Figures. 38 and 72). The mapping data indicated that the eastern and western wings of Building 5 were demolished prior to the compilation of the 1919 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 48). It seems likely, therefore, that robber trenches F167, F184 and F194 were excavated at an early 20th century date, following the cessation of industrial activity. It was interesting to note that the 1919 Ordnance Survey map also indicated that a sub-

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

square structure remained extant following the partial demolition of Building 5 (Figure 48). It does not seem unreasonable to assume that the sub-square structure listed in the mapping data was the sandstone furnace (Building 1). This interpretation was supported by the archaeological evidence as the interior of Building 1 was filled with late 19th century redbrick (073), as though Building 5 had been partially ‘pushed’ into the disused furnace. The 1939 Ordnance Survey map indicated that, prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the sandstone furnace (Building 1) had also been demolished (Figure 49). Additionally, a 20th century drain F048 truncated the western-most internal working surface (056) of Building 5 and was almost certainly inserted post-demolition.

Figure 37. South-east facing view of robber trench F167 under excavation (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 38. North-west facing view of robber trench F184 at the eastern extent of Building 5 (scale = 1 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 39. South-east facing section through drain F083 truncated by robber trench F169. Note the brown salt-glazed drain border in the background. (scale = 1 x 0.2m)

Building 3

6.48 Reference to the 1919 Ordnance Survey map indicated that the western kilns within Building 3 were demolished during the early 20th century (Figure 48). However, the 1962 Ordnance Survey map suggested that the eastern bank of ‘Newcastle’ kilns remained present on site until the 1960s (Figure 50). The archaeological evidence indicated that the northern half of interior surface (087) within the eastern kilns was removed and an exterior wall (088/089) inserted around the remaining pavia floor tiles (Figures 16 and 69). Wall (088/089) was a single skin thick and constructed from re-used 19th century redbrick and occasional 20th century brick. Wall (088/089) was pierced by a doorway, measuring 1.94m x 0.21m x 0.12m, which was located 10.4m north-west of the southern extent of Building 3. Additionally, a vehicle inspection pit (091), measuring 0.91m x 0.55m x 0.25m, was inserted into surface (087) (Figure 69). The vehicle inspection pit (091) was lined with concrete slabs and filled with later 20th century demolition material (215). The presence of wall (088/089) and vehicle inspection pit (091) suggested that the eastern kiln, within Building 3, was partially converted into a garage during the early-mid 20th century. No evidence was identified to suggest that a mechanics workshop was established on the site so it is likely that the garage was non- commercial and associated with private use. The garage within the south-eastern extent of Building 3 was demolished in the 1970’s due to the construction of a domestic residence upon the site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Building 4

6.49 Building 4 remained in use during the 20th century and was converted into a domestic residence following the closure of the Coxhoe Pottery-works. The domestic modifications included the destruction of the 19th century partition wall (033) and the deposition of crushed sandstone levelling deposits (029), (038) and (050) for the formation of a concrete floor surface (025) (Figure 40). Deposit (038) contained a moderate quantity of mid-19th and early-20th centuries pottery and further supported the interpretation that Building 4 was modified during the late 19th or early 20th century.

6.50 Additionally, a single skin of unfrogged, redbrick (020) set in a semi-circular formation demarcated the insertion of a bay window into the pre-existing late 19th century longwall (021). The bay window measured 3.12m x 0.92m and was identified at a depth of 104.33m aOD. The bay window brickwork (020) was constructed on concrete foundations (026) and likely built in the early-mid 20th century.

Figure 40. North-west facing view of 20th century concrete floor surface (025) and bay window (020) (scale = 2 x 2m).

6.51 The southern extent of Building 4 was further extended during the 20th century by the addition of an east and south-facing wall (022). Wall (022) was constructed above a late 19th century demolition deposit (036) which was almost certainly related to the destruction of a pottery-works buildings in the early 20th century. Additionally, wall (022) bounded an internal levelling layer of brick and stone fragments (050) measuring 4.56m x 2.5m x 0.25m. Occasional sherds of late 19th and early-20th century pottery were also recovered from levelling layer (050) and suggested that wall (022) partially characterised an early 20th century extension to Building 4. No occupation or ‘use’ deposits were identified so no understanding of structure function was attained.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.52 Surface (025), bay window (020) and extension (022) were all constructed at a broadly contemporaneous early-mid 20th century date. The insertion of bay window (020) and floor surface (025) suggested that Building 4 was converted into a domestic residence following the closure of the pottery-works (Figure 40). Reference to an aerial photograph of the site, dated from the 1970s, also confirmed that during the later 20th century Building 4 was occupied as a domestic residence. Furthermore, a service pipe network, for the provision of drainage and water, were also inserted into Building 4 during the 20th century. The installation of the modern service pipe networks truncated the demolished, sub-surface remains of pottery-works Building 5 and caused moderate damage to brick-floor (056).

Building 6

6.53 Reference to the Ordnance Survey data suggested that Building 6 remained present on site until it was demolished during the mid-20th century (Figure 50). It is worth noting that the demolition deposit (126), within construction cut [125] of Building 6, was truncated by a later 20th century feature F174 (Figures 74 and 84). F174 was situated at the south-western extent of the site and consisted of a concave sided cut filled by multiple, 20th century demolition deposits, collectively grouped as (174) (Figures. 41, 42, 74 and 84). F174 was identified at a depth of 103.64m aOD and measured 30.05m x 18.50m x 2.05m at its maximum visible extents. The base of F174 was not identified. However, an exploratory, north-west – south-east aligned trench, measuring 15m x 2.8m x 2.05m, was excavated at the southern extent of the site and confirmed that F174 continued below a depth of 101.59m aOD (Figures 42 and 84). No further excavation was undertaken below a depth of 101.59m aOD due to health and safety considerations.

6.54 F174 was interpreted as a mid-20th century landscape remodelling event, potentially related to the disposal of pottery-works demolition material and the construction of a house built at the centre of the site during the 1970s.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 41. East-facing section through demolition deposit tip-lines in 20th century landscape remodelling event F174 (scale = 2 x 2m).

Figure 42. South-facing view of landscape remodelling event F174. Note the exploratory trench in the background and cut [173] in the foreground (scale = 2 x 2m).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

6.55 The 20th century phase of activity was characterised by the closure of the pottery-works in the early 1900s and the progressive ruination and demolition of Buildings 1, 3, 5 and 6. Building 4 was converted into a domestic residence, following the closure of the pottery-works and was occupied until its demolition in the late 20th century. A possible landscape remodelling event, for the disposal of demolition material, was excavated during the mid-20th century and likely occurred in association with the construction of a domestic residence on the site during the 1970s. The remaining demolition material (002) was then sealed by a 0.3m thick, imported garden soil deposit (001) which was spread across the western extent of the site and facilitated its eventual use as a private allotment gardens until the current phase of development.

7. SPECIALIST REPORTS

7.1 Pottery Report by Chris Cumberpatch

Introduction 7.1.1 The pottery assemblage from Coxhoe (COX15) was examined on 15th August 2015. It consisted of twenty-one sherds of pottery weighing 1064 grams and represented a maximum of seventeen vessels. The data are summarised in Table 1.

Discussion 7.1.2 Although of relatively small size, the assemblage was diverse in character with utilitarian wares represented by the Brown and Yellow Glazed Coarsewares (context 038 and 039) and Stoneware (contexts 002 and 038), with everyday domestic tableware in refined earthenware (contexts 038, 050 and 078) and individual sherds of porcelain and transfer printed Bone China (context 050). Such a combination of types is typical of a 19th century assemblage although the character of the vessels represented seems more domestic than industrial. In this regard it is notable that the stoneware sherds were from jars rather than the bottles or flagons sometimes found on 19th century industrial sites. This would appear to be consistent with the association of the majority of the sherds with a house (Building 4) which was not demolished until the 1970s.

7.1.3 None of the sherds pre-dated the early 19th century and the majority of those sherds which were datable were of mid/late 19th to early 20th century type. Of the tablewares, only the rim of an Edged ware plate (context 038) could be considered to be of early to mid-19th century date. The utilitarian wares have a wider possible date range but their presence was not inconsistent with the date range indicated by the table-wares.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

7.2 Brick Report by Ian Miller

Range of Material 7.2.1 In total, 39 samples of ceramic bricks and refractory materials were recovered from the excavation at Coxhoe. All of the sampled material was examined visually, and details are summarised in. The assemblage comprised examples of common bricks (19 samples), engineering bricks (one sample), a small range of refractory bricks (18 samples), and a fragment of a large ceramic object that may have derived originally from the Coxhoe Pottery.

7.2.2 Very few of the bricks could be dated closely due to the paucity of manufacturers’ marks, although the majority are likely to have a date range spanning the eighteenth and nineteenth/early twentieth centuries. Manufacturers’ stamps that could be recognised included those of the Eldon Brickworks in County Durham and Ralph Carnaby’s Coxhoe Brickworks. The Eldon Brickworks had commenced production at the Eldon Colliery by the 1890s, and continued in operation through the twentieth century. Ralph Carnaby operated two brickworks in Coxhoe during the 1850s and was described as a ‘shipowner, manufacturer of fire clay goods and bricks, common brick and tile manufacturer, and general merchant’ (London Gazette, 25 June 1858).

Common and Engineering Bricks 7.2.3 Common bricks represented half of the sampled assemblage. The size of the common bricks varied slightly, reflecting that they were nearly all hand-made, with no firm evidence to indicate that any of the bricks had been extruded or wire-cut. None of the bricks incorporated a ‘frog’, which may again reflect the simple technology employed in their production. Some of the bricks were of a low quality, containing large inclusions, and had almost certainly been manufactured using the local natural clay resource.

7.2.4 Examples recovered from demolition rubble (002), flue wall (006), firebox floor (130) and flue (156), are likely to be amongst the earliest bricks within the assemblage, potentially dating to the eighteenth or early nineteenth century. The comparatively crude finish imparted to these examples suggested that they had been ‘slop moulded’, ie saturated in water prior to pressing the bricks into moulds ready for firing in the kiln. This contrasted with other examples, including those recovered from contexts (013), (021), (067), (151), (152), (191), (197), (206) and (209), which probably date to the mid- to late nineteenth century. Several examples had seemingly been coated in sand prior to firing to impart a higher-quality finish. Conversely, some of these later examples were also poorly made, and may represent bricks that were manufactured on site but incorporated blemishes that reduced their economic value. One such example was recovered from pillar (152), and incorporated a misshapen face along one side (Figure 89).

7.2.5 The later nineteenth century bricks were characterised by a dense, hard, sandy fabric, some with occasional large grit and small stone inclusions. Several had evidently

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

been used for industrial purposes, retaining sooting or clear indication of having been subjected to high temperatures. These included a common brick recovered from the north wall (197) of the Scotch kiln, with one heavily burnt face (Figure 90).

7.2.6 A brick sample, recovered from context (048), was identified as an engineering- type brick (Figure 91). These are characterised by their increased weight, and often greater size than common red bricks. They were made from superior shale clays, and had a much higher crushing strength and a reduced porosity, making them ideal for heavy structural load. They were introduced in the mid-nineteenth century, but the excavated example bears a manufacturing stamp ‘Eldon’, and almost certainly derived from the Eldon Colliery Brickworks, located to the east of Bishop Auckland in County Durham. Whilst still in production under the ownership of Wienerberger, this brickworks was in production by the 1890s.

Refractory Bricks 7.2.7 In total, 18 refractory bricks were recovered from the excavation. Many were of standard dimensions, averaging 248 x 115 x 70mm, and retained no distinctive features. Several of the refractory bricks displayed signs of use in a high-temperature environment, with traces of sooting and heat damage (Figures 93 - 96), whilst an example recovered from surface (065) retained vitreous waste on one end.

7.2.8 Only three of the refractory bricks had a manufacturers’ stamp, two of which were illegible (Figure 94). The only clear stamp was upon a refractory brick recovered from furnace wall (057), and this had been produced at Ralph Carnaby’s Coxhoe Brickworks. This brick had probably been produced in the mid-nineteenth century.

