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Stability of Stream Communities Exposed to Underground Nuclear Tests on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

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Stability of Stream Communities Exposed to Underground Nuclear Tests on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1975 Stability of Stream Communities Exposed to Underground Nuclear Tests on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska Richard Ames Valdez Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Other Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Valdez, Richard Ames, "Stability of Stream Communities Exposed to Underground Nuclear Tests on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska" (1975). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1625. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1625 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STABILITY OF STREAM COMMUNITIES EXPOSED TO UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTS ON AMCHITKA, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA by Richard Ames Valdez A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Wildlife Science APproved: Major Professor Committee MEml1>er .. Committee Member Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studi~s UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1975 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by the United States Atomic Energy Commission under Prime Contract AT(26-l)-l7l to Battelle Columbus Laboratories. The Ecology Center of Utah State University, directed by Dr. John Neuhold, was the subcontractor under which this study was performed. I wish to thank Dr. William T. Helm, my advisor and the co-princi­ pal investigator on the Amchitka Project, for the encouragement, patience and time he so unselfishly gave in helping me develop the ideas on community diversity and stability discussed in this dissertation. Dr. J. Ann Holman offered invaluable advise and assistance with the macroinvertebrate work, and I appreciate her critical review of this dissertation. I also appreciate the efforts of Drs. Don Porcella and Richard Wydoski for serving on my Graduate Committee, when two of the original members were no longer able to serve. Others who reviewed this manuscript were Dave Bernard, Paul Mongillo and Scott Reger. The highly productive field work on Amchitka was largely through the efforts of invaluable assistance from John Isakson, Chuck Simenstad, Dr. Paul Holden, Jeff Gosse, Paul Mongillo and Jim Schmidt. To my parents, Mr. and Mrs. David Valdez, for their patience and support in fulfilling this achievement, I extend a son's gratitude. Richard Ames Valdel iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT xiii INTRODUCTION 1 TERMINOLOGY 5 Species Diversity • 5 Community Stability 6 DESCRIPTION OF AMCHITKA 8 Location and Terrain 8 Climate 10 Freshwater Fauna 10 Macroinvertebrates 10 Fishes 13 THE TWO STUDY AREAS 17 Physical and Biological Aspects 17 Clevenger Creek 17 White Alice Creek 18 AEC Activities and Their Effects 18 Road and pad construction 18 Drilling • 19 Detonation 24 METHODS 25 Sampling 26 Macroinvertebrates 26 Fishes 26 Density 27 Macroinvertebrates 27 Fishes 28 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Age and Growth 32 Macroinvertebrates 32 Fishes 32 Production 35 Macroinvertebrates 36 Fishes 36 Fecundity 38 Species Diversity 38 RESULTS 41 Response of Clevenger Creek to Mud Spills 41 Density • 41 Growth and biomass 49 Production 56 Reproduction 62 Species diversity 67 Response of White Alice Creek to Mud Spills 69 Macroinvertebrates 69 Fishes 72 DISCUSSION 75 Alternative Methods of Mud Tailing Disposal 80 SUMMARY 83 LITERATURE CITED 86 APPENDICES 93 Appendix A. Physical and Biological Characteristics of Clevenger and White Alice Creeks on Amchitka Island, Alaska • 94 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Appendix B. Point Estimates and Confidence Intervals for Density, Standing Crop and Produc­ tion of Chironomus riparius and Dolly Varden in Clevenger and White Alice Creeks on Amchitka Island, Alaska 98 VITA 117 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Densities of macroinvertebrates in Clevenger Creek, expressed as the mean number of individuals per square meter, before and after mud spills from the Milrow test site 42 2. Production to biomass ratios (P/B) for Chironomus riparius in Clevenger Creek. Production and bio­ mass are expressed as grams of dry weight per square meter 59 3. Production to biomass ratios (P/B) for juvenile Dolly Varden in Clevenger Creek. Production and biomass are expressed as kilograms of dry weight per hectare • 59 4. The total numbers of adult spawners ascending Clevenger Creek in the fall of the years 1967 through 1971 63 5. The hypothetical age structure of Dolly Varden in the affected area of Clevenger Creek from before the mud spill (1968) to the predicted recovery of the population (1979). Average maximum life expectancy is assumed to occur in the age group IX. The age groups in the area between the dashed lines