DOCSLIB.ORG

Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sussex Research Online A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Male prostitution and the homoerotic sex-market in Early Modern England Dimitris Savvidis Submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy English Studies University of Sussex May 2011 (Word length: 97,500) University of Sussex Dimitris Savvidis Male prostitution and the homoerotic sex-market in Early Modern England Summary This thesis explores male prostitution in early modern culture and calls for a reconsideration of linguistic representations of sodomy and homoeroticism in literary and historical criticism. It argues that as a variant expression of homoeroticism, its examination unfolds significant ideological and cultural implications for established perceptions of male relations. As instructed by classical textuality and misogynistic stigmatization of prostitution, the boy prostitute becomes a relational category that eludes easy classification, emerging syntactically alongside the female whore in English culture. Adopting a social constructionist approach, this dissertation traces male prostitution’s ambivalent representational properties in various genres and discourses, namely poetry, plays, historical narratives, theatre historiography, defamation accounts, philosophical diatribes and lexicography. The diverse vocabulary employed to describe homoerotic relations and identities is closely scrutinised in order to expose the metaphoricity and ambiguity embedded in such terms as ‘Ganymede’, ‘ingle’, ‘mignon’ and ‘catamite’. An analysis of the terminology demonstrates the ways in which discursive systems of language, within specific historical and cultural contexts, have facilitated the concomitant textual emergence of the sodomite with the male prostitute. The Introduction establishes the theoretical framework through which male prostitution from the medieval period until the mid-twentieth century has been discussed in twentieth-century criticism. Chapter One assesses its textual appearance in early modern Italy, France and Spain, while it sets the parameters for its examination in seventeenth- century England. Chapter Two analyses the representation of the male prostitute in Donne’s, Marston’s and Middleton’s satires and Chapter Three examines the theatrical institution and the ways in which theatre historiography misdirects discussions on sodomy and prostitution. The penultimate chapter focuses on textual constructions of the male prostitute in educational contexts and the final chapter addresses possible interrelations between prostitution, servitude, favouritism and friendship as represented within lexicography, slanderous discourse and historical narratives on King James and Francis Bacon. Contents Acknowledgements Declaration Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Fiction and history: the quest for evidence .......................................................... 6 The male prostitute and twentieth-century research .......................................... 18 Identity, subculture and the ‘real’ male prostitute ............................................. 27 Research on medieval female prostitution and medieval sodomites ................. 34 John Rykener and the quest for the early modern male prostitute .................... 41 Chapter One: Male prostitution in Early Modern Europe ..................................... 50 Spain, the Muslim Other and sexual misalliances ............................................. 51 France and historical narratives ......................................................................... 55 Italy, male prostitution and legal records .......................................................... 60 England, court records, lexicography and slander ............................................. 68 Metaphor and effect ........................................................................................... 81 Chapter 2: Male prostitution in early modern English satire ................................. 84 Marston’s male prostitutes ................................................................................ 87 Middleton’s ‘hermaphrodite’ ........................................................................... 101 Donne’s ‘prostitute boy’ .................................................................................. 112 Chapter 3: The actor as a prostitute ........................................................................ 122 Theatre historiography and male prostitution .................................................. 122 ‘Markets of wantonesse’: theatres as brothels ................................................. 134 Boyhood and sexual servitude ......................................................................... 144 Chapter 4: Education and literary constructions of prostitution ......................... 153 ‘Houses of Prostitution’ ................................................................................... 153 The Italianate Englishmen ............................................................................... 161 Foreign Literary scandals ................................................................................ 168 Constructions of masculinity, effeminacy and learning .................................. 183 Social mobility, universities and the image of the whore ............................... 189 Chapter 5: Sexual favouritism, friendship and male prostitution ........................ 192 Favouritism versus friendship versus prostitution ........................................... 195 Minion/Mignon ................................................................................................ 199 ‘Like a courtizane’: whoredom as a metaphor ................................................ 207 Bacon and his bedfellows: friends, servants or prostitutes? ............................ 214 King James’ sexual favourites ......................................................................... 