7.2.9 Two of the refractory bricks, recovered from firebox (155b) and firebox (155b), had been formed for specific purposes. The example from firebox (155b) had been formed into a wedge-shape, and had potentially been intended to form part of a furnace flue, whilst that from firebox (109b) had a curved end (Figure 96), and may similarly have formed part of a high-temperature flue system.

Potential 7.2.9 The assemblage of brick and refractory material recovered from the excavation has no potential for further analysis, and will not contribute further to the accurate dating of the site. Similarly, the assemblage has little or no potential to inform any further understanding of the technological aspects of the excavated structures.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 The archaeological, cartographic and documentary evidence indicated that the site was utilised for both industrial and domestic purposes from the mid-19th century until the late 20th century. The industrial phase was predominately limited to the 19th century occupation of the site by the Cornforth Brickworks and the Coxhoe Pottery- works. A cessation in industrial activity occurred during the early 20th century and was replaced by a near-continuous phase of domestic occupation until the late 20th century.

8.2 The earliest phase of activity, identified upon the site was characterised by the construction of a sandstone furnace (Building 1), a rectangular Scotch kiln (Building 2) and two, back-to-back Newcastle kilns at the eastern extent of Building 3. The cartographic evidence, the 1851 census data and site land deeds indicated that Buildings 1, 2 and 3 were part of the Cornforth Brickworks, established on the site by Ralph Carnaby, between 1842 and 1857 (Figures 45 and 46). All three buildings were marked on the 1857 Ordnance Survey map (Figs. 46 and 75). The sandstone furnace (Building 1) and Scotch kiln (Building 2) matched the location of the north-western and north-eastern central structures as they appeared on the 1857 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 75). The archaeological evidence suggested that initially Building 3 only consisted of two back-to-back Newcastle kilns but had expanded to include 4 kilns by 1857. It was the later rendition of Building 3 which broadly matched the location of the southern central building on the 1857 OS map (Figures 46 and 75). The precise function of Building 1 remained unclear. The structure likely operated as a furnace and almost certainly supported a sandstone chimney. However, no relationship between the furnace (Building 1) and the brick kilns (Buildings 2 and 3) was established.

8.3 The Scotch and Newcastle kilns, identified during the course of the excavation, were broadly classified by their mode of operation and can be used to gain a better understanding of the products manufactured on site during the mid-19th century. Scotch kilns were classed as intermittent updraught kilns and were often rectangular, open- roofed structures with long-walls pierced by fireboxes (Figure 43). The fireboxes bordered a ware chamber which was accessed by a wicket or doorway set into the gable end wall. When the kiln was fired the air in the fireboxes would be warmed, flow through the ware chamber and escape through the roof (McWhirr and Smith 1994). Scotch kilns were commonly utilised for brick production and Building 2 at Coxhoe was comparable to both 19th and 20th century examples recorded in brickworks at Oakham in Rutland, Diseworth in Leicestershire, Sandleheath in Hampshire and Sheepbridge in Derbyshire (McWhirr and Smith 1994; Hammond 1977). It is also worth noting that the presence of struts for the support of grates within fireboxes (187a) and (187d) was comparable to struts identified within the fireholes of three coal fired Scotch kilns at a disused brickworks in Chesterfield, Derbyshire (Hammond 1977). The presence of coal trample (203) and the grate struts in fireboxes (187a) and (187d) suggested that coal was the principle fuel source used within the Coxhoe Scotch kiln (Building 2).

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 43. Reconstruction of the Scotch Kiln (Building 2) at Coxhoe (by Rupert Lotherington). The timber roof was temporary and would be constructed during loading and slow firing.

8.4 Newcastle kilns were a regional variant typically identified in north-east England and similar examples to the kilns located within Buildings 3 have been recorded at the Gateshead Road Brickworks in Jarrow, Old Yard Brickworks in Birtley and the South Benwell Brickworks in Benwell (Davison 1986). Newcastle kilns utilised intermittent cross-draught technology and represented a shift away the exclusive use of updraught kilns characterised by Building 2. Additionally, unlike Scotch kilns, Newcastle kilns were roofed and traditionally contained a bank of fireboxes within a gable end wall and a chimney or vent at the opposite end of the structure. Following the firing of the kiln, air would be drawn through the fireboxes and across the ware chamber to the chimney or vent exhaust. The presence of fireboxes at both gable ends of Building 3 was unusual for a Scotch kiln and more suggestive of a Newcastle kiln design (Figure 44). Later modification to the structure during the 19th century likely removed a centrally located, east-west aligned, partition wall between the northern bank of Phase 1 fireboxes (109a- d) and the southern bank of Phase 1 fireboxes (096a-d). The partition wall would effectively create two abutting ware chambers fed by separate fireboxes. A centrally located vent or chimney was probably set into the roof of Building 3 and created a cross- draught within both the northern ware chamber and the southern ware chamber. The northern bank of Phase 2 fireboxes (155a-d) likely represented the construction of two additional and similarly sized back-to-back Newcastle kilns immediately west of the Phase 1 kilns.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 44. Gable end wall of Newcastle kiln at Tarasfoot Tileworks, Dumfries and Galloway (Calfas, 2013). Note the presence of fireboxes in the gable end wall, similar to the location of the fireboxes in Building 3.

8.5 The construction of both Scotch kilns and Newcastle kilns upon the site, between the late 1840s and mid 1850s, suggested that the presence of each kiln type was desirable. Scotch kilns were an evolution from earlier ‘clamp’ technologies and were, as previously mentioned, principally utilised for the manufacture of bricks. Newcastle kilns, represented a technological evolution which produced an increasingly diverse range of products, such as bricks, tile and stonewares, but were more desirable due to their greater fuel efficiency (Calfas 2013). It seems plausible that Building 1 represented the continued use of a known 19th century technology but the rapid expansion of the Newcastle kilns in Building 3, suggested that the more economically viable cross-draught technology was swiftly adopted following the initial foundation of the Cornforth Brickworks.

8.6 The Cornforth Brickworks remained operational under Ralph Carnaby until the brickyard was sold to William Dundas Cowburn in 1861. Cowburn was listed as a Coxhoe based brick and tile manufacturer in the 1871 census and operated at the site during this period. Reference to the land deeds indicated that William Cowburn also took out a mortgage on the brickworks with the National Provincial Bank of England in April 1871. Additionally, a sanitation inspectorate report from the Palace Green Archives in Durham, dated 17th April 1877, no longer referred to the site as the Cornforth Brickworks but as the Cornforth Potteries. The adjustment of the sites title may have been reflected by the later 19th century phase of remodelling to the brickworks structures which was identified during the archaeological excavation.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

8.7 For example, during the later 19th century an evolution in kiln technologies was encouraging movement away from the use of up-draught and cross-draught kilns, such as Buildings 1 and 3, towards the use of downdraught kilns (Calfas 2013). In downdraught kilns, sub-surface flues would be built into the ware chamber to alter the kilns from using a cross-draught air flow to using a down-draught air flow which increased the maximum heating temperature. A higher heating temperature allowed for the manufacture of numerous ceramic products such as earthenware, brick and pottery (Calfas 2013 and Sturm 2013).

8.8 The Phase 3 remodelling of Building 3 was almost certainly linked to an attempt to integrate downdraught technology into the pre-existing Newcastle kilns. For example, the addition of flue (154/156) blocked external access to the northern fireboxes (109a-d, 155a-c) and prevented the formation of a cross-draught. Additionally, the location of robber trenches F103, F105 and F159 in association with fireboxes (155a-c) almost certainly demarcated the position of a sub-surface flue network which had been inserted below the ware chamber floor. The flue network within down-draught kilns increased heating efficiency which reduced the need for numerous fireboxes and meant that a single firebox could be used to heat the ware chamber. Consequently, the decommissioning of the brick-kiln fireboxes and the construction of a single, centrally located fire-box (163) represented further evidence that Building 3 had been re- purposed from a cross-draught kiln into the more efficient down-draught kiln-variant.

8.9 Similarly, the deliberate destruction of Scotch kiln (Building 2), the insertion of a flue pipe into Building 4 and the possible construction of Muffle Kilns (Building 5) were also indicative of a later 19th century manufacturing shift away from the exclusive production of brick and tile. The conversion of the Newcastle kilns from cross-draught to down-draught technology likely antiquated Scotch kiln (Building 1) and hastened its demolition in favour of the pottery producing Muffle Kilns in Building 5.

8.10 In summary, the archaeological evidence indicated that during the later 19th century, the Cornforth Brickworks were substantially remodelled and a number of structures were re-purposed or modernised. The modernisation works likely allowed for the production of a greater number of ceramic goods including both bricks and pottery. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to assume that the mortgage agreement between William Cowburn and the National Provincial Bank of England in 1871 funded the remodelling of the Cornforth Brickworks and resulted in a re-branding of the site as the Cornforth Pottery-works by 1877. It seems likely that the destruction of Building 1, the re-purposing of Building 3 and the construction of Buildings 5 and 6 were almost certainly linked to Cowburns development of the site between 1871 and 1877.

8.11 Reference to the Coxhoe Tax Assessments register, held at Durham University Library (ref: GB-0033-CCB) suggested that William Cowburn continued to own and occupy the site in 1878. However, by 1882 the tax assessment data indicated that Cowburn, whilst retaining ownership of the land, had allowed the site to become occupied by William Booth. Booth was listed as a Coxhoe based tile manufacturer on the 1881 census but the relationship he maintained with Cowburn was unclear. However, it

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

was not uncommon for brickfield owners to hire site managers to superintend operations in exchange for a share of the profits (Watt 1990). The site managers would sub-contract the work to subsidiary craftsmen who would each take responsibility for their own stage in the brick manufacturing or pottery production process. The contract system was advantageous to the land owner as it allowed for absentee ownership and shared the financial risks amongst the various sub-contractors (Watt 1990). It would not be unreasonable to assume that by 1881, Cowburn had decided to partially retire from maintaining direct operational control of the pottery-works and had ceded partial responsibility to Booth. This interpretation was supported by Cowburns death in 1885.

8.12 The re-purposing of Building 4 from industrial to domestic usage also likely occurred at a date broadly contemporaneous with Cowburns retirement. For example, the recovery of frequent sherds of domestic pottery from levelling deposits (038) and (050) suggested that during the later 19th century Building 4 no longer functioned in an industrial capacity. Similarly, reference to the 1881 census data suggested that three families, the Murphies, the Millers and the Lonsdales, had resided in properties at the pottery-works during the early 1880s. Both factors indicated that Building 4 had almost certainly been converted into a terrace of houses prior to the compilation of the census in 1881.

8.13 Cowburn’s son and step-children inherited the site following his death in 1885 and reference to the 1891 tax assessment register (ref: GB-0033-CCB) data suggested that William Booth continued to manage the pottery-works on their behalf. The cartographic evidence also indicated that by 1890 the Cornforth Potteries had ceased trading and been subsumed into the Coxhoe Pottery-works which had expanded from its previous location west of Station Road. The Coxhoe Parish Trade Directory indicated that by 1894, William Booth and Coxhoe tile manufacturer Luke Hall had also entered into a partnership and probably managed operations at the Coxhoe Potteries site. Similarly, the Coxhoe Parish Trade Directory suggested that by 1894 earthenware dealers John and Thomas Robinson had also begun working at the Coxhoe Pottery- works.

8.14 William Booth died in 1904 but the census data indicated that Luke Hall continued to operate at the Coxhoe Potteries as a Brick and Tile Manufacturer until 1911. No further industrial operations were registered at the site beyond 1911. Reference to 1919 edition of the ordnance survey map confirmed that between 1911 and 1919 the Coxhoe Pottery-works had fallen into dis-use. The destruction of Building 5 and the excavation of robber trenches, F167/F184/F194 almost certainly dated from the early 20th century dis-use phase recorded in the documentary evidence. However, the gradual ruination of the site was impossible to identify archaeologically due to the landscaping associated with the later construction of a 1970s dwelling, partially characterised by remodelling event F174.

