DOCSLIB.ORG

Responses of Bovine Pituitary Transcriptome Profiles to Consumption of Toxic Tall Fescue and Forms of Selenium in Vitamin-Mineral Mixes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Responses of Bovine Pituitary Transcriptome Profiles to Consumption of Toxic Tall Fescue and Forms of Selenium in Vitamin-Mineral Mixes University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences Animal and Food Sciences 2019 RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES Qing Li University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.035 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Li, Qing, "RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences. 99. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/99 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal and Food Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Qing Li, Student Dr. James C. Matthews, Major Professor Dr. David L. Harmon, Director of Graduate Studies RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES ________________________________________ DISSERTATION ________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment at the University of Kentucky By Qing Li Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. James C. Matthews, Professor of Animal and Food Sciences Lexington, Kentucky 2019 Copyright © Qing Li 2019 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES The first goal of the current research was to determine whether gene expression profiles differed between whole pituitaries of growing beef steers grazing pastures containing high (HE) or low (LE) amounts of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. The global (microarray analysis) and selected targeted (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns of pituitaries collected from beef steers (BW = 266 ± 15.5 kg) that had been randomly assigned to undergo summer-long grazing (89 to 105 d) of either HE (0.52 ppm ergot alkaloids) or LE (< 0.03 ppm ergot alkaloids) pastures were compared. Gene expression data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The pituitaries of HE steers had 542 differentially expressed genes, and the pattern of altered gene expression was dependent on treatment. Targeted RT-PCR analysis corroborated these findings, including decreased expression of DRD2, PRL, POU1F1, GAL, and VIP and that of POMC and PCSK1, respectively. Canonical pathway analysis (Integrated Pathway Analysis, IPA) identified HE-dependent alteration in signaling of additional pituitary-derived hormones, including growth hormone and GnRH. In conclusion, consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue alters the pituitary transcriptome profiles of steers in a manner consistent with their negatively affected physiological parameters. The second goal of this project was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter pituitary transcriptome profiles in growing beef steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture. Steers were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing HE pasture and consuming VM mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as either ISe, OSe, or MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of a 10.1 ha HE pasture containing 0.51 ppm ergot alkaloids. Steers were assigned (n = 8) to the same Se-form treatments on which they were raised. Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of VM mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. Pituitaries were collected at slaughter and changes in global (microarray) and selected (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns determined. The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one- way ANOVA. The form of Se affected the expression of 542 annotated genes. Integrated Pathway Analysis found a canonical pathway network between prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins, and that mitochondrial dysfunction was a top-affected canonical pathway. Targeted RT-PCR analysis found that the relative abundance of mRNA encoding prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins was affected by the form of Se, as were mitochondrial dysfunction-related proteins OSe steers appeared to have a greater prolactin synthesis capacity vs. ISe steers through decreased dopamine receptor D2 signaling, whereas MIX