222 Gaveston, Sejanus and the mythologies of prostitution .................................. 234 Favouritism in the late seventeenth century .................................................... 239 Epilogue: subculture, the sex-market and male prostitution ................................ 245 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 253 Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my friends for their genuine support during the four years of my study. Pelagia Marketou, Louiza Avgita and Lydia Polyzopoulou have been immensely supportive, both intellectually and emotionally. Dionysis Maroulas, Petros Chountas, Georgia Marketou, Kallirroi Askaridou, Wayne Durant, Antonis Fakidis, Rhona O’Brian, Eleni Lappa, Christos Kavadas, Thanasis Tsouvalas, Vincent Quinn, Maria Ramou, Kostas Karras, Terry Quiddington, Christina Misdaniti, Vassilis Kokalas and Dimitra Topaloglou – and many others who were interested on this dissertation’s progress - have all contributed with their company, encouragement, patience and humour, throughout these years. Their friendship means a great deal to me. Secondly, I want to thank the staff of the University of Sussex’s Library for providing me without delay, articles I requested from the British Library and also the English Department for contributing financially towards the cost of these secondary sources. I would also like to thank my family Mairi Savvidou, Panagiotis Savvidis, Sofia and Stathis for their financial and emotional support and trust. Without them this project would have been impossible. For their constant encouragement, patience and attention I am greatly indebted to Professor Alan Sinfield and Doctor Margaret Healy, both of whom have been immensely helpful with their constructive and contributory comments. It means a lot to me that they were always present and accessible whenever I needed them. Finally, I want to thank my friend and first reader of this thesis, Jim Mills, for his genuine support and help for the last four years. His suggestions, interest and attention on this topic helped me move on and persist, during times that were difficult for me. Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: Dimitris Savvidis Date: May 2011 1 Introduction To initiate and attempt to establish a case for male same-sex prostitution in early modern English culture and literature is a strenuous task. Enthusiasts of the subject will have high expectations concerning the availability of evidence, which primarily means historical facts. Measuring literary sources constantly against historical determinants, especially when the latter are held in great esteem and appreciated for their credibility,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Faraone Ancient Greek Love Magic.Pdf
    Ancient Greek Love Magic Ancient Greek Love Magic Christopher A. Faraone Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England Copyright © 1999 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Second printing, 2001 First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2001 library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Faraone, Christopher A. Ancient Greek love magic / Christopher A. Faraone. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-674-03320-5 (cloth) ISBN 0-674-00696-8 (pbk.) 1. Magic, Greek. 2. Love—Miscellanea—History. I. Title. BF1591.F37 1999 133.4Ј42Ј0938—dc21 99-10676 For Susan sê gfir Ãn seautá tfi f©rmaka Æxeiv (Plutarch Moralia 141c) Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Ubiquity of Love Magic 5 1.2 Definitions and a New Taxonomy 15 1.3 The Advantages of a Synchronic and Comparative Approach 30 2 Spells for Inducing Uncontrollable Passion (Ero%s) 41 2.1 If ErÃs Is a Disease, Then Erotic Magic Is a Curse 43 2.2 Jason’s Iunx and the Greek Tradition of Ago%ge% Spells 55 2.3 Apples for Atalanta and Pomegranates for Persephone 69 2.4 The Transitory Violence of Greek Weddings and Erotic Magic 78 3 Spells for Inducing Affection (Philia) 96 3.1 Aphrodite’s Kestos Himas and Other Amuletic Love Charms 97 3.2 Deianeira’s Mistake: The Confusion of Love Potions and Poisons 110 3.3 Narcotics and Knotted Cords: The Subversive Cast of Philia Magic 119 4 Some Final Thoughts on History, Gender, and Desire 132 4.1 From Aphrodite to the Restless
    [Show full text]
  • A Prostitute's Progress: Male Prostitution in Scientific Discourse
    This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Scott, John (2003) A prostitute’s progress:Male prostitution in scientific discourse. Social Semiotics, 13(2), pp. 179-199. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/79035/ c Copyright 2003 Taylor & Francis Ltd The Version of Record of this manuscript has been published and is available in Social Semiotics, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2003, http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/1035033032000152606 Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035033032000152606 A Prostitute’s Progress: Male Prostitution in Scientific Discourse This paper examines discourses of male prostitution through an analysis of scientific texts. A contrast is drawn between nineteenth century understandings of male prostitution and twentieth century accounts of male prostitution. In contrast to female prostitution, male prostitution was not regarded as a significant social problem throughout the nineteenth century, despite its close association with gender deviation and social disorder. Changing conceptions of sexuality, linked with the emergence of the ‘adolescent’, drew scientific attention to male prostitution during the 1940s and 1950s. Research suggested that male prostitution was a problem associated with the development of sexual identity. Through the application of scientific techniques, which tagged and differentiated male prostitute populations, a language developed about male prostitution which allowed for normative assessments and judgements to made concerning particular classes of male prostitute.