8.15 Although industrial activity on the site ceased during the early 20th century, the domestic occupation of Building 4 continued. The archaeological evidence suggested that a bay window (020) was inserted into the east-facing long-wall (021) and an

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

extension was added at the southern extent of the structure. Bay window (020) and extension (022) were tentatively interpreted as being constructed during the 1920s or early 1930’s. By 1962, the Ordnance Survey data suggested that Building 4 had been assigned a housing postal address as Back Street, Coxhoe (Figure 50). Aerial photography also confirmed that Building 4 continued to serve as terraced housing during the 1970’s. However, satellite imagery provided by Google Earth™ showed that Building 4 was eventually demolished between the late 1970’s and 2001.

8.16 Numerous phases of the sites usage and evolution were characteristic of the ceramics industry during the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, the establishment of the Cornforth brickworks within Coxhoe between 1842 and 1857 was symptomatic of a wider socio-economic trend which was occurring throughout England in the 19th century. The population of England and Wales had more than doubled between 1801 and 1851 and large numbers of workers were migrating across the country in search of better employment opportunities. The expanding population required housing and reference to government duties charged on taxable bricks indicated that a broadly contemporaneous rise in the consumption of bricks occurred in conjunction with population growth rates. For example the number of taxable bricks produced within England and Wales rose from 608 million in 1800 to more than 1462 million in 1849 (Shannon 1934). The most rapid population expansion occurred within cities and small rural villages sited near desirable sub-surface raw materials, such as coal, clay, sandstone or limestone. For instance, Coxhoe was conveniently situated above the Pennine Middle Coal measures, which prompted its rapid growth from a small rural village with a population of 170 in 1801 to a colliery settlement housing 3576 people in 1851. The demand for new housing and the associated increase in brick consumption was, therefore, often linked to the prosperity of regional industries (Cox 1979). Consequently, it seems that the establishment of the Cornforth Brickworks, at the southern extent of Coxhoe, reflected a nationwide pattern for the siting of early to mid- 19th century brickworks on the edge of expanding industrial centres.

8.17 Additionally, the destruction of Building 2 and the remodelling of the Newcastle kilns in Building 3 reflected a late 19th century trend, within the ceramics industry, to embrace more efficient brick or pottery production technologies and to diversify the selection of wares produced (Watt, 1990). For example, the insertion of downdraught technology into Building 3 and the demolition of the Scotch kiln (Building 2) was similarly reflected by the construction of a downdraught kiln at the Bulmer Brick and Tile Company in Suffolk which antiquated two pre-existing Scotch kilns. Additionally, modernisation works to a 19th century brick and pottery-works at Bardon Mill in Northumberland was characterised by the construction of a downdraught kiln to replace four, pre-existing Newcastle kilns of near-identical design to Building 3 (Carlton 2000). Similarly, ceramics manufacturers at Wetheriggs in Cumbria, Wrecclesham in Surrey and at Littlethorpe Potteries in Yorkshire also displayed evidence for diversification from exclusive brick production towards brick and pottery manufacturing (Carlton 2000).

8.18 The stimulus upon small brick manufacturers to modernise and diversify was likely caused by a decline in localised industrial expansion and the rise of larger, heavily

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

mechanised brick and tileworks. It seems likely that the decline and eventual closure of the Coxhoe Potteries may have been caused a period of localised industrial decline in Coxhoe coupled with the rise of two large-scale, locally based ceramics manufacturers at Cowen Brickworks in Blaydon (HER3434) and the Lilley Brickworks in Rowlands Gill.

9. PUBLICITY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT

9.1 Any publicity will be handled by the client. Archaeological Research Services Ltd will retain the copyright of all documentary and photographic material under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (1988).

10. STATEMENT OF INDEMNITY

10.1 All statements and opinions contained within this report arising from the works undertaken are offered in good faith and compiled according to professional standards. No responsibility can be accepted by the author/s of the report for any errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by any third party, or for loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in any such report(s), howsoever such facts and opinions may have been derived.

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

11.1 Archaeological Research Services Ltd would like to thank all those who contributed to the outcome of this project, in particular Ellen Hagan of Gus Robinson Developments Ltd for commissioning Archaeological Research Services, Barbara Leo of Coxhoe Local History Group for all her research assistance and Clare Henderson, Durham County Council Senior Archaeologist, for her advice.

12. REFERENCES

Allon, V.L. and Haselgrove, H.H. 1982. An Iron Age Settlement at West House Coxhoe Archaelogia Aeliana, Fifth Series, Volume X: 25-51.

Baker, P. and F Worley. 2013. Animal bones and Archaeology: Guidelines for best practice. Consultation draft. London: English Heritage.

Callfas, G. 2013. Nineteenth Century Stoneware Manufacturing at Pottersville, South Carolina: The Discovery of a Dragon Kiln and the Re-interpretation of a Southern Pottery Tradition. University of Illinois.

Carlton, R. 2000. The Origins and Survival of Littlethorpe Potteries in the Context ofBritish Country Pottery-Making. Interpreting Ceramics. Vol IV.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2014. Standards and guidance for Archaeological Excavation, Reading.

Corser, P. 1977. Excavations Funded by ICI/BP –Roman Road, Coxhoe. Serial No. 2.

Cox, A. 1979. Brickmaking - A History and Gazetteer. Survey of Bedfordshire. Bedfordshire County Council.

Cunliffe, B. 2010. Iron Age Communities in Britain, Routledge, Oxfordshire.

Davison, P. 1986. Brickworks of the North East. Gateshead Libraries and Arts Service.

Dobson, E, 1911. Bricks and Tiles. 12th ed. London.

Driesch, A. von den. 1976. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Bulletin 1.

English Heritage. 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects. London: English Heritage.

Gurcke, K, 1987. Bricks and Brickmaking. Idaho.

Hammond, M. 1977. Brick Kilns an Illustrated Survey. Industrial Archaeology Review Volume I.

Harley, LS. 1974. A Typology of Brick, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 3rd series, Vol. 37.

Hodgson. N, McKelvey. J and Muncaster. W. 2012. The Iron Age on the Northumberland Coastal Plain: Excavations in advance of development 2002-2010, Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums and the Arbeia Society.

McWhirr, A and Smith, D. 1994. A Brickworks in Ashwell Road, Oldham. Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. Vol. LXVIII.

Miller, I. 2003. Post-medieval Brick Clamp Kilns at Nateby, near Garstang. Contrebis Volume XXVIII.

Pevsner, N. 2002. The Buildings of England. County Durham. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.

Proctor, J. 2009. Pegswood Moor, Morpeth: A Later Iron Age and Romano-British Farmstead Settlement. London, Pre-Construct Archaeology.

Shannon, H. 1932. Bricks - A Trade Index, 1785-1849. Economica, 1:300-318.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Sturm, B. 2013. A Program for the Conservation, Interpretation, and Reuse of Downdraft Kilns at the Western Clay Manufacturing Company of Helena, Montana. University of Pennsylvania.

Watt, K. 1990. Nineteenth Century Brickmaking Innovations in Britain: Building and technological change. The University of York.

Internet Resources http://list.historicengland – Historic England SM 1019918 – accessed 18.08.15 http://www.keystothepast.info/ - Keys to the Past Northumberland and County Durham Heritage Gateway – accessed 17.08.15 http://www.google.co.uk/intl/en_uk/earth/ - Google Earth – accessed 18.08.15

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix I

Context Register

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Context Number Description 001 Topsoil with heavy vegetation- overlies demolition deposit (002) 002 Demolition deposit 003 VOID 004 Grey/black, silty-clay fill of flue cut [005] 005 Cut of flue trench at Northern Extent of the site 006 Brick sides of flue F004 within the interior of Building 4 007 Sandstone capping of flue F004 within the eastern longwall (013) of Building 4. 008 Yellow/brown natural clay 009 VOID 010 Sandstone wall at the southern extent of Building 4 011 Crushed brick surface within the interior of Building 4 012 Brick partition wall within Building 4 013 Eastern brick long-wall of Building 4 014 VOID 015 VOID 016 VOID 017 VOID 018 VOID 019 VOID 020 Curved brick built bay window foundation within southern extension to Building 4. 021 Eastern, brick built longwall of southern extension to Building 4 022 Eastern, brick built longwall of southern extension to Building 4 023 VOID 024 VOID 025 Concrete floor surface within the interior of Building 4 026 Concrete foundations below bay window (020) 027 VOID 028 VOID 029 Sandstone levelling deposit for 20th century concrete floor (025) 030 VOID 031 VOID 032 Same as (026) 033 Internal N-S aligned partition wall in Building 4 034 Internal E-W aligned partition wall in Building 4 035 Fragmentary partition wall at the southern extent of Building 4 036 Demolition deposit containing 19th century brick below Building 4 037 VOID 038 20th century sandstone levelling deposit for internal surface (025) 039 Same as (038) 040 VOID 041 VOID 042 Fragmentary brick surface south of Building 4 043 Same as (029) 044 VOID 045 VOID 046 Thin layer of sand in flue F004 047 20th century drain cut- Truncates surfaces (056) and (060) 048 Grey/black fill of drain cut [047] 049 Same as (057) 050 VOID

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

051 VOID 052 Green/yellow buried subsoil. Overlies natural (008) 053 Construction cut of Building 5, truncated (052) and (008) 054 VOID 055 Heat affected subsoil below Building 5 056 Sub square red-brick surface within Building 5– western surface 057 Sandstone wall of furnace Building 1 058 Construction cut for Building 1 – Filled by (074) and (057), excavated through (052) and (008) 059 Edging bricks at the eastern extent of surface (056) in Building 5. 060 Western long wall of Building 5 061 Repair to brick surface (056) 062 VOID 063 Repair constructed of firebricks or base of working platform. 064 Edging bricks 065 Same as (061) 066 Same as (171) 067 Northern wall of Building 5 068 Ashy trample over (055) - interior of Building 5 069 Modern Services cut – electric cable 070 Fill of [069] 071 VOID 072 Levelling deposit below (067) 073 Loose demolition brick fill inside Furnace Building 1 074 Heat affected clay at edge of (057) 075 Redeposited natural fill of construction cut [058] for Building 1 076 Brick surface within Building 5 077 Heat affected subsoil below (076) 078 Edging bricks butting against eastern face of furnace (057)- Building 1 079 Foundations for possible arch abutting southern face of furnace (057). 080 Same as [053] 081 North wall of Building 5, north of surface (076) 082 Brick built flue – same as 154 083 Fill of cut for 082 084 Cut of F083 085 Ceramic flue pipe within 083 086 Inserted ‘T’ – shaped brick structure within flue interior 087 Sub-rectangular pavia tile surface – Building 3 088 Wall at north extent (087) 089 Wall at north extent (087) 090 Remodelled brick work at western extent (087) 091 Central box in surface 9087) 092 Surface SE of (087) 093 Sooty trample overlain by (094) 094 Pavia tile surface overlying (093) 095 Heat affected subsoil 096a Eastern firebox southern extent of Building 3 096b Central firebox southern extent of Building 3 096c Central firebox southern extent of Building 3 096d Western firebox southern extent of Building 3 097 VOID 098 VOID

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

099 VOID 100 Sooty trample south of Bldg 3 101 VOID 102 Cut for robber trench flue branch F103 103 Fill of robber trench [102] 104 Cut for robber trench flue branch F105 105 Fill of robber trench [104] 106 VOID 107 Fill of [106] 108 Cut for fireboxes 096a – d at the southern extent of Bldg 3 109 Brick wall of fireboxes at Northern extent of Bldg 3 110 Black fill of firebox (109) 111 VOID 112 Reddish lower fill of firebox (109) 113 Bricks blocking flue channel (156) 114 Sooty trample north of Building 3 115 VOID 116 VOID 117 VOID 118 VOID 119 VOID 120 VOID 121 Curving flue cut 122 Fill of [121] 123 Straight flue cut 124 Fill of [123] 125 Cut of demolished Building 6 126 Demolition fill in [125] 127 Curving flue cut 128 Fill of flue cut [127] 129 Brick base of firebox (096a) at southern extent of Bldg 3 130 Firebrick base of firebox (096b) at southern extent of Bldg 3 131 Firebrick base of firebox (096c) at southern extent of Bldg 3 132 VOID 133 Same as [108] 134 Same as [108] 135 Same as [108] 136 Rubble fill in (096a) 137 Rubble fill in (096b) 138 Rubble fill in (096c) 139 VOID 140 VOID 141 Firebrick base of firebox (096d) 142 VOID 143 VOID 144 VOID 145 VOID 146 VOID 147 VOID 148 Eastern external wall of Bldg 3 149 Phase 5 repair in flue (156) 150 VOID

