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CHAPTER 9 Design and Optimization of Turbo Compressors
CHAPTER 9 Design and optimization of Turbo compressors C. Xu & R.S. Amano Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA. Abstract A compressor has been refereed to raise static enthalpy and pressure. A successful compressor design greatly benefi ts the performance of the whole power system. Lean design methodologies have been used for industrial power system design. The compressor designs require benefi t to both OEM and customers, i.e. lowest cost for both OEM and end users and high effi ciency in all operating range of the compressor. The compressor design and optimization are critical for the new com- pressor development and compressor upgrade. The design experience and design considerations are also critical for a successful compressor design. The design experience can accelerate compressor lean design process. An optimization pro- cess is discussed to design compressor blades in turbo machinery. The compressor design process is not only an aerodynamic optimization, but structure analyses also need to be combined in the optimization. This chapter discusses an aerodynamic and structure integration optimization process. The design method consists of an airfoil shape optimization and a three-dimensional gradient-based optimization coupled with Navier–Stokes solvers. A model airfoil of a transonic compressor is designed by using this approach, with an effi ciency improvement. Airfoil sections were stacked up to a three-dimensional rotor blade of a compressor. The effi ciency is improved over a wide range of mass fl ow. The results indicate that the optimiza- tion process can provide improved design and can be integrated into a compressor design procedure. -
CHAPTER 10 Advances in Understanding the Flow in A
CHAPTER 10 Advances in understanding the fl ow in a centrifugal compressor impeller and improved design A. Engeda Turbomachinery Lab, Michigan State University, USA. Abstract The last 60 years have seen a very high number of experimental and theoretical studies of the centrifugal impeller fl ow physics at government, industry and uni- versity levels, which have been extensively documented. As Robert Dean, one of the well-known impeller aerodynamists stated, “The centrifugal impeller is prob- ably the most complex fl uid machine built by man”. Despite this, it is still the widest used turbomachinery and continues to be a major research and develop- ment topic. Computational fl uid dynamics has now matured to the point where it is widely accepted as a key tool for aerodynamic analysis. Today, with the power of modern computers, steady-state solutions are carried out on a routine basis, and can be considered as part of the design process. The complete design of the impeller requires a detailed understanding of the fl ow in the impeller and aerody- namic analysis of the fl ow path and structural analysis of the impeller including the blades and the hub. This chapter discusses the developments in the understand- ing of the fl ow in a centrifugal impeller and the contributions of this knowledge towards better and advanced impeller designs. 1 Introduction Centrifugal compressors have the widest compressor application area. They are reliable, compact, and robust; they have better resistance to foreign object dam- age; and are less affected by performance degradation due to fouling. They are found in small gas turbine engines, turbochargers, and refrigeration chillers and are used extensively in the petrochemical and process industry. -
Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines
Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines John Schenderlein1, and Tyler Clayton2 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304 Although they garnish less attention than their flashy jet cousins, turboshaft engines hold a specialized niche in the aviation industry. Built to be compact, efficient, and powerful, turboshafts have made modern helicopters and the feats they accomplish possible. First implemented in the 1950s, turboshaft geometry has gone largely unchanged, but advances in materials and axial flow technology have continued to drive higher power and efficiency from today's turboshafts. Similarly to the turbojet and fan industry, there are only a handful of big players in the market. The usual suspects - Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, and Rolls-Royce - have taken over most of the industry, but lesser known companies like Lycoming and Turbomeca still hold a footing in the Turboshaft world. Nomenclature shp = Shaft Horsepower SFC = Specific Fuel Consumption FPT = Free Power Turbine HPT = High Power Turbine Introduction & Background Turboshaft engines are very similar to a turboprop engine; in fact many turboshaft engines were created by modifying existing turboprop engines to fit the needs of the rotorcraft they propel. The most common use of turboshaft engines is in scenarios where high power and reliability are required within a small envelope of requirements for size and weight. Most helicopter, marine, and auxiliary power units applications take advantage of turboshaft configurations. In fact, the turboshaft plays a workhorse role in the aviation industry as much as it is does for industrial power generation. While conventional turbine jet propulsion is achieved through thrust generated by a hot and fast exhaust stream, turboshaft engines creates shaft power that drives one or more rotors on the vehicle. -