A and B are dominated by immigrants from outside of the study area. The age groups in the area between the dashed lines C and D are the result of reproduction by a predominance of immigrants • 64 6. Densities of macroinvertebrates in White Alice Creek, expressed as the mean number of individ­ uals per square meter, before and after mud spills from the Cannikin test site • 71 Appendices 7. Channel and flow characteristics of Clevenger and White Alice Creeks • 95 8. Relative abundance of macrophytes, macro­ invertebrates, and fishes in Clevenger and White Alice Creeks. ab = abundant, nu = numerous, ra = rare, abs = absent • 96 vii LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 9. Point estimates and 95 percent confidence inter­ vals for densities of Chironomus riparius and juvenile Dolly Varden (age groups 0 - V) in Clevenger Creek before and after the mud spill 99 10. Point estimates and 95 percent confidence inter­ vals for standing crops of Chironomus riparius and juvenile Dolly Varden (age groups 0 - V) in Clevenger Creek before and after mud spill. All values are in grams of dry weight per square meter of stream bed 100 11. Monthly instantaneous growth rates of juvenile (age groups 0 - V) and adult age groups (VI - IX) Dolly Varden in Clevenger Creek. ; = mean individual wet weight in grams. G = monthly instantaneous growth rate 101 12. Point estimates and 95 percent confidence intervals for production of Chironomus riparius and juvenile Dolly Varden in Clevenger Creek, expressed as grams of dry weight per square meter of stream bed, before and after the mud spill 102 13. Computations of production of Chironomus riparius in Clevenger Creek. N= estimated density in numbers per square meter, w = mean individual wet weight in milligrams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = dry weight standing crop in grams per square meter, B = mean dry weight standing crop in grams per square meter, P = production as grams of dry weight per square meter 103 14. Computations of production of Dolly Varden (1968 year class, age groups 0 through IV) in Clevenger Creek. N = estimated density for the study area, ; = mean individual wet weight in grams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = st~nding crop biomass in grams of wet weight,B = mean standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, P = production, ex­ pressed as grams of wet weight for the study area (PI)' grams of dry weight for the study area (P2), and grams of dry weight per hectare (P3) • 105 viii LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 15. Computations of production of Dolly Varden (1967 year class, age groups I through V) in Clevenger A Creek. N = estimated density for the study area, w= mean individual wet weight in grams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, B = mean standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, P = pro­ duction, expressed as grams of wet weight for the study area (P1), grams of dry weight for the study area (P ), and grams of dry weight per hectare (P ) 106 2 3 16. Computations of production of Dolly Varden (1966 year c1a~s, age groups II through V) in Clevenger Creek. N = estimated density for the study area, w= mean individual wet weight in grams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, B = mean standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, P = pro­ duction, expressed as grams of wet weight for the study area (P1)' grams of dry weight for the study area (P2), and grams of dry weight per hectare (P3) 107 17. Computations of production of Dolly Varden (1965 year c1a~s, age groups III through V) in Clevenger Creek. N = estimated density for the study area, w= mean individual wet weight in grams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, B = mean standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, P = pro­ duction, expressed as grams of wet weight for the study area (P1)' grams of dry weight for the study area (P2), and grams of dry weight per hectare (P3) 108 18. Computations of production of Dolly Varden (1964 year c1a~s, age groups IV through V) in Clevenger Creek. N = estimated density for the study area, w= mean individual wet weight in grams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, B = mean standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, P = pro­ duction, expressed as grams of wet weight for the study area (P1)' grams of dry weight for the study area (P2), and grams of dry weight per hectare (P3) 109 ix LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 19. Computations of production of Dolly Varden (1263 year class, age group V) in Clevenger Creek. N = estimated density for the study area, W= mean individual wet weight in grams, G = instantaneous growth rate, B = standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, B = mean standing crop biomass in grams of wet weight, P = production, expressed as grams of wet weight for the study are (PI), grams of dry weight for the study area (P2) , and grams of dry weight per hectare (P3) 110 20.
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