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

151 Brick support pillar at eastern corner of Bldg 3- Phase 1 152 Brick support pillar at western corner of Bldg 3- Phase 1 153 Same as (148) 154 Western Phase 3 flue- Building 3 155 Phase 2 fireboxes 156 Eastern flue at northern extent of Building 3 157 Brickwork abutting (151) 158 Western flue cut 159 Fill of [158] 160 Made-up deposit for surface (162) 161 VOID 162 Red-brick surface 163 Central brick firebox/flue structure 164 Truncating cut into drain F083 165 Fill of [164] 166 Truncation cut – grubbing out event 167 Fill of [166] 168 Drain cut for ceramic pipe 169 Fill of drain cut [188] 170 Pile of bricks under make-up levelling (171) 171 Levelling for surface (172) 172 Surface (172) 173 Topsoil in south area 174 Demolition tip lines in south area 175 Truncation cut in south area 176 Cut for (171) 177 Sooty use above (076) 178 Red brick pillar 179 Sub-rectangular pavia tiles 180 VOID 181 Brick floor surface central section of NE building 182 Brick floor surface east section of NE building 183 Southern wall abutting (076) and (181) (Same as (178)) 184 Robbed out wall related to (183) (Fill of cut [185]) 185 Cut of (184) 186 Western fireboxes (Brick kiln) 187 Eastern fireboxes (Brick kiln) 188 Interior surface (brick kiln) 189 Cut of brick kiln 190 Fill of (189) 191 Pottery foundation structure associated with Building 5 192 VOID 193 VOID 194 VOID 195 Levelling deposit below (181), (182) and east extent (076)- consisted of demolition material from Scotch Kiln Building 1. 196 Trample deposit 197 North wall of Scotch Kiln – Building 2 198 Ash and clinker material within firebox 187 199 Brick rubble material within 187 200 Damaged firebox rubble 201 Bedding material – south end of 182

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

202 Same as [053] 203 Sooty trample – exterior brick kiln 204 Levelling deposit below stricture 191 and N wall of brick kiln 205 Ash clinker within 186 206 Brick buttress pillars west of 186 207 Levelling deposit below 206 208 Brick buttress pillars east of 187 209 Possible chimney structure south of 186 210 South wall of brick clamp. 211 Demolition deposit below late 19th century Building 4. 212 Grey/black scorching on surface (056)- Building 3 213 Grey/black scorching on surface (076)- Building 3 214 Grey/black scorching on surface (181)- Building 3 215 20th century demolition deposit overlying surface (087) and filling vehicle inspection pit (091) 216 Cut of late 19th century Clay Pit 217 Deliberate 20th century backfill in Clay Pit cut [216]

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix II

Photograph Register

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Shot No. Direction Scale Context No. Description 01. ESE 1m + 2m (011) Overview of surface (011) 02. SSE 1m + 2m (012) Overview of structure (012) 03. SSE 1m + 2m (033) Overview of structure (033) 04. E 1m + 2m (033) Overview of structure (033) 05. ENE 1m + 2m (025) Overview of structure (025) 06. ENE 1x1m (021) Overview of structure (021) 07. SSE 1m + 2m (021) Overview of structure (021) in relation to other features 08. SSE 1x2m (031) Overview of structure (031) 09. ENE 1x2m (020) Overview of structure (020) 10. SSE 1m + 2m (020) Overview of structure (020) with associated features 11. WSW 1x2m (034) Overview of structure (034) 12. WSW 1m + 2m (024) Overview of structure (024) 13. WSW 1x2m (023), (024) Overview of structures (023) + (024) 14. NNW 1x2m (023), (024) Overview of structures (023) + (024) 15. NW 1m + 2m - Overview of SE corner of building 4 16. NW 2x2m - Overview of E face of building 4 17. WNW 2x2m - Overview of SW room of building 4 18. WNW 1x1m (042) Overview of structure (042) 19. ENE 2x2m (004), (006) Overview of culvert (004) 20. ENE 1x2m [005] WSW facing section of cut [005] 21. ENE 1x2m (013) WSW facing section showing change of coursing in (013) 22. WNW 1x2m (006) SSE facing section of (006) 23. WSW 1m + 2m [005] + (004) ESE facing section of trench 24. SSE 2x2m (013) Overview of extent of structure (013) 25. WSW 1x1m (007) Overview of structure (007) 26. NNW 2x2m (013) Overview of extent of structure (013) 27. WSW 2x2m (010) Overview of extent of structure (010) 28. WSW 1x2m (010) Overview of continuation of structure (010) 29. NNW 1x1m (027) Overview of structure (027) 30. SSE 1x1m (010) NNW facing section of (010) intersecting with (013) 31. ENE 1x1m (013) WSW facing section of (013) intersecting with (010) 32. NE 2x2m - Overview of building 33. NNW 2x2m - Overview of building 34. NE 2x2m - Extent of building 35. W 2x2m - Extent of building 36. ESE 1x1m (004) WNW facing section of slot through (004) 37. ESE 1m + 2m (004) Linear (004) with slot 38. WSW 1x1m (004) (048) ENE facing section of slot through (004) + (048) 39. WSW 1m + 2m (004) (048) Overview of linear (004) showing cut slots 40. WSW 2x2m - Overview of linear (004) and potential robber trench 41. SW 1x1m (050) Compacted trampled surface 42. S 1x0.25m (048) Demo (048) in [049] 43. ESE 1x0.25m (048) Demo (048) in [049] 44. W 1x1m (048) Section through flue trench 45. NW 2x2m (056) General shot of floor 46. SW 2x2m (056) General shot of floor 47. NW 1x2m (057) Sandstone wall 48. NWN 1x1m (067) Brick wall 49. NW 1x1m (054) Mortar screed

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

50. SW 1x1m (060) Western wall (062) 51. NW 1x1m (062) Flue - brick surface 52. NW 1x1m (065) Repair event 53. NW 1x1m (063) Inserted fire brick surface 54. NW 1x1m (064) Repair event 55. NW 1x1m (066) Ashy trample over (055) 56. S 1x0.25m (056) N facing section of (056) 57. N 1x0.25m (067) NE facing section 58. ESE 1x1m (013) WNW facing section of structure (013) 59. SE 1x1m (071) + (061) Brick pillar (071) 60. SE 1x0.25m (055) + (056) Surface (056) 61. WNW 1x1m (004) ESE facing section of flue fragments 62. WNW 1x1m (004) ESE facing section of (004) 63. NW 2x2m (057) Structure (057) 64. NW 2x2m (057) Structure (057) 65. N 2x2m (057) Structure (057) 66. N 2x2m (057) Structure (057) 67. NE 1x1m (057) Structure (057) 68. NW 1x0.25m [058], (077) Construction cut [057] 69. N 1x1m [058], (076) Surface (076) 70. SW 1x1m (078) Surface (078) 71. SW 1x1m (079) Brick addition 72. NW 1x0.25m (081) Wall bordering (076) 73. ENE 1x1m (083) Brick flue with pipe in cut 74. SE 2x2m (087) Paving slab surface 75. SE 2x2m (087) Paving slab surface 76. SE 2x2m (087) Paving slab surface 77. S 1x1m (088) Wall foundation 78. E 1x1m (089) Wall foundation 79. NE 1x1m (090) Brick floor surface 80. W 1x2m (097) + (098) Southern firebox 81. NW 1x2m (097) + (098) Southern fireboxes 82. SW 1x1m (092) Remodelled brick surface 83. NW 1x1m (111) Bricks of firebox blocking flue 84. NW 1x1m (111) Bricks of firebox blocking flue 85. SE 1x1m (110) + (112) Section through firebox 86. SE 1x0.25m (110) + (112) Section through firebox 87. SE 1x1m (113) Bricks blocking flue 88. SE 1x1m (119) Black sooty fill 89. SE 1x1m (116) Firebox 90. NW 1x1m (118) Square stone feature 91. NW 1x1m (109) Firebox (109) 92. SE 1m + 2m (093) Trampled door for building 3 93. SW 1x2m (121) Cut of possible curving flue 94. E 1x2m (123) Cut of possible flue 95. W 1x2m (125) Demolished southern building 96. SW 1x2m (127) Cut of possible curved flue 97. NW 1x1m (096) Blocked firebox 98. NW 1x1m (096) Blocked firebox 99. NW 1x1m (096) Blocked firebox 100. NW 1x1m (096) Blocked firebox 101. N 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140)

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

102. NE 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 103. NE 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 104. SW 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 105. W 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 106. W 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 107. NW 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 108. NE 1x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 109. NE 2x2m (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 110. NE - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 111. NE - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 112. NE - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 113. E - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 114. NE - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 115. NE - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 116. W - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 117. SW - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 118. NE - (096), (097), (098), (140) Fireboxes (096), (097), (098), (140) 119. S 1x1m (043) Pipe trench 120. E 1x1m (043) Pipe trench 121. NNW 1x1m (083) + (169) SSE facing section of pipes (083) + (169) 122. SW 2x2m (109) General view over (109) 123. S 1x1m (153) + (151) Brick pillar (151) 124. N 1x1m (170) Brick pillar (170) 125. NW 1x1m (109)a Firebox (109)a 126. NW 1x1m (109)b Firebox (109)b 127. NW 1x1m (109)c Firebox (109)c 128. NW 1x1m (109)d Firebox (109)d 129. W 1x1m (109) a, b, c, d General view of fireboxes 130. SE 1x1m (086) +(163) Fireboxes (163) + (086) 131. N 1x1m (152) 132. N 1x1m (155)a Firebox (155)a 133. N 1x1m (155)b Firebox (155)b 134. NW 1x1m (155)c Firebox (155)c 135. E 1x2m (155), (103), (104), (159) Fireboxes (155) General view and flues (103), (104), (159) 136. E 1x2m (154) Flue (154) 137. NE 1x2m (156) Flue (156) 138. NE 1x2m (156) Flue (156) 139. W - - General shot of south end. 140. NW 4x2m - General shot 141. NE - - General shot of north end 142. W - - General shot of firepits 143. E 1x1m (171) SW facing section of (171) 144. SE 3x2m (174) Oblique section shot of demolition 145. S 3x2m (174) Oblique section shot of demolition (174) 146. W 2x2m (174) East facing section of demolition (174) 147. S 2x2m (174) General shot - South area 148. S 1x1m (149) Flue repair 149. SW 1x1m [175] (174) Cut - Truncation. South area 150. W 1x0.25m [184] [164] East facing section of linears [084] + [164] 151. W 1x0.25m [084] [164] East facing section of linears [084] + [164] 152. W 1x0.25m [084] [164] East facing section of linears [084] + [164]

