ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Equipment Final Rule Technical
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Avionics Thermal Management of Airborne Electronic Equipment, 50 Years Later
FALL 2017 electronics-cooling.com THERMAL LIVE 2017 TECHNICAL PROGRAM Avionics Thermal Management of Advances in Vapor Compression Airborne Electronic Electronics Cooling Equipment, 50 Years Later Thermal Management Considerations in High Power Coaxial Attenuators and Terminations Thermal Management of Onboard Charger in E-Vehicles Reliability of Nano-sintered Silver Die Attach Materials ESTIMATING INTERNAL AIR ThermalRESEARCH Energy Harvesting ROUNDUP: with COOLING TEMPERATURE OCTOBERNext Generation 2017 CoolingEDITION for REDUCTION IN A CLOSED BOX Automotive Electronics UTILIZING THERMOELECTRICALLY ENHANCED HEAT REJECTION Application of Metallic TIMs for Harsh Environments and Non-flat Surfaces ONLINE EVENT October 24 - 25, 2017 The Largest Single Thermal Management Event of The Year - Anywhere. Thermal Live™ is a new concept in education and networking in thermal management - a FREE 2-day online event for electronics and mechanical engineers to learn the latest in thermal management techniques and topics. Produced by Electronics Cooling® magazine, and launched in October 2015 for the first time, Thermal Live™ features webinars, roundtables, whitepapers, and videos... and there is no cost to attend. For more information about Technical Programs, Thermal Management Resources, Sponsors & Presenters please visit: thermal.live Presented by CONTENTS www.electronics-cooling.com 2 EDITORIAL PUBLISHED BY In the End, Entropy Always Wins… But Not Yet! ITEM Media 1000 Germantown Pike, F-2 Jean-Jacques (JJ) DeLisle Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 USA -
Heat Transfer Pathways in Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Systems
UC Berkeley HVAC Systems Title Heat transfer pathways in underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52f04592 Authors Bauman, F. Jin, H. Webster, T. Publication Date 2006 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California © 2006, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Vol 112, Part 2. For personal use only. Additional distribution in either paper or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's permission. QC-06-053 Heat Transfer Pathways in Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Systems Fred S. Bauman, PE Hui Jin, PhD Tom Webster, PE Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE Please note that the following two statements have been of cooling airflow needed to remove heat loads from a building added as a result of the peer-review process for this paper: space using the assumption of a well-mixed room air condi- Results of heat gain shown in this theoretical steady-state tion. The familiarity of designers with this relatively simple model may be greater than those found in actual practice for equation has led to a situation in which design space heat gains UFAD systems. This may be for a number of reasons that are (i.e., total room cooling loads) are considered synonymous not now understood and should be the basis for further research with return air extraction rates, and cooling airflows are found and study. from the (mixed) room-supply temperature difference, typi- cally assumed to be 11°C (20°F). In a stratified underfloor air ABSTRACT distribution (UFAD) environment, the assumption of perfect This paper reports on a modeling study to investigate the mixing is no longer valid, requiring a different way of thinking primary pathways for heat to be removed from a room with about energy flows and airflow quantities. -
Optimal Forced-Air Distribution in New Housing
ptimal F fee ~ ir istributi n in New H usin John ~ Andrews Introduction Cooling~Load Characteristics of the Optimized House Studies of forced-air thermal distribution systems in small buildings show that significant energy losses are common A calculation of the peak cooling load in New York State in ductwork. These losses stem from several mechanisms, was performed for both a conventional house and the opti including duct leakage, thermal conduction through duct mized design that would replace it (Andrews et aL 1989). walls, and selective pressurization and depressurization of The conventional house was a single-story 1500 ft2 different zones of the house when the air-distribution fan 2 [140 m ] structure with R-l1 insulation in the wans, R-20 is operating. One way to reduce or eliminate duct losses is in the ceiling, unshaded window area 15 % of the south to place the ductwork within the conditioned space, rather wall and 10% of the other wans, and an average summer than the more usual attic, crawlspace, or basement loca time air infiltration rate of 0.7 air changes per hour tions. This approach is encouraged by new standards such (ACH) .. Calculated heat gains from various sources are as ASHRAE 90.2. shown in the first column of Table 1e Duct losses equal to 30% of the cooling input are assumed here, within the A major impediment to this solution is the size and range of recent results (Cummings and Tooley 1989, unsightliness of the ductwork. If ducts could be made Modera et ale 1991). smaller in cross section, builders might be motivated to them within the conditioned space. -
