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On a Boiler, Engine, and Surface Condenser, for Very High Pressure Steam with Great Expansion

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On a Boiler, Engine, and Surface Condenser, for Very High Pressure Steam with Great Expansion ON A BOILER, ENGINE, AND SURFACE CONDENSER, FOR VERY HIGH PRESSURE STEAM WITH GREAT EXPANSION. BY AGEXANDER W. WILLIAMSON, PH. D., AND MR. LOFTUS PERKINS, OF LOBDON. The Boiler, Engine, and Surface Condenser, forming the subject of the present paper, have been designed, constructed, and worked by the authors with a view to promoting the adoption of very high pressure steam with great expansion : the engine is of 60 horse power and works at a pressure of 500 lbs. per square inch, as it wa8 thought desirable to adopt at once appliances suited for considerably higher pressures than those proposed for general use. Although however it has been endeavoured to make a boiler which would be safe at any attainable steam pressure, it is not considered necessary by the authors for the present requirements of steam engines to use pressures above 140 to 160 lbs. per square inch: and the practical object of the present paper is to give substantial grounds for confidence in working at such moderate pressures j and to show how, with steam at these moderate pressures, engines free from the most serious drawbacks of ordinary expansive engines can be made to work with a consumption of 1 to 14 lbs. of coal per horse power per hour. As the use of impure fresh water or of salt water is attended with a variety of inconveniences and disadvantages, which are more serious the higher the pressure that the boiler is worked at, it appears indispensable to use a surface condenser for an engine working at high pressure; so as to condense in a pure state all the steam that goes out of the boiler, and supply nothing but distilled water by the feed pump : and several important incidental advantages are gained by this plan. Downloaded from pme.sagepub.com at NANYANG TECH UNIV LIBRARY on June 4, 2016 HIGH PRESSURE STEAM ENGINE. 95 The Boiler, shown in Figs. 1 and 2, Plate 23, consists of a number of horizontal straight wrought iron tnbes A, welded up at the ends, and connected with one another by smaller vertical pipes B, as shown enlarged to one quarter full size in Fig. 6, Plate 26. These tubes contain the water to be evaporated, and the steam, whilst the fire is outside them. It is essential that the larger tubes be horizontd or nearly so, and that each of them be connected to the next tube by means of two of the connecting pipes. The boiler contains five layers of the larger tubes of 2&inches internal diameter and 3 inches external; the connecting pipes are inch internal diameter and 18 inch external, In working, the water level is in the middle layer of tubes, as shown by the dotted line in Figs. 1 and 2 ; it remains free from the violent undulations which occur frequently in boilers where the internal space is not divided off. It is probable that a circulation establishes itself in the water, which rises with the bubbles of steam through the vertical connecting pipe at one end of the tube and descends by itself through that at the other. The hot gases from the fire pass backwards and forwards between the layers of tubes, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 2, and remain long enough in contact with them to allow of a very good absorption of the heat. In another similar boiler used for some time there were eight layers of tubes above the fire. The boileria thus made up of a number of vertical subdivisions arranged side by side, each containing five to eight parallel tubes. The several sections are all connected together at the bottom by means of ft crosg tube C with connecting pipes to each section, through which the water finds the same level in all the sections. The steam is taken aff through a similar crom tube D st the top of the boiler, with a connectilrg pipe to the highest tube of each section. All the sections are proved with water pressure up to 3000 lbs. per square inch. Tfie boiler has about 12 square feet of grate surface, but the total area of the air spaces between the bars does not amount to more than is supplied by 6 square feet of ordinary grate surface ; and accordingly the fire is large but slack. !i'hs total heating surface amounh to 882 square feet. The capacity is about 40 odic feet, half of which is water space and half steam room. The whole boiler is hlyhsld tog&er by cwt iron girders, and encased in non-conducting sides and Downloaded from pme.sagepub.com at NANYANG TECH UNIV LIBRARY on June 4, 2016 96 HIGH PRESSURE STEAM ENGINE. top made of four thicknesses of light plate rivetted together and kept about 2 inch apart by ferrules, so as to form three closed air chambers. This arrangement is specially adapted for marine boilers. The flue from the boiler is made to pass through a box E, Figs. 3 and 4, Plate 24, containing the three cylinders of the engine, passing first down the small or high pressure cylinder F, then up the middle one GI., and finally acting on the low pressure cylinder H. The temperature of the gases in this box varies from 400° to 500' Fahr. After leaving the box they pass downwards through a vertical square flue 10 feet long, giving up their remaining heat to the feed water which is forced up through a wrought iron coil of 8 inch pipe contained in the flue, having 200 square feet of heating surface. At the bottom of this flue the gases enter a vertical iron funnel of 40 feet height and 24 inches diameter. The heat is so completely abstracted by the feed- water coil that after leaving it the gases have never been found hotter than looo Fahr. This .small quantity of heat in the chimney gave sufficient draught to cause the evaporation of 84 cubic feet of water per hour in the boiler ; but by the aid of a small fan, driven by a belt from the main shaft of the engine, the evaporation was usually kept at 15 cubic feet per hour. The evaporating power of the boiler was tested by means of a water meter, and in an experiment of 5 hours' duration 390 Ibs. of anthracite coal evaporated 420 gallons of water, which is about 10%lbs. of water per lb. of coal. There is no doubt that a larger boiler with smaller proportionate loss of heat by radiation to the outer air would give a still more favourable result. The great strength of this construction of boiler is the result of its being in reality an aggregate of a number of very small boilers. It absorbs the heat from the fire with the facility of a moderate thickness of iron, jj inch, without ever having a calcareons lining to keep the water away from the hot metal ; while at high pressures it is exposed to less strain than ordinary boilers at comparatively low pressures. Thus the shell of a cylindrical boiler of 5 feet diameter, or 26 times the internal diameter of these tubes, wilI be exposed to 26 times as great a strain as the sides of the tubes when containing steam of the same pressure; or at 19 lbs. pressure it will have as Downloaded from pme.sagepub.com at NANYANG TECH UNIV LIBRARY on June 4, 2016 HIGH PRESSURE STEAM ENGINE. 97 great a strain as the tubes at 500 lbs. But even if tubular boilers were made so thin as to be equally liable to give way with large boilers, they would still be much safer to use ; for if one of the tubes were to be destroyed, the water from the neighbouring tubes would be driven out through the small connecting pipes, by which it is in communication with the rest of the boiler, in a very quiet sort of way compared with that in which the contents of a large boiler are thrown out when one of its ends gives way or its shell is rent open. In fact explosions in the ordinary sense of the word are impossible with these tubular boilers. It is well known that tubes are more effective and safe when containing the water and steam within them than when containing the hot gases from the furnace and exposed to an external pressure of the surrounding steam, since the tenacity of wrought iron is greater than its stiffness. The tubular boilers also admit of being easily and speedily repaired, by taking out a defective section and replacing it by a fresh section or by new tubes kept in store for such contingencies. So little space is taken up by the tubes of these boilers that more space can be afforded for the flues and firegrate surface than usual ; and the whole space occupied is only about half that taken 11p by plate boilers of equal mechanical power. The Engine, shown in Figs. 3 and 4, Plate 24, is of 60 horse power and works at a pressure of 500 Ibs. per square inch. It consists of three single-acting cylinders of 12 inches stroke, all attached to a single crosshead I with a connecting rod at each end to the crank shaft K. The steam passes through the three cylinders successively, the down stroke being made by the simultaneous action of the first and third cylinders F and H, and the up stroke by the action of the middle cylinder G alone ; so that the three attached to the same crosshead act as regards the rotation of the shaft like one cylinder.
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