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

153. NW 1x1m [168] Drain cut [164] 154. NW 1x1m [168] Drain cut [164] 155. W 1x1m (179) Floor surface 156. W 1x1m (179) Floor surface 157. N 1x1m (179) Floor surface 158. N 1x1m (169) Drain fill of [168] 159. S 1x1m (169) Drain fill of [168] 160. S 1x1m (169) Drain fill of [168] 161. NE 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 162. E 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 163. E 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 164. W 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 165. W 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 166. SW 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 167. SW 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 168. SW 2x2m (076), (181), (182) Brick floor surface NE building 169. SE 2x2m (076) Brick floor surface west end - NE building 170. SE 2x2m (181) Brick floor surface west end - NE building 171. SE 2x2m (182) Brick floor surface west end - NE building 172. NE 1x1m (187) Firebox and arch - partial. North end 173. E 1x1m (187) Firebox - brick kiln 174. E 1x1m (187) Firebox - brick kiln 175. E 1x2m (187) Firebox - brick kiln 176. SE 1x2m (187) Oblique shot of fire boxes 177. SE 1x2m (187) Oblique shot of fire boxes 178. SE - (187) Oblique shot of fire boxes 179. N 1x2m (187) Oblique shot of fire boxes 180. N 1x2m (187) Oblique shot of fire boxes 181. NW 1x0.25m (169) (169) Drain 182. NW 1x0.25m (169) (169) Drain 183. SE 1x2m (167) SE shot of robber trench between surface (176) + (181) 184. NE 1x2m (172) Brick floor surface (172) south of surface (181) 185. NW 1x0.25m (184) Eastern robber trench 186. SW 2x2m (181) + (076) SW shot of wear marks on surfaces (181) and (076) 187. NW 1x2m (184) Eastern robber trench 188. NW 1m + 2m (197) NW facing view of N clamp wall 189. W 2x2m (181) + (076) Wear marks on surfaces (181) + (176) 190. W 2x2m (181) + (076) Wear marks on surfaces (181) + (176) 191. W 2x2m (181 )+ (076) Wear marks on surfaces (181) + (176) 192. W 1x2m (183) Wall (183) - south of surface 181) 193. W 1x2m (183) Wall (183) - south of surface (181) 194. W 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 195. W 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 196. N 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 197. N 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 198. E 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 199. E 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 200. S 2x2m (188) (188) general shot of brick clamp 201. SW 1x2m (187) Fireboxes (187) C - G 202. SW 1x2m (187) Exterior shot of inlet flues servicing fireboxes E - F 203. N 1x2m [202] N facing shot of cut [202] 204. NW 1x2m (191) NW facing shot of (191) wall

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

205. NW 1x0.25m Entrance to brick clamp 206. NW 2x2m (188) Surface (188) 207. NE 1x2m (187) Interior elevation of firepits D, E, F 208. NE 1x1m (187) Interior elevation of firepits D + E 209. NW 1x2m (204) SE facing elevation of brick kiln north wall 210. SW 1x1m (186) Interior view of firepits (186) A - C on surface (188) 211. S 1x2m (186) Shot of interior elevation of firepits (186) E - H 212. SW 1x1m (186) Interior elevation of firepits (186) G + H 213. E 1x1m (186) Exterior elevation of firepit (186) F 214. NE 1x1m (209) View of brickworks structure (209)

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix III

Cartographic Data

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 45. 1842 Tithe Map with site location highlighted. Note the N-S aligned brick drying sheds north of the development area.

Figure 46. 1857 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 47. 1890 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted.

Figure 48. 1919 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 49. 1939 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted.

Figure 50. 1962 Ordnance Survey map with site location highlighted.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 51. Aerial Photograph of the site c.1970 (reproduced by kind permission of Brian Robson, Fair View Bungalow, Coxhoe. Note the terrace of houses at the north-west corner of the site matching the location of Building 4.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix IV

Land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Potteries

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 52. Page 1 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 53. Page 2 of 10 from land deeds relating to Coxhoe Pottery site

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 54. Page 3 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 55. Page 4 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 56. Page 5 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 57. Page 6 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 58. Page 7 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 59. Page 8 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 60. Page 9 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 61. Page 10 of 10 from land deeds relating to the Coxhoe Pottery site.

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix V

Sections and Plan Illustrations

Figure 62- Mid-19th Century Building Locations Scale: 1:200 @ A4 Drawn: RL

Building 2

Key:

- Unexcavated- Modern Bldg

Building 1

Building 3

0 2 10m Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 63- Plan of Late 19th Century Building Locations Scale: 1:400 @ A4 Drawn: RL

Building 5 Key:

- Unexcavated- Modern Bldg

- Test Trench Building 4 Building 3

Building 6

Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved 0 2 10m reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 64- Plan of Mid-19th Century Archaeological Features 187 Scale: 1:200 @ A4 Drawn: RL 197

(008) (008)

(008) [189] 206 208

186 Mod. [189] (188) Manhole 208 206 (008) Key: (203)

[058] 206 Projected line of [189] (008) - Unexcavated- Modern Bldg 186 (190) 057 (075) [189] 206 (008) (171)

206

(074)

057 (008)

079

(008) 059 109

(095)

155

(094) (008) (093) 088

(008)

Proposed eastern extent of Phase 2 Kilns 089

(087)

(008)

(092)

(095)

[135] N

096 097 (132) (095)

(092) (101) 098 (099) 140 (147) Copyright/ Licencing (100) 144 This Drawing © A.R.S. Ltd

0 2 10m Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 65- Overral Plan of Late 19th Century Archaeological Features

191 Scale: 1:200 @ A3 [216] (008) Drawn: RL

[185] 103.43 (217) 104.05 (002) (184)

104.18

(182) Mod. Manhole 081 104.13 (194)

104.22 (190) (008) [053] 104.08 (181) [189] [193] [058] (201) (167) (004) 104.26 [005] (008) 183 104.48 (077) (076) 057 104.08 (075) [166] 104.114 104.17 104.21 179 Key: 104.42 (171) 067 (172) (054) 104.23 (055) (077) 103.88 (074)

183 103.70 - Unexcavated- Modern Bldg [053] 103.49 (008) 104.15 (069) 104.40 (169) (068) 103.71 (060) 057 (052) [168] (004) (169) (048) (008) 078 (085) 103.93 (056) [047] (055) 079 103.76 007 [005] [168] 103.75 103.78 104.08 103.40 (068) (063) (008) 059 104.23 109 (065) (066) (169) (060) 104.10 103.63 006 (008) (066) [168] (095) 102.92 [070] (004) 103.49 155 103.36 [005] 102.87 013 103.71

103.32 (094) (008) (095) (008) (093) 088 (105) [104] (103) 103.56 [102] 103.31 021 (159) (008) 103.44 (026) [158] 010 089 103.23 103.59 (025) 104.25 (032) 103.43 (043)

012 033 (029) (020) (087)

(011) (043) (008) 022 034 104.24 (092) 091 104.10 (095) (036) 035 (128) [127] 104.20 [135]

103.12 102.65 096a 096b (132) (095) 103.02 (008) (092) 103.52 (101) 096c 102.50 (099) 140 (147) (100) 096d

(008)

102.32 [125] [175] (126) (008) N

102.11

[123] 103.64

101.79 102.02

s.?.2 102.01

(174) (174) (124) (008) Copyright/ Licencing s.?.1

102.19 This Drawing [121] (174) 102.65 (122) © A.R.S. Ltd

FB 186 a 103.88 FB 187 a 103.87

186 187 103.89 (003)

206 103.63 103.69 FB 186 b (188) 103.77

104.15 103.65 186 103.41 (008) (008) 103.59 103.62 FB 186 c 103.75 103.59

104.07 103.97 191 183 186 187 206 103.38 103.63 FB 187 c (203) FB 186 d 103.68 186 (008) 187 187 104.03 206 (188) 104.13 FB 187 d (203) 103.64 FB 186 e [202] 208

103.98 103.94 186 187 (008) 103.70 FB 187 e 103.86 206 FB 186 f 103.63

186 103.66

104.11 104.10 187 104.01 103.98 208

206 103.54 FB 187 f (203) FB 186 g 103.55 103.68

103.85 208 187 (188)

FB 186 h 103.55 FB 187 g 187 206 103.67 209

(203)

103.59

104.06 209 103.55 210 104.01 103.66 (008) [202]

(008) 103.72 103.53 [189] (190) [189] 103.68

0 0.4 2m

Figure 66: Detailed Plan of Scotch Kiln 186 - Bldg 2 Key- Mid- 19th Century Brick Kiln Scale: 1:50 @ A4 Drawn: MFC Late 19th Century Pottery Foundation N Ordnance Survey data if applicable Late 19th Century Pottery Wall © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. FB 187 a - Firebox 187 a Licence No. 100045420 197 104.74

103.88 FB 187 a FB 186 a 103.87

187 103.89 (188) (003) 186 206 103.63 103.69 FB 187 b FB 186 b

103.77 s.85.1 104.15 103.65 103.41 (008) (008) 103.59 FB 186 c 103.62 s.86.1 103.75 103.59 s.86.2 s.88.2 104.07 191 183 186 187 206 s.87.1 103.38 103.63 FB 187 c (203) FB 186 d 103.68 186 (008) 187 187 104.03 206 104.13 FB 187 d (203) 103.64 FB 186 e

208 103.98 (188) 103.94 186 187 206 103.56 (008) 103.70 103.54 FB 187 e 103.86 FB 186 f 103.63

103.66

104.11 104.10 187 104.01 188 103.98 208

FB 187 f (203) FB 186 g 103.55 103.68

103.85 208 187 (188)

186 103.55 FB 187 g 187 206 FB 186 h 209

(203) s.85.2

103.59 s.88.1

104.06 209 103.55 210 104.01 103.66 (008) [202]

(008) 103.72 103.53 [189] (190) [189] 103.68 s.87.2

0 0.4 2m

Figure 67 - Detailed Plan of Scotch Kiln 186 with Key- Section Locations- Bldg 2 - Section Location and Direction of View Scale- 1:50 @ A4 Drawn: MFC & RL FB 187 a - Firebox 187 a N Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 68- Plan of Building 1 & 2 during the Mid 19th-Century Scale: 1:100 @ A4 Drawn: RL

187

197

(008) (008) Key:

(008) [202] 206 208

186 Mod. [189] (188) Manhole 208 206 (008) (203)

[058] 206 [202] Projected line of [189] (008) 186 (190) 057 (075) [189]

206 (171) (008)

206

(074)

057 (008) N

079

(008) Copyright/ Licencing 059 109 This Drawing © A.R.S. Ltd

(182) Mod. Manhole 081 104.13 (194)

104.22 (190) (008) [053] 104.08 (181) [189] [193] [058] (201) (167) (004) 104.26 (008) 183 (077) (076) 057 104.08 (075) [166] 104.114 104.17 179 (171)

(172)

104.23 (077) (074)

183 103.70 103.49 104.15 (169) 057 (052) [168] (169) (008) 078 (085) 103.93

079 103.76

[168] 103.75 (063) (008) 103.40 059 109

(066) (169) 103.63

[168] (095) 102.92 [070] 103.49 155 103.36 102.87

103.32 (094) (008) (095) (093) 088 (105) [104] (103) 103.56 [102] 103.31

(159) (008) 103.44

[158] 089 103.23 103.59

103.43

(087)

(008)

(092) 091 (095)

(128) [135]

103.12 102.65 096a 096b (129) (132) (095) 103.02 (130)

(092) 103.52 (131) (101) (008) 096c 102.50 (141) (099) (147) 096d (100) 144

(008)

102.32

[175] (126) (008)

0 1 5m

103.64

Figure 69- Plan of Mid-Late 19th Century Key: Copyright/ Licencing Building 3 This Drawing Scale: 1:150 @ A4 © A.R.S. Ltd DrawN: RL - Unexcavated- Modern Bldg N Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 70 - Phased Plan of Fireboxes and Flue at the Northern Extent of Building 3 Scale:1:75 @ A4 Drawn: RL

Key:

Key- Phase 1 - Mid 19th Century Brick Kiln

Key- Phase 2 - Mid 19th Century Brick Kiln (088) (081) (085) (008) (085) (008) (163) (008) [084] [084] (170) Key- Phase 3 - Mid-Late 19th [084] (083) Century Pottery Flue (083) (083) (083) (083)

(165) (165) [164] [164] (156) Key- Phase 4 - Mid -Late 19th (156) (156) 149 150 154 154 154 (110) Century Flue Repair (008) (110) (110) (008) 109 (008) 109 151 (110) 155 155

152 (008) 155c (110) [106] 109 (008) (008) [106] (008) (107) 109 (110) (008) 109 (157) 155a 109 (008) 109 (153) (103) (087) (008) (008) (008) (107) (008)