steers had a greater prolactin synthesis capacity and release potential by increasing TRH concentrations than ISe steers. OSe steers also had a greater ACTH and α-MSH synthesis potential than ISe steers. We conclude that form of Se in VM mixes affected genes responsible for prolactin and POMC/ACTH/α-MSH synthesis, and mitochondrial function in pituitaries of growing beef steers commonly grazing an HE pasture. The third goal was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter selenoprotein profiles in pituitaries and livers of growing beef steers commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture (i.e., the same steers used in Goal 2). The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The mRNA content of 6 selenoproteins in the pituitary was affected by Se treatments, along with two selenoprotein P receptors, whereas the expression of two selenoproteins was altered in the liver. We conclude that the change in selenoprotein gene expression in pituitaries indicates that OSe steers have a greater potential capacity to manage against oxidative damage, maintain cellular redox balance, and have a better quality control of protein-folding in their pituitaries than ISe steers. The change in selenoprotein gene expression by the liver indicates that MIX steers have a greater redox signaling capacity and capacity to manage oxidative damage than ISe steers. KEYWORDS: Bovine pituitary, Ergot alkaloid, Fescue toxicosis, Prolactin, Selenium, Selenoprotein Qing Li March 22, 2019 RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES By Qing Li Dr. James C. Matthews Director of Dissertation Dr. David L. Harmon Director of Graduate Studies March 22, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mentor Dr. James Matthews for his extensive knowledge, patience, and continuous support of my Ph.D. study. Besides my mentor, I would like to thank the rest of my Ph.D. committee: Dr. Karen McDowell, Dr. Kuey Chen, Dr. Phillip Bridges, and Dr. Robert Harmon, for their encouragement, insightful comments, and valuable suggestions. In addition, I would like to thank Kwangwon Son, Yang Jia, and Charles Hamilton for their warm help and genuine concern. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family, for their endless love and support, especially my wife Shuang Liu. I could not have done this without them. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Article Combined Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Thyroid Research Volume 2013, Article ID 424163, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/424163 Research Article Combined Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis Maurizio Nordio1 and Raffaella Pajalich2 1 University of Rome “Sapienza”, Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Viale del Policlinico, 00155 Rome, Italy 2 Ars Medica spa, Via Ferrero di Cambiano Cesare 29, 00191 Rome, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Maurizio Nordio; [email protected] Received 8 May 2013; Revised 27 August 2013; Accepted 27 August 2013 Academic Editor: Jack R. Wall Copyright © 2013 M. Nordio and R. Pajalich. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, is the most common form of thyroiditis affecting more than 10% of females and 2% of males. The present study aims to evaluate the beneficial effect of a combined treatment, Myo-Inositol plus selenomethionine, on subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods. The study was designed as a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eligible patients were women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism having Tg antibodies (TgAb) titer higher than 350 IU/mL. Outcome measures were Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and TgAb titer, selenium, and Myo-Inositol plasma concentration. Results. In the present paper, we demonstrated that the beneficial effects obtained by selenomethionine treatment on patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism, likely due to the presence of autoantibody (TPOAb and TgAb), are further improved by cotreatment with Myo-Inositol.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,256.253 B2 Bridon Et Al
