The Song of the Cinnamon-Breasted Bunting, Emberiza Tahapisi, in the Bamenda Highlands (NW Cameroon)
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CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by MUCC (Crossref) J Ornithol (2011) 152:651–659 DOI 10.1007/s10336-010-0626-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The song of the Cinnamon-breasted Bunting, Emberiza tahapisi, in the Bamenda Highlands (NW Cameroon) Tomasz S. Osiejuk Received: 23 March 2010 / Revised: 22 August 2010 / Accepted: 15 November 2010 / Published online: 14 January 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In this study, I describe the song of the Cin- Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit beschreibe ich namon-breasted Bunting (Emberiza tahapisi)—a common den Gesang der Bergammer, einer in den La¨ndern su¨dlich and widespread species in sub-Saharan Africa. Several der Sahara ha¨ufigen und weit verbreiteten Art. Anhand aspects of song behaviour were addressed based on der Aufnahmen von 58 Ma¨nnchen aus dem Bamenda- recordings of 58 males in the Bamenda Highlands (NW Hochland (NW-Kamerun) werden die Aspekte ihres Cameroon). The song of the Cinnamon-breasted Bunting is Sing-Verhaltens untersucht. Der Gesang dieser Art ist nicht discontinuous and consists of short (1.2 s on average), zusammenha¨ngend, sondern besteht aus kurzen, im Schnitt relatively broadband (range 2.5–9.2 kHz) strophes repeated 1,2 Sekunden dauernden, relativ breitbandigen (2,5–9,2 at a highly variable rate (2–14 strophes per minute). Each kHz) Strophen, die mit einer hohen Variabilita¨tsrate wie- male sang a single song type consisting of 4–9 different derholt werden (2–14 Strophen pro Minute). Jedes einzelne syllable types. Syllable types differed in acoustic structure, Ma¨nnchen sang einen einzigen Gesangs-Typ aus 4–9 and I describe a total of 40 discrete types. At the song type unterschiedlichen Silben-Typen, die sich in ihrem akus- level, only 8 different song types were found. Males from tischen Aufbau unterschieden; ich beschreibe 40 eigene local groups tended to have slightly more similar songs derartige Typen. Bei den Gesangs-Typen konnten nur 8 than strangers separated by a distance of more than 500 m. Typen gefunden werden. Ma¨nnchen innerhalb lokaler However, males with shared song types clearly did not Gruppen zeigten etwas a¨hnlichere Gesa¨nge als fremde aggregate. All males within the studied population shared a Ma¨nnchen in Entfernungen von mehr als 500 Metern; aber characteristic final whistle syllable, which resemble some Ma¨nnchen mit gemeinsamen Gesangs-Typen kamen nicht other buntings. The birds sang from locations elevated unbedingt zusammen vor. Alle Ma¨nnchen der untersuchten above the surrounding vegetation, usually from trees or Population hatten eine Pfeif-Silbe am Schluss gemeinsam, rocks. I found no significant relationship between song rate, die an einige andere Ammern-Arten erinnerte. Die Vo¨gel time after sunrise, time of season and song post height. sangen an Stellen, die ho¨her als die umgebende Vegetation lagen, in der Regel Felsen oder Ba¨ume. Ich fand keinen Keywords Song complexity Á Microgeographic variation Á signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesangs-Rate, Song rate Á Song post Á Repertoire size Á Dialect cue der seit Sonnenaufgang verstrichenen Zeit, der Jahreszeit und der Ho¨he des Gesangsplatzes. Communicated by Jon Fjeldsa˚. Introduction T. S. Osiejuk (&) Song is a sexually selected trait that plays a crucial role in Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Environmental mate attraction and resource defence in birds (Catchpole Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan´, Poland and Slater 2008). Therefore, it has attracted the attention of e-mail: [email protected] biologists for decades and is probably one of the most 123 652 J Ornithol (2011) 152:651–659 thoroughly studied models of socially transmitted behav- Suter et al. 2009, neighbour-stranger recognition (Hansen iour. Impressive progress has been made in the science of 1984; Osiejuk et al. 2007a, b; Skierczyn´ski et al. 2007; bird songs in the last 50 years in terms of mechanisms of Skierczyn´ski and Osiejuk 2010) and male–female com- song production, learning and its neurobiological back- munication (Nemeth 1994; Wingelmaier et al. 2007). ground and detailed analyses of song variation patterns in However, in these studies, ornithologists have focussed on time and space (Slater 2003). This growth of knowledge just five common European species: Corn Buntings, has a double effect: we know more about song behaviour, E. calandra; Ortolan Buntings, E. hortulana; Yellowham- but we can also determine the most important gaps in our mers, E. citrinella; Cirl Buntings, E. cirlus; and Reed knowledge that hinder our understanding of song evolution Buntings, E. schoeniclus. For the rest of the Emberiza and ecology. One issue is the amount and uneven distri- species, we have only rudimentary data that hinders the bution of data on song