DESCRIPTION Fokker 50
Fokker 50 - Power Plant DESCRIPTION The aircraft is equipped with two Pratt and Whitney PW 125B turboprop engines, which are enclosed, in wing-mounted nacelles. Each engine drives a Dowty Rotol six-bladed reversible- pitch constant-speed propeller. The engine is essentially a twin-spool turbojet combined with a free power-turbine assembly, which drives the reduction gearbox and propeller via a third concentric shaft. Engine layout Air intake The air intake is located below the propeller spinner. The intake has an anti-icing system. Combustion section The combustion section comprises an annular combustion chamber, fourteen fuel nozzles, and two igniters. Fuel control is through combined mechanical and electronic control systems. High pressure spool This spool comprises a centrifugal compressor and a single stage axial turbine. HP-spool rpm (NH) is governed by fuel metering. The spool drives the HP fuel pump and the lubrication oil pumps. Low pressure spool This spool comprises a centrifugal compressor and a single stage axial turbine. The LP spool is ungoverned; it is free to adapt itself to the operating conditions. LP-spool rpm is designated NL. To ease the gas flow paths and to minimize the gyroscopic moment, the LP spool rotates in a direction opposite to the HP spool and power-turbine shaft. Power turbine The two-stage axial power turbine drives the propeller via the reduction gearbox. The propeller shaft line is set above the engine shaft centerline. Propeller rpm is designated NP. The reduction gearbox also drives an integrated drive generator, a hydraulic pump, a propeller-pitch-control oil pump, a propeller overspeed governor, and the NP indicator. -
The Power for Flight: NASA's Contributions To
The Power Power The forFlight NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion for for Flight Jeremy R. Kinney ThePower for NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion Flight Jeremy R. Kinney Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kinney, Jeremy R., author. Title: The power for flight : NASA’s contributions to aircraft propulsion / Jeremy R. Kinney. Description: Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017027182 (print) | LCCN 2017028761 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830387 (Epub) | ISBN 9781626830370 (hardcover) ) | ISBN 9781626830394 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration– Research–History. | Airplanes–Jet propulsion–Research–United States– History. | Airplanes–Motors–Research–United States–History. Classification: LCC TL521.312 (ebook) | LCC TL521.312 .K47 2017 (print) | DDC 629.134/35072073–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017027182 Copyright © 2017 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of the United States Government or of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Table of Contents Dedication v Acknowledgments vi Foreword vii Chapter 1: The NACA and Aircraft Propulsion, 1915–1958.................................1 Chapter 2: NASA Gets to Work, 1958–1975 ..................................................... 49 Chapter 3: The Shift Toward Commercial Aviation, 1966–1975 ...................... 73 Chapter 4: The Quest for Propulsive Efficiency, 1976–1989 ......................... 103 Chapter 5: Propulsion Control Enters the Computer Era, 1976–1998 ........... 139 Chapter 6: Transiting to a New Century, 1990–2008 .................................... -
IN the UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT for the EASTERN DISTRICT of PENNSYLVANIA CHARLES POWERS, on His Own : CIVIL ACTION Behalf An
Case 2:06-cv-02993-TJS Document 152 Filed 02/09/11 Page 1 of 31 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA CHARLES POWERS, on his own : CIVIL ACTION behalf and on behalf of the : class defined herein : NO. 06-2993 : v. : : LYCOMING ENGINES, a Division of : AVCO CORPORATION; AVCO : CORPORATION; and TEXTRON, INC. : PLANE TIME, LLC, on its own behalf and : CIVIL ACTION on behalf of others similarly situated : : NO. 06-4228 v. : : LYCOMING ENGINES, a Division of : AVCO CORPORATION; AVCO : CORPORATION; and TEXTRON, INC. : MEMORANDUM OPINION Savage, J. February 9, 2011 In these two consolidated putative nationwide class actions, we conduct a choice-of- law analysis and then re-evaluation of whether the plaintiffs have satisfied Rule 23's requirements for class certification. Moving for class certification under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3), the plaintiffs seek to represent a class of owners or previous owners of aircraft equipped with engines designed and built by Lycoming Engines.1 They claim that the engines were manufactured with defective crankshafts that can cause a total loss of engine power and in-flight engine 1 The plaintiffs named three defendants, Lycoming Engines, Avco Corporation (“Avco”) and Textron, Inc. Since the motion for certification was filed, Textron has been dismissed. The two remaining defendants are referred to collectively as “Lycoming.” Case 2:06-cv-02993-TJS Document 152 Filed 02/09/11 Page 2 of 31 failures, and that Lycoming knew of and concealed the defect that prevents the crankshafts from functioning as intended. They seek damages for the cost to replace the defective crankshafts, which includes parts, labor, transportation, storage, insurance, the loss of the use of the aircraft while the crankshafts are being replaced and the diminished value of the aircraft. -