    US00725.6253B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,256.253 B2 Bridon et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 14, 2007 (54) PROTECTION OF ENDOGENOUS 6,500,918 B2 12/2002 Ezrin et al. THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES FROM 6,514,500 B1 2/2003 Bridon et al. PEPTIDASE ACTIVITY THROUGH 6,593,295 B2 7/2003 Bridon et al. CONUGATION TO BLOOD COMPONENTS 6,602,981 B2 8/2003 Ezrin et al. 6,610,825 B2 8, 2003 Ezrin et al. (75)75 Inventors: Dominique P. Bridon, San Francisco, 6,706,892 B1 3/2004 Ezrin et al. CA (US); Alan M. Ezrin, Moraga, CA (US); Peter G. Milner, Los Altos, CA 6,849,714 B1 2/2005 Bridon et al. (US); Darren L. Holmes, Anaheim, CA 2002fOO18751 A1 2/2002 Bridon et al. (US); Karen Thibaudeau, Rosemere 2003, OO73630 A1 4/2003 Bridon et al. (CA) 2003/O105867 A1 6/2003 Colrain et al. 2003. O108568 A1 6/2003 Bridon et al. (73) Assignee: Conjuchem Biotechnologies Inc., 2003/0170250 A1 9, 2003 EZrin et al. Montreal (CA) 2004/O127398 A1 7, 2004 Bridon et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2004/O138100 A1 7/2004 Bridon et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2004/O156859 A1 8, 2004 Ezrin et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 2004/0248782 A1 12/2004 Bridon et al. 2004/0266673 Al 12/2004 Bakis et al. (21) Appl. No.: 11/066,697 2005, 0037974 A1 2/2005 Krantz et al. 2005, OO65075 A1 3, 2005 Erickson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Monoclonal Antibody to Parathyroid Hormone / PTH (1-38) - Purified
    OriGene Technologies, Inc. OriGene Technologies GmbH 9620 Medical Center Drive, Ste 200 Schillerstr. 5 Rockville, MD 20850 32052 Herford UNITED STATES GERMANY Phone: +1-888-267-4436 Phone: +49-5221-34606-0 Fax: +1-301-340-8606 Fax: +49-5221-34606-11 [email protected] [email protected] AM02147PU-N Monoclonal Antibody to Parathyroid hormone / PTH (1-38) - Purified Alternate names: Parathormone, Parathyrin Quantity: 0.1 mg Background: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or Parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland) acts to decrease calcium concentration. Uniprot ID: P01270 NCBI: NP_000306.1 GeneID: 5741 Host / Isotype: Mouse / IgG1 Recommended Isotype SM10P (for use in human samples), AM03095PU-N Controls: Clone: A1/70 Immunogen: Synthetic Human PTH (aa 1-38) poly-Lysine conjugated. AA Sequence: SVSEIQLMHNLGKHLNSMERVEWLRKKLQDVHNFVALG Format: State: Lyophilized purified IgG fraction from Cell Culture Supernatant Purification: Protein G Chromatography Buffer System: PBS, pH 7.4 Reconstitution: Restore in aqua bidest to 1 mg/ml Applications: RIA: 20 ng/ml. ELISA: 1 µg/ml (Ref.1). ILMA: 20 µg/ml (Ref.3). Immunohistochemistry on Cryosections and Paraffin Sections: 2 µg/ml. Other applications not tested. Optimal dilutions are dependent on conditions and should be determined by the user. Specificity: This antibody detects PTH peptide (aa 15-25; 1-34; 1-38; 1-84; 7-84). There were no cross reactivities obtained with synthetic Human PTH (aa 1-3; 1-10; 4-16; 28-48; 39-84; 44-68; 53-84) nor with PTHrP (aa 1-86), Calcitonin, Gastrin, Beta-2 Microglobulin, Thymulin, Thyroglobulin, Streptavidin, or Glutathione S-transferase.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity of the Pineal Gland, Thymus and Hypophysial- Adrenal System in Oncological Patients I.F
    138 Experimental Oncology 25, 138-142, 2003 (June) ACTIVITY OF THE PINEAL GLAND, THYMUS AND HYPOPHYSIAL- ADRENAL SYSTEM IN ONCOLOGICAL PATIENTS I.F. Labunets*, Yu.A. Grinevich Institute of Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine ÀÊÒÈÂÍÎÑÒÜ ÝÏÈÔÈÇÀ, ÒÈÌÓÑÀ È ÃÈÏÎÔÈÇÀÐÍÎ- ÍÀÄÏÎ×Å×ÍÈÊÎÂÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ó ÁÎËÜÍÛÕ ÎÍÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÏÐÎÔÈËß È.Ô. Ëàáóíåö*, Þ.À. Ãðèíåâè÷ Èíñòèòóò îíêîëîãèè ÀÌÍ Óêðàèíû, Êèåâ, Óêðàèíà Melatonin, thymic serum factor (FTS), alpha-melanocytestimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and cortisol levels in blood serum and urine of healthy subjects and patients with skin melanoma and malignant thymoma of different age groups have been studied. It has been found that in healthy 20–29 year old men the highest melatonin level was observed in winter, those of FTS, cortisol and alpha-MSH — in summer-autumn, autumn-winter and summer, respectively. In male induviduals over 30 years, the increase of melatonin level in winter was not registered, and in those over 40, the stable secretion of FTS and cortisol and