    [Show full text]
  • Beauty on Display Plato and the Concept of the Kalon
    BEAUTY ON DISPLAY PLATO AND THE CONCEPT OF THE KALON JONATHAN FINE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Jonathan Fine All rights reserved ABSTRACT BEAUTY ON DISPLAY: PLATO AND THE CONCEPT OF THE KALON JONATHAN FINE A central concept for Plato is the kalon – often translated as the beautiful, fine, admirable, or noble. This dissertation shows that only by prioritizing dimensions of beauty in the concept can we understand the nature, use, and insights of the kalon in Plato. The concept of the kalon organizes aspirations to appear and be admired as beautiful for one’s virtue. We may consider beauty superficial and concern for it vain – but what if it were also indispensable to living well? By analyzing how Plato uses the concept of the kalon to contest cultural practices of shame and honour regulated by ideals of beauty, we come to see not only the tensions within the concept but also how attractions to beauty steer, but can subvert, our attempts to live well. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii 1 Coordinating the Kalon: A Critical Introduction 1 1 The Kalon and the Dominant Approach 2 2 A Conceptual Problem 10 3 Overview 24 2 Beauty, Shame, and the Appearance of Virtue 29 1 Our Ancient Contemporaries 29 2 The Cultural Imagination 34 3 Spirit and the Social Dimension of the Kalon 55 4 Before the Eyes of Others 82 3 Glory, Grief, and the Problem of Achilles 100 1 A Tragic Worldview 103 2 The Heroic Ideal 110 3 Disgracing Achilles 125 4 Putting Poikilia in its Place 135 1 Some Ambivalences 135 2 The Aesthetics of Poikilia 138 3 The Taste of Democracy 148 4 Lovers of Sights and Sounds 173 5 The Possibility of Wonder 182 5 The Guise of the Beautiful 188 1 A Psychological Distinction 190 2 From Disinterested Admiration to Agency 202 3 The Opacity of Love 212 4 Looking Good? 218 Bibliography 234 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “To do philosophy is to explore one’s own temperament,” Iris Murdoch suggested at the outset of “Of ‘God’ and ‘Good’”.