ATP® Libraries Catalog
2 ATP® Libraries Catalog Revision Date May 24 2016 ATP 101 South Hill Drive Brisbane, CA 94005 (+1) 415-330-9500 www.atp.com ATP® Policies and Legal www.atp.com/policy © Copyright 2016, ATP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of ATP. The information in this catalog is subject to change without notice.ATP, ATP Knowledge, ATP Aviation Hub, HubConnect, NavigatorV, and their respective logos, are among the registered trademarks or trademarks of ATP. All third-party trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners and ATP asserts no ownership rights to these items. iPad and iPhone are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. All original authorship of ATP is protected under U.S. and foreign copyrights and is subject to written license agreements between ATP and its subscribers. Visit www.atp.com/policy for more information ATP Customer Support Please visit www.atp.com/support for customer support information ATP® Libraries Catalog – Revision Date: May 24 2016 3 CONTENTS CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 REGULATORY LIBRARIES ............................................................................................................................................. -
Centrifugal Compressor Flow Instabilities at Low Mass Flow Rate
Centrifugal compressor flow instabilities at low mass flow rate by Elias Sundstr¨om March 2016 Technical Reports from Royal Institute of Technology KTH Mechanics SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Akademisk avhandling som med tillst˚andav Kungliga Tekniska H¨ogskolan i Stockholm framl¨aggestill offentlig granskning f¨oravl¨aggandeav teknologie licenciatexamen torsdag den 28 april 2016 kl 13:15 i sal E2, Lindstedsv¨agen3, Kungliga Tekniska H¨ogskolan, Stockholm. TRITA-MEK Technical report 2016:06 ISSN 0348-467X ISRN KTH/MEK/TR{16/06{SE ISBN 978-91-7595-931-3 c Elias Sundstr¨om2016 Universitetsservice US{AB, Stockholm 2016 Elias Sundstr¨om2016, Centrifugal compressor flow instabilities at low mass flow rate CCGEx and Linn´eFlow Centre, KTH Mechanics, Kungliga Tekniska H¨ogskolan, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Turbochargers play an important role in increasing the energetic efficiency and reducing emissions of modern power-train systems based on downsized recipro- cating internal combustion engines (ICE). The centrifugal compressor in tur- bochargers is limited at off-design operating conditions by the inception of flow instabilities causing rotating stall and surge. They occur at reduced engine speeds (low mass flow rates), i.e. typical operating conditions for a better engine fuel economy, harming ICEs efficiency. Moreover, unwanted unsteady pressure loads within the compressor are induced; thereby lowering the com- pressors operating life-time. Amplified noise and vibration are also generated, resulting in a notable discomfort. The thesis aims for a physics-based understanding of flow instabilities and the surge inception phenomena using numerical methods. Such knowledge may permit developing viable surge control technologies that will allow turbocharg- ers to operate safer and more silent over a broader operating range. -
Textron: Action & Results
130124 5/14/03 2:16 PM Page FC1 Textron: Action & Results 2002 Fact Book 130124 5/14/03 2:16 PM Page IFC2 Textron is an $11 billion multi-industry company with approximately 49,000 employees in 40 countries. We leverage our global network of businesses to provide customers with innovative solutions and services in industries such as aircraft, fastening systems, industrial products and components, and finance. Textron is known around the world for its powerful brands, such as Bell Helicopter, Cessna Aircraft, Kautex, Lycoming, E-Z-GO and Greenlee, among others. Stock and Contact Information Stock Exchange Listings General Information Ticker Symbol – TXT This Fact Book is one of several sources of information available to Textron Inc. shareholders and the investment community. To receive Annual Common Stock Reports, 10-K, 10-Q reports and/or press releases, please call (888) TXT- New York, Chicago and Pacific Stock Exchanges LINE or visit our website at www.textron.com Preferred Stock ($2.08 and $1.40) New York Stock Exchange Contacts Investors Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Securities of Subsidiary Trust (7.92%) Douglas R. Wilburne New York Stock Exchange Vice President, Communications & Investor Relations [email protected] Capital Stock (401) 457-2353 (as of December 28, 2002) (401) 457-3598 (fax) Common stock: par value $0.125; 500,000,000 shares authorized; Marc Kaplan 136,499,608 shares outstanding. Director, Investor Relations $2.08 Cumulative Convertible Preferred stock, Series A: [email protected] 120,515 shares outstanding. (401) 457-2502 (401) 457-3598 (fax) $1.40 Convertible Preferred Dividend stock, Series B: 56,394 shares outstanding. -