decrease of alpha-MSH acrophase at spring time were observed. In healthy women under 40, melatonin level was heightened in follicular and luteal phase of cycle and that of FTS — in luteal phase. Stability of melatonin secretion and reduction of FTS content in luteal phase of cycle were typical for women over 40. The age-related disorders of indices were more pronounced upon tumor development. In men under 40 years suffering from melanoma and thymoma, circannual changes of pineal gland, thymus and hypophysial-adrenal system function were typical for healthy subjects after 40 years. In women with melanoma and thymoma under 40 years melatonin and FTS level during menstrual cycle were similar with those in healthy women over 40.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Importance of Selenium and Its Relation to Human Health - Combs, Jr., G.F
    IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION – Vol. I - Global Importance of Selenium and its Relation to Human Health - Combs, Jr., G.F. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE OF SELENIUM AND ITS RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH Combs, Jr., G.F. Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Keywords: Selenium, selenide, methylselenol, selenite, selenocysteine, selenomethionine, methylselenocysteine, cardiomyopathy, Keshan Disease, Kaschin- Beck Disease, cancer, chemoprevention, selenoenzymes, immune system, apoptosis, carcinogenesis Contents 1. Introduction 2. Metabolic Roles of Selenium 3. Selenium in Food Systems 3.1. Fundamental Importance of Soil Selenium 3.2. Selenium Cycle 3.3. Selenium in Plant Materials 3.4. Selenium in Animal Products 3.5. Selenium in Human Diets 3.6. Selenium Bioavailability 4. Global Variation in Selenium Status 5. Selenium and Human Disease 5.1. Selenium Deficiency Disorders 5.2. Keshan Disease 5.3. Kaschin-Beck Disease 5.4. Iodine Deficiency Diseases 5.5. Selenium Status and Other Diseases 5.6. Selenium Status and Malnutrition 6. Selenium as an Anti-Carcinogen 6.1. Background 6.2. Clinical Trial Results 6.3. Mechanisms of Selenium Anti-Carcinogenesis 7. Selenosis 8. Enhancing Selenium in Food Systems 8.1. SeleniumUNESCO as a Resource Input – EOLSS 8.2. Production of Selenium-Enriched Foods 9. Conclusions Glossary SAMPLE CHAPTERS Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Selenium is an essential biological trace element. It is an essential constituent of several enzymes in which it is present in the form of the unusual amino acid selenocysteine (SeCys). Selenium intakes of at least 40 mcg per day appear to be required to support ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Effects of Selenium Compounds with a Particular Attention to the Ontogenetic Development
    Physiol. Res. 61 (Suppl. 1): S19-S34, 2012 https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.932327 REVIEW Biological Effects of Selenium Compounds With a Particular Attention to the Ontogenetic Development I. OŠŤÁDALOVÁ1,2 1Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic, 2Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Received January 23, 2012 Accepted May 3, 2012 Summary Introduction Selenium is a trace element that is essential for living organism. Its beneficial effect is, however, expressed in a very narrow Selenium is a trace element that is essential for dosage range: the high and low doses of selenium are connected living organisms. The only source of selenium for with pathological manifestations. The toxicity depends on the mammalian food chain is the soil. The amount of chemical form of selenium, state of organism, interactions with selenium in the soil is not equal; it depends on the nature heavy metals and on the stage of ontogenetic development. of soil and in particular on its pH. There are geographic Whereas one dose of sodium selenite (20 μmol/kg b.w.) is lethal areas with high content of selenium e.g. in China, USA in adult rats, suckling rats are entirely resistant. However, within and Canada. On the other hand, there are areas with very one week after administration of the same dose, cataract of eye low content of selenium as other areas in China, Finland lens developed. The highest incidence of cataract was observed and New Zealand (Robinson and Thompson 1981, in 10-day-old animals and it decreased until day 20.