[104] Modern Services 109d [108] [108] 109b 109a [104] 109c 155b (008) (008) [108] (008)

(085) [158] [102] (169) (159) (105)

Modern Services

[168] [102] (103) (008)

[104]

(008) (105) (008) (159) N

104.40 s.79.2 103.71 (060) (004) s.79.1 (048)

[047]

007 s.78.2 [005]

103.78 104.08 s.78.1

104.23

006

s.80.2 (008)

(004)

[005] s.80.1 013 103.71

(008)

021

(026) 010 (025) 104.25 (032) (043)

012 033 (029) (020)

(011) (043) 022 034 104.24

104.10

(036) 035

104.20

0 1 5m

Figure 71: Plan of Late 19th Century Key: Copyright/ Licencing Building 4 This Drawing Scale: 1:100 @ A4 © A.R.S. Ltd Drawn: RL N Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 72: Plan of late 19th century, E-W aligned Building 5 Scale: 1:125 @ A4 Drawn: RL

191

(008)

[185] 103.43 104.05 (002) (184) Key:

104.18

(182) Mod. Manhole 081 104.13 (181) (194)

104.22 (190) (008) [053] 104.08 [189] (214) [193] [058] (201) (167) (004) 104.26 [005] (008) 183 104.48 (077) (076) 057 104.08 [166] (075) (213) 104.114 104.17 104.21 179 104.42 (171) 067 (172) (054) 104.23 (055) (077) 103.88 (074) (171) 183 103.70 [053] 103.49 104.15 (069) (169) (068) (060) 057 (052) [168] (169) (008) 078 (085) (212) 103.93

(055) 079 103.76

(056) [168] 103.75 103.40 (068) (063) (008) 059 109 (065) (066) (060) (169) 103.63 104.10 N (066) [168] (095) 102.92 [070] 103.49 155 103.36 102.87

103.32 (094) (008) (095) Copyright/ Licencing (093) 088 (105) This Drawing [104] (103) 103.56 © A.R.S. Ltd [102] 103.31 (008) Ordnance Survey data if applicable (159) © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved 103.44 0 1 5m reproduction with permission. [158] 089 Licence No. 100045420 103.23 103.59 Figure 73: Detail Plan of Furnace 057 , within Bldg 5 Scale: 1:75 @ A4 Mod. Drawn: RL Manhole 081 104.13 (194)

104.22 (008) [053] 104.08 (181)

[058] Key: (167) (004) 104.26 [005] (008) 183 (077) 057 (075) (076) [166] 104.114 104.21 s.81.2 179 067 s.81.1 s.81.3 (054) 104.23 (055) (077) s.82.2 103.88 (074) s.83.1

183 103.70 103.49 s.82.1 104.15 s.83.2 (069) (169) 057 (052) [168] (169) 078 (085) 103.93 (055) (056) 079

[168] s.77.1 103.75 103.40 (068) (063) (008) s.77.2 N 059 (065) (066) (169) 104.10 103.63 (110) (066) [168] 102.92 [070] Copyright/ Licencing This Drawing © A.R.S. Ltd 155 103.36 102.87 Ordnance Survey data if applicable 0 1 5m © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 103.32 (094) (008) (095) 091 (095) Figure 74- Plan of Late 19th Century Building 6 and Clay Pit F.176 (128) Scale: 1:150 @ A4 [135] [127] Drawn: RL 103.12 102.65 096a 096b (129) (132) (095) 103.02 (130) (008) (092) 103.52 (131) (101) 096c 102.50 (141) (099) Key: 096d (147) (100) 096d - Unexcavated- Modern Bldg

(008)

102.32 [125] [175] (126)

102.11

[123] 103.64

101.79 102.02

s.?.2 102.01

(174) (174) (124) (008)

s.?.1

102.19 [121] (174) 102.65 (122)

N 101.59

103.44 102.21

Ordnance Survey data if applicable 0 1 5m © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 75- Mid-19th Century Archaeological Features with 1850 OS Map Overlay Scale- 1:400 @ A4 Drawn: RL

Key: Bldg 2 - Unexcavated- Modern Bldg

Bldg 1

Bldg 3

0m 4 20m Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 76- Plan of Late 19th Century Archaeological Features and Overlay of the 1890 OS map survey Scale- 1:400 @ A4 Drawn: RL

Key:

- Unexcavated- Modern Bldg

Bldg 5

Bldg 4 Bldg 3

Bldg 6 N

Copyright/ Licencing This Drawing © A.R.S. Ltd 0m 4 20m Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 77- NW facing section through Firebox (109) B.

NE SW

109

103.35 s.77.1 (110) s.77.2 (112) 109

(008)

Figure 78- ENE facing section through flue F.004

SSE NNW 104.22 s.78.1 s.78.2 (004) (008) (046) [005]

Figure 79- NE facing section through flue F.004

NW SE 104.33 s.79.1 s.79.2 (004) [005]

0m 0.25m 1m

Figure 77 - 79- Sections through Firebox Key: Copyright/ Licencing - m aOD (109) C & flue F.004 This Drawing Scale: 1:20 @ A4 © A.R.S. Ltd Drawn: RL Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 80- NE facing section through wall 013 SE NW

013

(211)

s.80.1 s.80.2 104.23 (008)

Figure 81- S & W facing section through construction trench F.075 and ass. features

SE facing sec. SW facing section

057 (076)

104.07 (077) s.81.1 s.81.2 s.81.3 (052)

(077) (052) (075) [058]

Figure 82- SSE facing section through drain F.169 WSW ENE

(171) 104.01 s.82.1 s.82.2

(052) (083) (167) [166]

(008) (008)

[084] (085) [084]

0m 0.25m 1m

Figure 80 - 82- Sections through wall Key: Copyright/ Licencing (013), construction trench F.075 and drain - m aOD This Drawing F.169 © A.R.S. Ltd Scale:1:20 @ A4 Drawn: RL Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 83- WSW facing section exterior surface (172)

(172) NNW SSE

[176] (171) 103.8 s.83.1 s.83.2 (052)

(008)

Figure 84- SW facing representative section through backfill deposits (174) in clay pit cut [175]

SE NW

(173)

102.69 s.84.1 s.84.2

(174)

0m 0.25m 1m

Figures 83 & 84- Sections through Key: Copyright/ Licencing surface (171) & clay pit fill (174) - m aOD This Drawing Scale: 1:20 @ A4 © A.R.S. Ltd Drawn: RL Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figure 85 & 86- W & S facing elevations through western bank of firepits 186 in northern brick kiln and pottery foundation structure 191 Figure 85- W-facing elevation through Brick Kiln exterior displaying firepits 186 D, E, F & G Scale: 1:20 @ A3 Drawn: MGC & RL 186 186 186 186 186 206 Key: N S Fire-pit 186 D 103.88 D s.85.1 s.85.2 - m aOD (008) (207) (008) (008) (008)

206 206 206 206 206 D E F G H

Figure 86- S-facing elevation through pottery foundation structure 191

SW SW 104.32 s.86.1 s.86.2 191

(183) (204) (203) [189]

Copyright/ Licencing This Drawing © A.R.S. Ltd 0 0.4 2m Ordnance Survey data if applicable © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved reproduction with permission. Licence No. 100045420 Figures 87 & 88- W & E facing elevation through the eastern bank of fire-pits 187 Figure 87- W-facing elevation through Brick Kiln interior displaying surface (182) and firepits 187 E, F & within the northern brick kiln Scale: 1:20 @ A3 G Drawn: MGC & RL

(182) 187 (182) (199) [185]

(201) SE NW 104.04 Key: -Fire-pit 187 C (199) (199) (184) s.87.2 C s.87.1 (200) [189] - m aOD (198) (198) (190) E 187 F G 187

Figure 88- E-facing elevation through Brick Kiln exterior displaying firepits 187 C, D, E, F & G

SE NW 104.32 s.88.1 208 208 s.88.2 187 187 187 187 209 187

208 (008) G F 208 E D 208 C

Appendix VI

Tables

115

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Table 1. Pottery Wares

Context Type No Wt ENV Part Form Decoration Date range MC19th – 3 Stoneware 1 546 1 Complete Jam jar Narrow fluting ext EC20th Brown Glazed Coasreware C19th – 38 type 1 224 1 Rim Pancheon Clear glaze int over red body EC20th Moulded Grass pattern on wavy 38 Edged ware 1 20 1 Rim Plate rim w/ blue painted edge E – MC19th Slip Banded Cane Coloured Narrow blue band below rim, thin 38 ware 1 10 1 Rim Bowl white slip lines ext C19th Hollow 38 Sponged ware 3 39 1 BS ware Blue cellular sponged pattern ext c.1840+ Curvilinear sponge printed design 38 Sponged ware 1 7 1 Rim Bowl ext and int c.1840+ Rim and Narrow incised line below angular 38 Stoneware 2 54 1 shoulder Jar shoulder; brown ext, green int C19th Narrow incised line ext; brown ext, 38 Stoneware 1 12 1 BS Jar green int C19th Hollow 38 Stoneware 1 14 1 BS ware Brown ext; green int C19th 38 Transfer printed Whiteware 1 7 1 Rim Plate Asiatic Pheasants M – LC19th Ring foot Purple printed design int; figures in MC19th – 38 Transfer printed Whiteware 1 17 1 base Cup/bowl front of a townscape EC20th Footring MC19th – 38 Whiteware 2 34 1 base Plate U/Dec EC20th C19th – 39 Yellow Glazed Coarseware 1 59 1 Base Pancheon White slip int under clear glaze int EC20th Hollow C19th – 50 Blue Banded ware 1 2 1 BS ware Broad blue band ext EC20th Thin overglaze gold line on top of LC19th – 50 Porcelain 1 4 1 Rim Flatware rim C20th Blue TP Chinese style landscape w/ MC19th – 50 Transfer printed Bone China 1 7 1 Rim Cup/mug overglaze gold band on rim EC20th Hollow Clear glaze int and ext on a fine red MC19th – 78 Red-bodied ware 1 8 1 BS ware body EC20th Total 21 1064 17

116

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Context Brick type Comment Measurement Stamp Mortar

Common Bricks 002 Common red brick Fragment of crudely manufactured 235 x 115 x 75mm - None hand-made brick with coarse inclusions. Potentially of an eighteenth-century date. 006 Common red brick Fragment of crudely manufactured 240 x 110 x 75mm - None hand-made brick with coarse inclusions. Potentially of an eighteenth-century date. 013 Common red brick Standard hand-made brick with 230 x 108 x 75mm - Traces of lime- sandy fabric. Probably nineteenth based mortar century. 021 Common red brick Hand-made brick with coarse, sandy 245 x 115 x 80mm - None fabric and slight indications of heat damage. Probably nineteenth century. 056 Common red brick Two fragments of a hand-made brick 224 x 106 x 78mm - None with dense, sandy fabric and slight indications of heat damage. 067 Common red brick Standard hand-made brick with 230 x 108 x 75mm - None light-coloured sandy fabric. Nineteenth century. 109a Common red brick Hand-made brick with coarse, sandy 245 x 115 x 80mm - None fabric and slight indications of heat damage. 113 Common red brick Standard hand-made brick with 240 x 110 x 75mm - Traces of lime- sandy fabric. Probably nineteenth based mortar with century. ash inclusions 130 Common red brick Two fragments of a crude hand- - - None made brick with coarse fabric and indications of heat damage. Probably of an eighteenth-/early nineteenth-century date. 151 Common red brick Standard hand-made brick with 245 x 110 x 78mm - Traces of lime- sandy fabric. Probably nineteenth based mortar century. 152 Common red brick Fragments of a standard hand-made - - Traces of lime- brick that had been crudely based mortar manufactured, and possibly a ‘second’. Probably of a nineteenth- century date. 154 Common red brick Hand-made brick of slightly smaller 160 x 105 x 70mm - None dimensions to standard. Probably of a nineteenth-century date. 156 Common red brick Hand-made brick with coarse, sandy 245 x 110 x 80mm - None fabric. Some sooting and distortion due to heat damage. Possibly of an eighteenth-/early nineteenth- century date. 181 Common red brick Hand-made brick with coarse, sandy 245 x 110 x 80mm - None fabric. Some sooting and distortion due to intense heat. Nineteenth century. 188 Common red brick Two fragments of a hand-made brick - - None with dense, sandy fabric and indications of heat damage. Nineteenth century.