    [Show full text]
  • Transantiquity
    TransAntiquity TransAntiquity explores transgender practices, in particular cross-dressing, and their literary and figurative representations in antiquity. It offers a ground-breaking study of cross-dressing, both the social practice and its conceptualization, and its interaction with normative prescriptions on gender and sexuality in the ancient Mediterranean world. Special attention is paid to the reactions of the societies of the time, the impact transgender practices had on individuals’ symbolic and social capital, as well as the reactions of institutionalized power and the juridical systems. The variety of subjects and approaches demonstrates just how complex and widespread “transgender dynamics” were in antiquity. Domitilla Campanile (PhD 1992) is Associate Professor of Roman History at the University of Pisa, Italy. Filippo Carlà-Uhink is Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter, UK. After studying in Turin and Udine, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and as Assistant Professor for Cultural History of Antiquity at the University of Mainz, Germany. Margherita Facella is Associate Professor of Greek History at the University of Pisa, Italy. She was Visiting Associate Professor at Northwestern University, USA, and a Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Münster, Germany. Routledge monographs in classical studies Menander in Contexts Athens Transformed, 404–262 BC Edited by Alan H. Sommerstein From popular sovereignty to the dominion
    [Show full text]
  • How Gay Sex Tourism Is Shaping the Brazilian Dream
    93 Wagadu Volume 8 Fall 2010 FIVE FARE TALES AND FAIRY TAILS: HOW GAY SEX TOURISM IS SHAPING THE BRAZILIAN DREAM Gregory Mitchell1 Abstract: This article analyzes the aspirations of michês, straight-identified Brazilian men who exchange sex for money with gay-identified male sex tourists from North America and Western Europe. In so doing, I contrast the exoticizing fantasies of the tourists with the consumerist daydreams of the michês, who often see sex work with men as one of the few routes available to them for consumer consumption and possible migration. Contrary to existing research on Brazilian sex workers, my findings demonstrate that, for the michês, the ability to participate in consumer culture occupies their minds far more than discussions of sex or AIDS. Introduction Gustavo has a nice phone. It has a large screen and a camera with more megapixels than he probably needs. He turns it to face me. “This is my daughter,” he says, showing me a sleepy-eyed infant in a pink jumper. “Her name is Ana. She has a brother, Samuel, who’s three.” Gustavo flips to another photo to show me a picture of him, his common-law wife, and Samuel at nearby Copacabana beach together. The picture quality is good - better than my own phone’s, in fact. He also has naked photos of himself and close-up shots of his erect penis on this phone, which he sends to prospective clients. We decide to do a follow-up interview in week, but he says his phone hasn’t worked in months because of his cash flow problems so there’s no point giving me the number.
    [Show full text]
  • 1995, Acknowledging the Continuum from Childhood Abuse to Male
    Acknowledging the Continuum from Childhood Abuse to Male Prostitution by Don Wright, M.Ed, R.C.C. This article was previously published in the British Columbia Institute Against Family Violence Newsletter, Vol. 4, Issue 2. Article The “Stroll”. Any city has one and Vancouver is no exception. On any night of the week, a dozen or more young men can be seen standing along a street in Yaletown. In darkened doorways, leaning against a building, or standing near the curb, these young men (some just barely beyond childhood) are selling their bodies for survival. This is not a lark for them; this is not “a way to have lots of sex and get paid for it.” As is the case for female prostitutes, it is a continuation of their childhood victimization. An informal survey conducted by BCSMSSA revealed that approximately 84% of male sex trade workers were survivors of sexual abuse. Those who were not survivors of sexual abuse claimed to have experienced physical abuse as children. It is likely that some of the other 16% either do not remember their sexual abuse or do not wish to admit to it. One of the “hustlers” being interviewed said in response to the question about the men being survivors, “If you think that any of these guys haven't been sexually abused as kids, you're from the moon.” In addition to our survey's findings, a significant number of our clients have disclosed during their therapy that they had worked the streets at some time. We believe it is safe to suggest that there is a clear and direct link between their childhood sexual abuse and the fact that these young men are working in the sex trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Tourism: Do Women Do It Too?