    [Show full text]
  • MINIREVIEWS Central Nervous System-Immune System Interactions: Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress and Its Immune Consequences PAUL H
    ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1994, p. 1-6 Vol. 38, No. 1 0066-4804/94/$04.OO+O Copyright X 1994, American Society for Microbiology MINIREVIEWS Central Nervous System-Immune System Interactions: Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress and Its Immune Consequences PAUL H. BLACK* Department ofMicrobiology, Boston University School ofMedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 The past 20 years has witnessed the emergence of the field receiving information from the periphery, integrating it with of psychoneuroimmunology (48). This field deals with the the internal environment, and adjusting certain functions influence of the central nervous system (CNS) on the im- such as sympathetic nervous system function and endocrine mune system, or more specifically, whether and how secretion (28). The hypothalamus influences the pituitary thoughts and emotions affect immune function. Studies have gland through a variety of polypeptide "releasing factors," concentrated, for the most part, on the effects of stress on for example, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which the immune system. Stress is defined as a state of dishar- controls the release of corticotropin (ACTH) from the ante- mony or threatened homeostasis provoked by a psycholog- rior pituitary gland. Other hypothalamic releasing hormones ical, environmental, or physiologic stressor (12, 40). It has (RHs) include thyrotropin RH, growth hormone RH, and also become apparent from these studies that the immune luteinizing hormone RH; these control the release of thyro- system can influence the CNS, and thus, a circuit exists tropin, growth hormone, gonadotropin, and luteinizing hor- between these two systems. Regulatory molecules or cyto- mone from the anterior pituitary gland. In addition, hypo- kines elaborated from activated immune cells evoke a thalamic somatostatin and dopamine inhibit the release of CNS response which, in turn, affects the immune system growth hormone and prolactin, respectively, from the ante- (26).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Effect of Selenium in Wheat, Barley, Fish Meal and Sodium Selenite for Prevention of Exudative Diathesis in Chicks
    Acta vet. scand. 1986, 27, 461-478. From the Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden., and the Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hels.inki, Finland. COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF SELENIUM IN WHEAT, BARLEY, FISH MEAL AND SODIUM SELENITE FOR PREVENTION OF EXUDATIVE DIATHESIS IN CHICKS By Saifeldin Hassan HASSAN, SAIFELDIN: Comparative ef{ect of selenium in wheat, barley, fish meal and sodium selenite for prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks. Acta vet. scand. 198-&, 27, 4-01-478. - Groups af White Leghorn chicks obtained from dams deprived on selenium (Se), were fed from hatching a low-Se-vitamin E basal diet alone, or supple­ mented with 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 or 0.08 mg Se/kg diet, as sodium selenite (Na2SeOa · 5H20), wheat, barley or fish meal. Prevention of the Se­ vitamin E deficiency responsive disease exudative diathesis (ED) as it was clinical observed, induction of the plasma Se dependent en­ zyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, an:d Se concentration in the cardiac muscle were observed to be dietary Se level and source dependent. Slope ratio assay was applied to estimate the biological availability of Se in the natural sources relative to Se in sodium selenite. For the prevention of ED, the bioavailability of Se in wheat, bairley and fish meal was 99, 85 an.d 80 %, respectively. The increase in the plasma GSH-Px activity revealed a bioavailability for Se in wheat, barley and fish meal of 79, 71 and 66 %, respectively. Using retenlion of Se in the cardiac muscle as the bioass•ay, a bioavaiilability of 108, 87 and 100 % was calculaited for wheat, barley aind fish meal Se, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Selenium-Containing Enzymes in Mammals: Chemical Perspectives
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Publications of the IAS Fellows J. Chem. Sci., Vol. 117, No. 4, July 2005, pp. 287–303. © Indian Academy of Sciences. Selenium-containing enzymes in mammals: Chemical perspectives GOURIPRASANNA ROY, BANI KANTA SARMA, PRASAD P PHADNIS and G MUGESH* Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India e-mail: [email protected] MS received 22 March 2005; accepted 6 June 2005 Abstract. The chemical and biochemical route to the synthesis of the 21st amino acid in living systems, selenocysteine, is described. The incorporation of this rare amino acid residue into proteins is described with emphasis on the role of monoselenophosphate as selenium source. The role of selenocysteine moiety in natural mammalian enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), iodothyronine deiodinase (ID) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is highlighted and the effect of other amino acid residues located in close proximity to selenocysteine is described. It is evident from various studies that two amino acid residues, tryptophan and glutamine, appear in identical positions in all known members of the GPx family. Ac- cording to the three-dimensional structure established for bovine GPx, these residues could constitute a catalytic