117

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

191 Common red brick Hand-made brick with dense, sandy 224 x 106 x 78mm - None fabric and indications of distortion due to heat damage. Nineteenth century. 197 Common red brick Hand-made brick with coarse, sandy 245 x 115 x 80mm - None fabric and indications of having been subject to intense heat. Nineteenth century. 206 Common red brick Hand-made brick with dense, sandy 224 x 106 x 78mm - None fabric and indications of distortion due to heat damage. Nineteenth century. 209 Common red brick Hand-made brick with coarse, sandy 245 x 115 x 80mm - None fabric and slight indications of heat damage. Nineteenth century. Table 2. Common Brick Samples

Context Brick type Comment Measurement Stamp Mortar Engineering Bricks 048 Engineering brick Machine-made brick with large 224 x 104 x 78mm ELDON None rectangular frog stamped ‘ELDON’, almost certainly referring to the Eldon Brickworks in County Durham. Coarse fabric, and relatively crudely finished. Probably dates to the late nineteenth century. Table 3. Engineering Brick Samples

Context Brick type Comment Measurement Stamp Mortar Refractory Bricks 057 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with dense 215 x 110 x 66mm CARNABY COXHOE None matrix. Slight indication of having been subject to high temperatures. Stamped ‘CARNABY COXHOE’, and probably dates to the mid-nineteenth century 065 Standard refractory Two fragments of a standard - Illegible None refractory brick. Indications of having been subjected to intense heat. Illegible manufacturers’ stamp on upper surface. Probably later nineteenth-century date. 071 Small refractory Two fragments of a small refractory - Illegible None brick. Indications of having been subjected to intense heat. Illegible manufacturers’ stamp on upper surface. Probably dates to the later nineteenth century. 086 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with sooting 248 x 115 x 68mm - None indications of having been subjected to intense heat. No manufacturers’ stamp. Possibly mind-nineteenth century. 155a Specialist refractory Refractory brick manufactured in a 216 x 155 x 48mm - None wedge-shape. Sooted with indications of having been subjected to intense heat. Probably of a mid- /late nineteenth-century date. 155b Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 248 x 115 x 70mm - Traces of lime- sooting and indications of heat based mortar damage. Probably dates to the mid- /late nineteenth century. 155c Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 248 x 115 x 72mm - Traces of lime- sooting and indications of heat based mortar damage. with ash inclusions

118

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

155b Specialist refractory Part of a refractory brick with - - None indications of having been subjected to intense heat. Probably manufactured to a specific shape, and is likely to date to the mid-/late nineteenth century. 109c Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with 248 x 115 x 68mm - None vitreous waste adhered to one surface. Probably dates to the mid- /late nineteenth century. 109d Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 250 x 115 x 65mm - None sooting. Probably dates to the mid- /late nineteenth century. 163 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 251 x 112 x 70mm - Lime-based sooting. No manufacturers’ stamp. mortar with Probably dates to the second half of inclusions of ash. the nineteenth century. 181 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 250 x 115 x 68mm - None sooting. No manufacturers’ stamp. Nineteenth century. 182 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 251 x 115 x 70mm - None sooting. No manufacturers’ stamp. Indications of having been subjected to high temperatures. Nineteenth century. 186 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick, crudely 248 x 115 x 68mm - None manufactured with coarse inclusions and indications of severe heat damage. Nineteenth century. 187 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick. No 251 x 115 x 70mm - Traces of line- manufacturers’ stamp. Indications of based mortar having been subjected to high temperatures. Nineteenth century. 208 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 248 x 115 x 68mm - None sooting and indications of heat damage. Nineteenth century.

210 Standard refractory Standard refractory brick with slight 248 x 115 x 68mm - None indications of heat damage. Nineteenth century. Table 4. Refractory Brick Samples

119

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix VII

Brick Samples

120

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 89. Fragments of a common brick recovered from (152), with misshapen face (scale = 0.15m).

Figure 90. Brick recovered from the north wall (197) of the Scotch kiln, with heat-affected face (scale = 0.15m)

121

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 91. Stamped engineering brick recovered from context (048) (scale = 0.15m).

Figure 92.Burnt refractory brick recovered from firebox (109c) (scale = 0.15m).

122

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 93. A burnt refractory brick recovered from the western wall (186) of the Scotch kiln (scale = 0.15m).

Figure 94. A refractory brick with vitreous waste and illegible stamp recovered from surface (065) (scale = 0.15m).

123

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Figure 95. Refractory brick manufactured by Ralph Carnaby recovered from furnace wall (057) (scale = 0.15m).

Figure 96. Specialist refractory brick recovered from firebox (109b) (scale = 0.15m).

124

An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix VIII

Written Scheme of Investigation

125

The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Written Scheme of Investigation for Archaeological Strip, Map and Sample

1 Introduction

Project Background 1.1 This scheme of works relates to the proposed development at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham, DH6 4AZ. The proposed development site is situated approximately 0.6km south of Coxhoe town centre, and is centred at NGR NZ 32472, 35173 (Figure 1). The underlying geology of the site is Pennine Middle Coal Formation, Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone with overlying superficial deposits of Devensian Diamicton Till, sand and gravel (British Geological Survey 2015).

1.2 Planning permission has been granted for the works through an application made by Gus Robinson Development Ltd. Condition Number 7 of the planning permission requires that:

“No development shall take place until the applicant, or their agents or successors in title, has secured the implementation of a programme of archaeological work in accordance with a mitigation strategy document that has been submitted to, and approved in writing, by the local planning authority. The strategy shall include details of the following: i) Measures to ensure the preservation in situ, or the preservation by record, of archaeological features of identified importance. ii) Methodologies for the recording and recovery of archaeological remains including artefacts and ecofacts. iii) Post-fieldwork methodologies for assessment and analysis. iv) Report content and arrangements for dissemination, and publication proposals. v) Archive preparation and deposition with recognised repositories. vi) A timetable of works in relation to the proposed development, including sufficient notification and allowance of time to ensure that the site work is undertaken and completed in accordance with the strategy. vii) Monitoring arrangements, including the notification in writing to the Principal Archaeologist of the commencement of archaeological works and the opportunity to monitor such works. viii) A list of all staff involved in the implementation of the strategy, including subcontractors and specialists, their responsibilities and qualifications.

1.3 This document comprises a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) for background research and a strip, map and sample excavation to be undertaken by Archaeological Research Services Ltd (ARS Ltd) during the ground works phase of the proposed development. The excavation site (Figure 1- blue area) will be mechanically stripped to any surviving archaeological horizon under supervision to allow recording and archaeological excavation to take place before ground works re-commence.

1.4 The aim of the programme of work is, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) paragraph 141 (CLG 2012), to record and enhance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost during the proposed development in a manner proportionate to their importance, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publically accessible.

2 Background

2.1 The proposed development area (PDA) is within an area known as ‘Coxhoe Pottery’ and currently comprises of two existing structures. The pottery has been around since at least 1769, and was known for its production of coarse, brown earthenware bowls used in cooking or baking that were usually cream glazed on the inside and plain or brown glazed on the outside. An 1808 sale notification indicates that the Coxhoe Pottery comprised of a dwelling-house and several associated buildings, along with 17 acres of

2 land, and describes the clay on the land as being of excellent quality for the production of earthenware (The York Herald 1808).

2.2 The first image of the PDA comes from the tithe map of 1842, which shows the site as part of a larger complex comprising several houses and gardens. No structures are depicted within the western portion of the PDA. The first structures depicted within the western portion of the PDA are shown on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey, surveyed in 1857, which shows one large building and two smaller buildings to the north. The area of the PDA is labelled as the Cornforth Brick Works, with the Coxhoe Pottery being depicted across the street. The Coxhoe Pottery seems to move into the location once occupied by the Cornforth Brick Works by the late 19th century, though the exact date is uncertain. By the 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey, surveyed in 1897, there are now three large buildings shown within the western portion of the PDA, and several clay pits shown scattered throughout the entire PDA. By 1919, the pottery is labelled as disused, but the buildings remain the same. The 1939 Ordnance Survey Map shows that the northern most building within the western part of the PDA is no longer there, and by 1962, the southernmost building is gone as well.

2.3 As the PDA is located within the site of the former Coxhoe Pottery, there is potential for finds related to the pottery. Geotechnical data from the site shows that the eastern portion of the site has been greatly disturbed, probably by works relating to the pottery, and the probability of remains surviving in this area is low. Due to this high level of disturbance, and the foundation strategy (piles) for the proposed development, archaeological intervention in this area was not recommended by the DCC Senior Archaeologist. Geotechnical data from the western portion of the PDA (Figure 1- blue boundary) suggests that this area is an area of lesser disturbance and therefore may have a higher potential for surviving archaeological remains.

3 Aims and objectives

3.1 There will be a phased programme of works as follows.  Strip, map and sample excavation to be undertaken within the excavation area (Figure 1- blue area) in order to determine if any remains related to Coxhoe Pottery exist.  On completion of the on-site archaeological works, post-excavation analysis, reporting, publication and archiving will be carried out.

3.2 The regional research context is provided by The North-East Regional Research Framework for the Historic Environment (NERRF) (2006). The relevant framework objectives under ‘the post-medieval research agenda’ (Inorganic manufacture and PMii. industrialisation) are as follows (NERRF 2006, 178, 184).  The ceramics industry, including brick and tile works, is poorly understood and, despite the presence of major industries in the region, there has been little accompanying archaeological work.  More research is needed on ceramic production sites, including documentary work to locate them (for example, through field- and place- names). Early local pottery industries (16th/17th centuries) are particularly poorly known and there is an apparent gap between local medieval production and the known 18th/19th century industries. It is important to increase our knowledge of kilns and their associated buildings.

3 4 Methodology

4.1 Background Research

4.1.1 The background research into the history of the pottery to set any results into context will include the following:  Durham County Record Office, the Beamish Archives and Durham City Libraries and the Clayport Local Studies Library for any relevant maps, records, photographs and trade directories relating to the Coxhoe Potteries.

4.2 Strip, map and sample excavation

4.2.1 The excavation area (Figure 1- blue area) within the site will be mechanically stripped to any surviving archaeological horizon in order to determine if any remains associated with Coxhoe Pottery exist.

4.2.2 ARS Ltd will provide suitably qualified and experienced archaeologists to undertake the strip, map and sample excavation in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Archaeologists Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Excavations (2013a) and Code of Conduct (2014).

4.2.3 Hard standing, unstratified modern material and topsoil will be removed mechanically by a machine using a wide toothless ditching bucket, under continuous archaeological supervision. The topsoil or recent overburden will be removed down to the first significant archaeological horizon in successive level spits. No machinery will track over areas that have previously been stripped until the area has been signed off by ARS Ltd.

4.2.4 The areas will be appropriately cleaned using hand tools in order to expose the full nature and extent of archaeological features and deposits.

4.2.5 All archaeological features are to be mapped on a base plan using suitable equipment, e.g. a total station, supplemented with a photographic record using a digital colour camera.

4.2.6 Once the area has been stripped, cleaned and mapped as outlined in 4.3-4.5 above, consultation will take place with the Senior Archaeologist to agree the features that should be excavated.

4.2.7 Isolated, discrete features such as pits not belonging to structures or industrial activities will be 50% sampled, although if they produce artefacts then provision is made for full excavation.

4.2.8 Sampling of linear features, such as ditches and gullies relating to agricultural activity will be sufficient to determine their character, stratigraphy and relationship to other features and attempts made to obtain dating evidence.

4.2.9 Area deposits such as buried soils, or middens, will be hand excavated at a minimum 10%. Subsequent excavation by machine will be considered. Large intrusions, such as reservoirs, will be sufficiently excavated by machine, within safe limits, to provide information on their character.