    Leisure Studies ISSN: 0261-4367 (Print) 1466-4496 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rlst20 Sex tourism: do women do it too? Sheila Jeffreys To cite this article: Sheila Jeffreys (2003) Sex tourism: do women do it too?, Leisure Studies, 22:3, 223-238, DOI: 10.1080/026143603200075452 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/026143603200075452 Published online: 01 Dec 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 3869 View related articles Citing articles: 60 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rlst20 Leisure Studies 22 (July 2003) 223–238 Sex tourism: do women do it too? SHEILA JEFFREYS Department of Political Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia This article examines a recent tendency amongst researchers of sex tourism to include women within the ranks of sex tourists in destinations such as the Caribbean and Indonesia. It argues that a careful attention to the power relations, context, meanings and effects of the behaviours of male and female tourists who engage in sexual relations with local people, makes it clear that the differences are profound. The similarities and differences are analysed here with the conclusion that it is the different positions of men and women in the sex class hierarchy that create such differences. The political ideas that influence the major protagonists in this debate to include or exclude women will be examined. The article ends with a consideration of the problematic implications of arguing that women do it too.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Classical Studies: Faculty Publications and Other Works Faculty Publications 10-2001 Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions David W. Maher John F. Makowski Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/classicalstudies_facpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Maher, DW, and Makowski, JF. "Literary evidence for Roman arithmetic with fractions" in Classical Philology 96(4), 2001. 376-399. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © University of Chicago Press, 2001. LITERARY EVIDENCE FOR ROMAN ARITHMETIC WITH FRACTIONS DAVID W. MAHER AND JOHN F. MAKOWSKI R OMAN ARITHMETIC IS A PERENNIALLY TROUBLING subject for both classicists and mathematicians.Scholars universally comment on the difficulty posed by Roman alphabetical notation both in expres- sing simple figures and in doing written calculations. For example, Lloyd Motz and Jefferson Weaver with exasperation ask, "How ... can anyone do any arithmetic with DCCCLXXXVIII, the Roman equivalent of 888?," and Florian Cajori concludes that the Romans must have resorted to the abacus in order to multiply a number like 723 (DCCXXIII) by 364 (CCCLXIV).' Yet our sources, literary and inscriptional, indicate that the Romans were capable of highly sophisticated calculations, and, of course, it is well rec- ognized that they had great facility with the abacus and with finger reck- oning.
    [Show full text]
  • Male-To-Male Sex Tourism in Puerto Vallarta (Mexico)
    Athens Journal of Tourism - Volume 1, Issue 3 – Pages 175-190 Places, Spaces and Bodies: Male-to-male Sex Tourism in Puerto Vallarta (Mexico) By Cristóbal Mendoza From a geographical perspective, the article focuses on the sexual encounters of men who have sex with other men for money in Puerto Vallarta (Jalisco, Mexico). In these encounters, besides money, values, ideas, stereotypes and expectations circulate between clients and sex workers. In this context it explores (i) the process of consolidation of Vallarta as a gay “place” for international tourism, (ii) the images and representations of places and bodies, particularly through the analysis of the material aspects of everyday lives of sex workers (i.e. scenarios and routines of practices), and (iii) sexualities and the body from a double perspective, as a social construction in which images and representations are exchanged and as a commercial object in the context of gay culture. The article is based on qualitative information acquired through fieldwork. Specifically, twelve semi-structured interviews were carried out with male sex workers in Old Vallarta. Places, Spaces and Bodies: Male-to-male Sex Tourism in Puerto Vallarta (Mexico)1 Puerto Vallarta is a well-known gay-friendly tourist destination on the Mexican Pacific coast (Torres, 2006; Vidal Aldana, 2007). Moreover the city ranks second amongst the international gay destination of US nationals/visitors (Hughes, Monterrubio and Miller, 2010).2 Puerto Vallarta is located in the Northwestern part of the state of Jalisco and forms a touristic corridor in conjunction with Bahía de Banderas, in the neighboring state of Nayarit (see Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Male Sex Work