Constant-Speed Gas Turbine Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Is Installed Within a Fire-Resistant Compartment in the Aft Equipment Bay
Bombardier Challenger 605 - Auxiliary Power Unit GENERAL A Honeywell 36–150(CL) constant-speed gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU) is installed within a fire-resistant compartment in the aft equipment bay. The APU drives a generator, providing AC electrical power, that serves as a backup AC power source up to an altitude of 20,000 feet. The APU also provides pressurized bleed air to the 10th-stage manifold for engine starting up to 15,000 feet. In-flight APU bleed air extraction for air conditioning is not permitted above 15,000 feet. The maximum operating altitude of the APU is 20,000 feet MSL. In-flight APU starting is guaranteed up to 20,000 feet, from 141 to 290 KIAS. APU Enclosure The APU enclosure is a stainless-steel, fire-resistant box with dedicated fire detection and fire extinguishing capabilities. The enclosure is located in the forward section of the aft equipment bay, and is equipped with a service door for APU oil servicing. A spring-loaded closed flapper door is located on the left side of the enclosure, and opens to provide cooling airflow while the APU is operating. Refer to Chapter 9, Fire Protection, for information on the APU fire detection/extinguishing systems. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Figure 05−10−1 Page 1 Bombardier Challenger 605 - Auxiliary Power Unit POWER SECTION AND ACCESSORY GEARBOX Description The APU power section consists of a gas turbine engine with integrated oil, ignition, and start systems. The power section drives a gearbox that reduces the rotational speed of the APU to a speed appropriate for operation of gearbox-mounted accessories. -
Lycoming Engine Development, June 1963
VOLUME 1, NU BER 3 JUNE, 1963 B. H. WARREN NOW VICE PRESIDENT, GENERAL MANAGER--------------------------- The appointment of Beverly H. Warren as vice president and general manager of Lycoming Division has been announced by James R. Kerr, president and cbief operating officer of AVCO Corporation. General Warren has been vice president of AVCO's Defense and Industrial Products Group since April, 1961, and director of its Operational Missiles Subdivision since September, 1960. He is a veteran of more than 25 years service with the U.S. Air Force, and retired in 1960 with the rank of Major General. In other organizational changes, General Warren announced the appointment of Dr. Anselm Franz as vice president and general manager, gas turbines, and of Paul A. Deegan as director of administration. Dr. Franz in turn announced that Dr. Heinrich Adenstedt bas been named to the position of vice president, gas turbines operations. LYCOMING SALES DEPARTMENT ACTIVE------------------------------------------- Sales promotion efforts during the Summer will be centered on demonstrations of the Bell 2u4B, commercial version of the Army's Iroquois helicopter, and sales proposals for Lycoming's T55 turboprop and turbofan engines to potential users in Europe, Canada, and the United States. The Bell 204B helicopter is owered by the 1100 shaft horsepower Lycoming T5309 gas turbine engine which differs from the T53-L-9 military engine only in the use of fireproof fuel and oil lines. Two aircraft will make three month demonstration tours, one heading West, the other East. Customers will be invited to demonstrations by the Bell Helicopter egional sales manager in their area, who will be assisted by Bob McCalpin of Lycoming's sales staff. -
Structural Analysis of Load Compressor Blade of Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit Meha Setiya1, Dr
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 2, February-2015 596 ISSN 2229-5518 Structural analysis of load compressor blade of aircraft auxiliary power unit Meha Setiya1, Dr. Beena D. Baloni2, Dr. Salim A. Channiwala3 1Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India. [email protected] 2,3Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— Auxiliary power unit is small gas turbine which comprises power section, load compressor and generator system. The present work incorporates stress analysis of impeller blade of the load compressor aircraft APU 131-9A using ANSYS 15. For centrifugal compressor, impeller is main dynamic component. Structural stresses induced in impeller due to combined loading of thermal and inertia forces, affects performance of compressor in terms of efficiency, pressure ratio, service life etc. To explore the effect of this combined loading, structural analysis has been done. Structural analysis of impeller blade gives a vision about critical deformations and critical stresses and their locations. Thermal analysis has also been done to investigate thermal stresses and deformation due to temperature and pressure loads in the blade passage. Both thermal and structural analysis has been done for different materials namely SS 310, INCOLOY 909, Timetal834 and Ti 6-2-4-6. The selection of materials has been done on the basis of strength at high speeds. The results suggest that for particular application of high speed load compressor blade, induced structural stresses are within permissible range throughout the blade only in case of Ti 6-2-4-6.