triad in which the selenol group of the selenocysteine is both stabilized and activated by hydro- gen bonding with the imino group of the tryptophan (Trp) residue and with the amido group of the gluta- mine (Gln) residue. The ID enzymes, on the other hand, do not possess any Trp or Gln residues in close proximity to selenium, but contain several histidine residues, which may play important roles in the ca- talysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Combined Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Thyroid Research Volume 2013, Article ID 424163, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/424163 Research Article Combined Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis Maurizio Nordio1 and Raffaella Pajalich2 1 University of Rome “Sapienza”, Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Viale del Policlinico, 00155 Rome, Italy 2 Ars Medica spa, Via Ferrero di Cambiano Cesare 29, 00191 Rome, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Maurizio Nordio; [email protected] Received 8 May 2013; Revised 27 August 2013; Accepted 27 August 2013 Academic Editor: Jack R. Wall Copyright © 2013 M. Nordio and R. Pajalich. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, is the most common form of thyroiditis affecting more than 10% of females and 2% of males. The present study aims to evaluate the beneficial effect of a combined treatment, Myo-Inositol plus selenomethionine, on subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods. The study was designed as a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eligible patients were women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism having Tg antibodies (TgAb) titer higher than 350 IU/mL. Outcome measures were Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and TgAb titer, selenium, and Myo-Inositol plasma concentration. Results. In the present paper, we demonstrated that the beneficial effects obtained by selenomethionine treatment on patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism, likely due to the presence of autoantibody (TPOAb and TgAb), are further improved by cotreatment with Myo-Inositol.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Nature Chose Selenium Hans J
    Reviews pubs.acs.org/acschemicalbiology Why Nature Chose Selenium Hans J. Reich*, ‡ and Robert J. Hondal*,† † University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States ‡ University of WisconsinMadison, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States ABSTRACT: The authors were asked by the Editors of ACS Chemical Biology to write an article titled “Why Nature Chose Selenium” for the occasion of the upcoming bicentennial of the discovery of selenium by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 and styled after the famous work of Frank Westheimer on the biological chemistry of phosphate [Westheimer, F. H. (1987) Why Nature Chose Phosphates, Science 235, 1173−1178]. This work gives a history of the important discoveries of the biological processes that selenium participates in, and a point-by-point comparison of the chemistry of selenium with the atom it replaces in biology, sulfur. This analysis shows that redox chemistry is the largest chemical difference between the two chalcogens. This difference is very large for both one-electron and two-electron redox reactions. Much of this difference is due to the inability of selenium to form π bonds of all types. The outer valence electrons of selenium are also more loosely held than those of sulfur. As a result, selenium is a better nucleophile and will react with reactive oxygen species faster than sulfur, but the resulting lack of π-bond character in the Se−O bond means that the Se-oxide can be much more readily reduced in comparison to S-oxides.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Chemistry of Hydrogen Selenide
    antioxidants Review Biological Chemistry of Hydrogen Selenide Kellye A. Cupp-Sutton † and Michael T. Ashby *,† Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-405-325-2924 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editors: Claus Jacob and Gregory Ian Giles Received: 18 October 2016; Accepted: 8 November 2016; Published: 22 November 2016 Abstract: There are no two main-group elements that exhibit more similar physical and chemical properties than sulfur and selenium. Nonetheless, Nature has deemed both essential for life and has found a way to exploit the subtle unique properties of selenium to include it in biochemistry despite its congener sulfur being 10,000 times more abundant. Selenium is more easily oxidized and it is kinetically more labile, so all selenium compounds could be considered to be “Reactive Selenium Compounds” relative to their sulfur analogues. What is furthermore remarkable is that one of the most reactive forms of selenium, hydrogen selenide (HSe− at physiologic pH), is proposed to be the starting point for the biosynthesis of selenium-containing molecules. This review contrasts the chemical properties of sulfur and selenium and critically assesses the role of hydrogen selenide in biological chemistry. Keywords: biological reactive selenium species; hydrogen selenide; selenocysteine; selenomethionine; selenosugars; selenophosphate; selenocyanate; selenophosphate synthetase thioredoxin reductase 1. Overview of Chalcogens in Biology Chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group, which is also known as the oxygen family, consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive element polonium (Po).
    [Show full text]