4.2.10 Limited representative samples of bricks from brick-built structures, and selective products of the brick working process will be retained for specialist analysis where appropriate.

4 4.2.11 For deposits that have potential for providing environmental or dating evidence, a minimum of 40 litres of sample will be taken, or 100% of the sample if smaller. This material will be floated and passed through graduated sieves, the smallest being a 500µ mesh. Should other types of environmental deposits be encountered appropriate specialist advice will be sought and an appropriate sampling strategy devised. Samples will be assessed by a suitable specialist with provision for further analysis as required and in accordance with Environmental Archaeology: A Guide to the Theory and Practice Methods, from sampling and recovery to post excavation (English Heritage 2011). Advice from the English Heritage Regional Science Adviser (Jacqui Huntley) will be taken as appropriate.

4.2.12 Discovery of any human remains will be reported to both the Durham County Council and the coroner and excavated following receipt of the appropriate Ministry of Justice License.

4.2.13 All site operations will be carried out in a safe manner in accordance with ARS Ltd’s health and safety policy. Deep sections such as those across ditches or pits will be shored as necessary. A risk assessment will be prepared before commencement on site.

Recording 4.2.14 The site will be accurately tied into the National Grid and located on a 1:2500 or 1:1250 map of the area. The site will be recorded using a single context planning system in accordance with the ARS Ltd field recording manual.

4.2.15 A full and proper record (written, graphic and photographic as appropriate) will be made for all work, using pro-forma record sheets and text descriptions appropriate to the work. Accurate scale plans and section drawings will be drawn where required at 1:50, 1:20 and 1:10 scales, as appropriate. In addition to relevant illustrations, provision for rectified photographic recording shall be made, if deemed necessary.

4.2.16 The stratigraphy of the site will be recorded even where no archaeological deposits have been identified.

4.2.17 All archaeological deposits and features will be recorded with above ordnance datum (AOD) levels.

4.2.18 A photographic record will be produced. All images will be taken in black and white print and digital format, and will contain a graduated photographic scale. The main photographic archive will comprise 35mm b/w SLR print film, supplemented by digital SLR images taken as RAW data files. A register of all photographs will be kept. A selection of working shots will be taken to demonstrate how the site was investigated and what the prevailing conditions were like during the excavation. Record photographs will be printed at a minimum of 5” x 4”. Photographic prints will be mounted in appropriate archival stable sleeves.

4.2.19 Where stratified deposits are encountered, a ‘Harris’ matrix will be compiled.

Finds Processing and Storage 4.2.20 All finds processing, conservation work and storage of finds will be carried out in accordance with the CIfA (2013b) Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials and the UKIC (1990) Guidelines for the Preparation of Archives for Long-Term Storage.

4.2.21 Artefact collection and discard policies will be appropriate for the defined purpose.

4.2.22 The Durham County Council Senior Archaeologist has given a series of options for the participation of the Coxhoe Local History Group in the post-excavation process. This

5 inclusion is dependant upon the number and type of finds collected during excavation, and also upon the interest of the Coxhoe Local History Group. The options include the following:  Finds washing/processing at the local village hall  A short talk to the Coxhoe Local History Group about the results of the excavation, including the artefacts.

4.2.23 Bulk finds which are not discarded will be washed and, with the exception of animal bone, marked. Marking and labelling will be indelible and irremovable by abrasion. Bulk finds will be appropriately bagged, boxed and recorded. This process will be carried out no later than two months after the end of the excavation.

4.2.24 All small finds will be recorded as individual items and appropriately packaged (e.g. lithics in self-sealing plastic bags and ceramic in acid-free tissue paper). Vulnerable objects will be specially packaged and textile, painted glass and coins stored in appropriate specialist systems. This process will be carried out within two days of the small find being excavated.

4.2.25 During and after the excavation all objects will be stored in appropriate materials and storage conditions to ensure minimal deterioration and loss of information (including controlled storage, correct packaging, and regular monitoring, immediate selection for conservation of vulnerable material). All storage will have appropriate security provision.

4.2.26 The deposition and disposal of artefacts will be agreed with the legal owner and recipient museum prior to the work taking place. All finds except treasure trove are the property of the landowner.

4.2.27 All retained artefacts and ecofacts will be cleaned and packaged in accordance with the requirements of the recipient museum.

5 Report

5.1 Within two months of the completion of the excavation, ARS Ltd will produce a report which will include the following as a minimum.  Non-technical summary of the background to the project and the findings of work undertaken  Introductory statement  Aims and purpose of the project  An outline of the methodology employed  A location plan showing any archaeological features with respect to nearby fixed structures and roads  A descriptive and illustrated developmental account of the excavated and recorded features, including phasing and interpretation of the site sequence  Specialist assessment of the various categories of artefacts recovered  Illustrations of all archaeological features with appropriately scaled hachured plans and sections.  Conclusions  Recommendations for the retention or discard of archive material  Supporting data – tabulated or in appendices  Index to archive and details of archive location  References  Statement of intent regarding publication  Confirmation of archive transfer arrangements  A copy of the approved scheme of works (WSI)

6  A copy of the OASIS form.

5.2 One hard, bound copy of the final report, along with a CD (with the project title, date and author noted on the CD) containing i.) digital copy of the report (PDF) and ii.) separate digital (TIF/JPG/BMP) copies of all photographic images, will be deposited with the Durham Historic Environment Record (HER).

6 Archive deposition

6.1 A digital, paper and artefactual archive will be prepared by ARS Ltd, consisting of all primary written documents, plans, sections, photographs and electronic data (in a format to be agreed by the repository museum). The archive will be deposited in line with the CIfA (2013d) Standard and Guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives and Society of Museum Archaeologists (1993) Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections. Guidelines for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and will be deposited within two months of the completion of the report. The Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council and Museum Curator will be notified in writing on completion of the fieldwork with projected dates for the completion of the report and deposition of the archive. The date for deposition of the archive will be confirmed in the report and the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council informed in writing on final deposition of the archive.

6.2 All artefacts and associated material will be cleaned, recorded, properly stored and deposited in the archive (see 4.20-4.26 above).

6.3 A full set of annotated, illustrative pictures of the site, excavation, features, layers and selected artefacts will be deposited with the archive as digital images on a CD ROM.

6.4 At the start of work (immediately before fieldwork commences) an OASIS online record http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/ will be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators forms. All parts of the OASIS online form will be completed for submission to the County Durham HER. This will include an uploaded .pdf version of the entire report (a paper copy will also be included within the archive).

7 Publication

7.1 In consultation with the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council, a précis will be produced for Archaeology: County Durham. The précis will be no more than 500 words in length and will include TIFF images of 300dpi. This summary will be sent to the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council by the beginning of December 2015.

7.2 In the event of significant remains being encountered and excavated, there may be the need for a more formal publication than in the summary form. In this instance a suitable programme and timetable for publication and dissemination will be discussed and agreed upon by ARS Ltd, the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council and the client.

8 Archive Deposition

8.1 A digital, paper and artefactual archive, which will consist of all primary written documents, plans, sections, photographs and electronic data will be submitted to the Bowes Museum, in a format agreed in discussion with the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council and the Museum Curator.

8.2 All artefacts and associated material will be cleaned, recorded, properly stored and deposited in the archive (see 8.1 above).

7 8.3 If they are forthcoming as a result of the work, a full set of annotated, illustrative pictures of the site, excavation, features, layers and selected artefacts will be supplied to the HER and deposited with the archive as digital images on a CD ROM.

8.4 The Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council will be notified on completion of fieldwork, with a timetable for reporting and archive deposition.

8.5 Written confirmation of the archive transfer arrangements, including a date (confirmed or projected) for the transfer, will be included as part of the final report.

8.6 An OASIS online record http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/ will be initiated and, as the project proceeds, information will be added to this record. Key fields will be completed on Details, Location and Creators forms. All parts of the OASIS online form will be completed for submission to the HER. This will include an uploaded .pdf version of the entire report (a paper copy will also be included within the archive).

8.7 The Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council will be notified of the final deposition of the archive.

9 Standards and project management

9.1 ARS Ltd is a Registered Organisation with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). Registered Organisations are continuously assessed to ensure that the highest standards of work are carried out, in line with the Code of Conduct of the CIfA (2014). In addition to our key management staff, who have achieved the highest grade of corporate CIfA membership, many of our field staff also hold corporate grade membership.

9.2 All staff employed on the project will be suitably qualified and experienced for their respective project roles and have practical experience of archaeological excavation and recording. All staff will be made aware of the archaeological importance of the area surrounding the site and will be fully briefed on the work required by this specification. Each member of staff will be fully conversant with the aims and methodologies and will be given a copy of this WSI to read. All members of staff employed by ARS Ltd are fully qualified and experienced archaeologists and this will ensure that appropriate decisions regarding excavation and sampling will be made in the field.

9.3 Project Team Project management: Chris Scott MCIfA (ARS Ltd) Fieldwork supervisor: Rupert Lotherington PCIfA (ARS Ltd) Post-fieldwork and reporting: Rupert Lotherington PCIfA (ARS Ltd) Flint specialist: Dr Robin Holgate MCIfA (ARS Ltd) Early Prehistoric pottery: Dr Clive Waddington MCIfA (ARS Ltd) Roman pottery: Ruth Leary Clay Pipe and Victoriana: Mike Wood MCIfA Industrial remains: Chris Scott MCIFA (ARS Ltd) Plant macrofossils and charcoals: Elise McLennan (ARS Ltd) Human remains: Milena Grzybowska (ARS Ltd) Faunal remains: Milena Grzybowska (ARS Ltd) Finds Conservation: Durham University Radiocarbon Dating: SUERC

8 10 Access

10.1 ARS Ltd will afford access to the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council or her representative at all times, for the purpose of monitoring the programme of archaeological works.

10.2 ARS Ltd will maintain regular communication with the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council to ensure that the project aims and objectives are met.

10.3 Should complex archaeological features be discovered, requiring detailed recording, a contingency will be required. The allocation of this contingency will be agreed with the client and the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council. Consultation between the client, ARS Ltd and the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council will be required at the end of the programme of works to ensure that all the below ground archaeology has been adequately recorded.

10.4 ARS Ltd will liaise with Clare Henderson, Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council, at regular intervals throughout the course of the work:

Clare Henderson Senior Archaeologist Heritage, Landscape and Design Team Durham County Council County Hall 5th Floor Durham DH1 5UQ

Direct Tel: 03000-267010 email: [email protected]

11 Changes to Methodology or Work Programme

11.1 Changes to the approved methodology or programme of works will only be made with prior written approval of the Senior Archaeologist at Durham County Council.

12 Health and Safety

12.1 A full health and safety risk assessment will be carried out prior to excavation. All staff and visitors on site will be briefed on the safety requirements whilst working on-site and given access to a copy of the risk assessment and all ARS Ltd staff working on the site will undergo a Health and Safety induction. ARS Ltd maintains a strict health and safety policy and the appointed Health and Safety Officer for the company is Chris Scott.

9 13 References

British Geological Survey. 2015. Geology of Britain viewer. Available online at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html. [Accessed 27.2.15]

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2013a. The Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Excavations. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2013b. Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2013c. Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Watching Briefs. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2013d. Standard and Guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2014. Code of Conduct. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG). 2012. The National Planning Policy Framework. London, The Stationery Office.

English Heritage 2011. Environmental Archaeology: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from sampling and recovery to post excavation (second edition). Centre for Archaeology Guideline.

Petts, D and Gerrard, C 2006. Shared Visions: The North East Regional Research Framework for the Historic Environment. Durham, Durham County Council.

Society of Museum Archaeologists 1993. Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections. Guidelines for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: Society of Museum Archaeologists.

The York Herald (York, England), Saturday, October 08, 1808; pg. [1]; Issue 945. 19th Century British Library Newspapers: Part II.

United Kingdom Institute for Conservation. 1990. Guidelines for the Preparation of Archives for Long- Term Storage.

10 An Archaeological Excavation at The Potteries, Coxhoe, County Durham

Appendix IX

OASIS Form

127