behaviour. We know a lot about the possibility of comparative studies on song evolution in song of a very few species that have become intensively Emberiza and their relatives. The particularly understudied studied models, whereas we only have rudimentary data for species are those limited to eastern Asia and all African hundreds of other species. A special case is birds from the species (Byers et al. 1995). tropics. The majority of modern bird species live in tropical Here, I describe song structure, syllable repertoire var- or subtropical areas. The tropics were also localised centres iation and singing behaviour of the Cinnamon-breasted of bird evolution. Therefore, the early evolution of song Bunting, Emberiza tahapisi goslingi. To my knowledge, also occurred in the tropics. However, the majority of the this is the first study on the song behaviour of this species, studies on bird song have been conducted in temperate despite it being one of the most common and widespread of areas, although some tropical song phenomena as (e.g. the African buntings (Byers et al. 1995). This study is the duetting) have been recognised relatively recently (Hall first step to a better understanding of changes in song 2009). Bird songs from tropical Africa are the least studied, behaviour, which likely occurred during and after coloni- and there is still a paucity of data for most of the species, sation of Afrotropics in Emberizids. including common and widespread ones. This problem also concerns birds which started large radiation in open habi- tats in the temperate zone and then colonised the tropics. Methods Here, the genus Emberiza is a good example (Klicka et al. 2003; Alstro¨m et al. 2008), as our knowledge is heavily Study area biased towards temperate zone species. An interspecific comparison in such a taxon gives good opportunities to The study was conducted in November and December of track changes in song behaviour, which likely appeared 2008 (the beginning of the dry season) approximately 6 km after colonisation of the areas with different climatic con- southeast of Big Babanki village in the Bamenda High- ditions and habitats. lands, Northwest Region, Cameroon. The study area Emberizidae (sparrows, buntings and their relatives) are was spread between 6°50800–6°604000N and 10°1704500– among the most diverse families in terms of number of 0°1907700E (altitude range 1,928–2,358 m a.s.l., average species among birds. Emberizids are found on all conti- altitude 2,178 m a.s.l., area surveyed ca. 6 km2). The nents except Australia and Antarctica and have the highest Bamenda Highlands are one of the most important hotspots diversity in the western hemisphere Byers et al. (1995). of bird diversity and endemism in Africa (Orme et al. The genus Emberiza consists of about 40 living species 2005). However, intensive logging has reduced formerly inhabiting the different, typically open habitats of Eurasia. continuous forests to isolated patches in recent decades Only a few species have limited distribution in Africa. The (ICBP 1992). At present, the vegetation covering the study acoustic communication of some Emberiza species has area consists of mosaics of montane forest patches, shrubby been intensively studied. Most of these descriptive studies corridors, grasslands and vegetable plantations (at a lower have focussed on different aspects of song variation in altitude than the study site). space (Møller 1982; Hansen 1985; McGregor 1986; The Cinnamon-breasted Bunting prefers intensively Glaubrecht 1989, 1991; Matessi et al. 2000a; Osiejuk and grazed pastures dominated by grasslands and rocky grass- Ratyn´ska 2003; Caro et al. 2009; Wonke and Wallschla¨ger lands and, to some extent, also inhabits gentle rocky slopes 2009). Other experimental studies have addressed ques- with bare soil available (Byers et al. 1995; Sedla´cek et al. tions related to dialect function and mechanisms of dialect 2007; personal observation). There is no systematically recognition (Pellerin 1983; Hansen 1984; Baker et al. 1987; collected data available on the occurrence of the Cinna- Osiejuk et al. 2007a). The other aspects of song behaviour mon-breasted Bunting in this region, but it is likely that that have been investigated are territorial defence (Kreutzer forest fragmentation in the Bamenda Highlands has &Gu¨ttinger 1991; Nemeth 1996; Osiejuk et al. 2007b; increased the habitat area preferred by this species. In a 123 J Ornithol (2011) 152:651–659 653 recent survey of birds in the same study area, Sedla´cek very stereotyped manner for each male. Because the et al. (2007) found that the Cinnamon-breasted Bunting is a acoustic character of sounds forming the songs was similar common species (with a category of abundance of 3–4 to the intensively studied White-crowned Sparrow, Zono- according to the classification of Stuart and Jensen 1986) trichia leucophrys, I applied a similar terminology to that is resident to the area. The peak of its breeding is most describe the song structure and its variation (e.g.