    Central Journal of Substance Abuse & Alcoholism Bringing Excellence in Open Access Research Article *Corresponding author Hoang My Nguyen, Department of Applied Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China, Email: Understanding Male Sex Work: [email protected] Submitted: 14 February 2017 Accepted: 02 March 2017 A Literature Review Published: 10 March 2017 Hoang My Nguyen* Copyright © 2017 Nguyen Department of Applied Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China OPEN ACCESS Abstract Keywords Though male sex work is a global phenomenon, systematic reviews on this topic • Male sex work are scant. Our understanding of scholars’ perspectives on this topic remains unclear. • Social work The article reviews past and recent social science research on male sex work. First, this • Perspectives article provides a brief history of male sex workers and their society, demonstrating • Technology that their relationships have varied through times ranging from tolerable to contentious. Secondly, scholars’ perspectives on male sex work and discussion on how these discourses shape the conceptualization of male sex work are provided. Thirdly, this review provides dominant legal and social responses to this topic. Lastly, this article discusses on how emerging technologies shape and influence new conditions to understand on this topic. INTRODUCTION in informing and guiding the development of evidence-based services and practices. Male sex work (MSW) is a globalized phenomenon, existing in almost all countries and expanding rigorously into the digital This literature review investigates the phenomenon of MSW world. In the United States, male sex workers are noted to in the current research literature, varying from public health solicit sex on the streets of Sans Francisco [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequalitya
    \\jciprod01\productn\H\HLC\46-2\HLC207.txt unknown Seq: 1 30-JUN-11 9:28 Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequalitya Copyright Catharine A. MacKinnon 2009, 2010, 2011 ROMEO [F]amine is in thy cheeks, Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes, Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back; The world is not thy friend nor the world’s law; The world affords no law to make thee rich; Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. APOTHECARY My poverty, but not my will, consents. ROMEO I pay thy poverty, and not thy will.* No one defends trafficking. There is no pro-sex-trafficking position any more than there is a public pro-slavery position for labor these days. The only issue is defining these terms so nothing anyone wants to defend is covered. It is hard to find overt defenders of inequality either, even as its legal definition is also largely shaped by existing practices the powerful want to keep. Prostitution is not like this. Some people are for it; they affirmatively support it. Many more regard it as politically correct to tolerate and oppose doing anything effective about it. Most assume that, if not exactly desirable, prostitution is necessary or inevitable and harmless. These views of prostitu- tion lie beneath and surround any debate on sex trafficking, whether prosti- tution is distinguished from trafficking or seen as indistinguishable from it, whether seen as a form of sexual freedom or understood as its ultimate de- nial. The debate on the underlying reality, and its relation to inequality, intensifies whenever doing anything effective about either prostitution or trafficking is considered.
    [Show full text]
  • BAILEY, DERRICK SHERWIN Dence with a Survey of Subsequent History
    BACON,FRANCIS, SIR matter exclusively in terms of male exem- (1561-1626) plars. Also significant is his Machiavel- English statesman, philosopher, lian commendation of dissimulation; the and essayist. After asornewhat shaky start best policy is "to have openness in fame in the service of Queen Elizabeth, during and opinion, secrecy in habit, dissimula- the reign of James I Bacon advanced from tion in seasonable use, and a power to knight (1603) to the offices of attorney feign if there be no remedy." The need to general (1613)and lord chancellor (1618). "edit" one's persona thus recognized is of In 1621, however, his position collapsed courseone facet of the closeted life, though when he was forced to plead guilty of Bacon's caution may have been reinforced charges of taking bribes; he then retired to by sensitivity regarding his occult and study and write. In the philosophy of sci- magical interests, which were scarcely ence Bacon has become identified, some- popular among the masses. times simplistically, with the method of induction, the patient accumulation of BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fulton Henry Anderson, Francis Bacon: His Career data toreach conclusions. Recent research, and His Thought, Los Angeles: Univer- however, has shown that this stereotypi- sity of Southern California Press, 1962; cal picture of a skeptical, essentially Paolo Rossi, Francis Bacon: From Magic modem figure is distorted and anachronis- to Science, London: Routledge, 1968. tic; Bacon's interest in experiment is in fact rooted in magical, alchemical, and r esoteric traditions. Although the notion BAILEY,DERRICK that he wrote Shakespeare's plays is now SHERWIN(1910-1984) discounted, his aphoristic Essays British theologian and historian; (1597-1625) are a stylistic achievement in Canon Residentiary of Wells Cathedral their own right.
    [Show full text]