An Expansion on Applied Computer Cooling
An Expansion on Applied Computer Cooling By Spencer Ellsworth LAES 400 November 29, 2012 Abstract In the world of professional technology, many businesses utilize servers and Ap- ple products in their day-to-day work, relying upon these machines for the liveli- hood of their operations. However, the technology being used is limited by a single, ever-important factor: heat. The key to improved performance, increased computer longevity, and lower upkeep costs lies in managing machine temperatures. Previously, this topic was investigated for the world of PCs. In this paper, modifications, upgrades, and available components that improve cooling are discussed in regard to servers and Apple products. Through the use of these methodologies, the aformentioned improve- ments may be achieved. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 3 Servers 2 3.1 Freestanding . 3 3.2 Rack Mount . 3 4 Apple Products 5 4.1 Difficulties . 5 4.2 Mac Desktops . 5 4.2.1 iMac . 6 4.2.2 Mac Pro . 6 4.3 Mac Mini . 7 4.4 Apple TV . 7 4.5 MacBook . 8 5 Business Economics 8 5.1 Servers . 8 5.2 Apple . 9 6 Related Work 9 7 Conclusion 10 1 Introduction freestanding and rack mount servers, as their differences are significant. The topics of \Now this is not the end. It is not even this paper then make a transition to Ap- the beginning of the end. But it is, per- ple products, touching upon the difficulties haps, the end of the beginning." -Sir Win- in improving cooling for Apple machines, as ston Churchill, 1942 well as individual investigations of the iMac, Six months ago, the author completed a Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Apple TV, and Mac- research, analysis, and experimentation pa- Book. -
Analysis of Cooling Load Calculations for Underfloor Air Distribution Systems
The 13th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Environment: Next Gen Technology to Make Green Building Sustainable , 19-20 Nov 2015 (Thu-Fri), Hong Kong. Analysis of cooling load calculations for underfloor air distribution systems Dr. Sam C. M. Hui * and Miss ZHOU Yichun Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong * E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems use an underfloor supply plenum located between the structural floor slab and a raised floor system to supply conditioned air through floor diffusers or terminal units directly into the building’s occupied zone. If designed properly, they have the potential to enhance energy efficiency, indoor air quality and building life cycle performance. However, the application of UFAD system is still obstructed by the information gap in some fundamental issues, such as cooling load calculation. All the cooling load calculation methods for UFAD systems nowadays have limitations and drawbacks and most building designers are not familiar with them. This research aims to investigate the cooling loads calculation methods for UFAD systems. Fundamental principles of UFAD with different configurations are studied to analyse the effects on cooling load components. Critical evaluation is made on the key factors and issues affecting the cooling load and how they differ from the overhead air distribution systems. It is found that thermal stratification, management of solar and lighting loads, architectural design and thermal properties of structural floor slab will influence the cooling load and must be evaluated carefully. It is hoped that the findings could improve the understanding of UFAD systems and provide practical information for performing the cooling load calculations and optimising the system performance. -
Matching the Sensible Heat Ratio of Air Conditioning Equipment with the Building Load SHR
Matching the Sensible Heat Ratio of Air Conditioning Equipment with the Building Load SHR Final Report to: Airxchange November 12, 2003 Report prepared by: TIAX LLC Reference D5186 Notice: This report was commissioned by Airxchange on terms specifically limiting TIAX’s liability. Our conclusions are the results of the exercise of our best professional judgement, based in part upon materials and information provided to us by Airxchange and others. Use of this report by any third party for whatever purpose should not, and does not, absolve such third party from using due diligence in verifying the report’s contents. Any use which a third party makes of this document, or any reliance on it, or decisions to be made based on it, are the responsibility of such third party. TIAX accepts no duty of care or liability of any kind whatsoever to any such third party, and no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made, or not made, or actions taken, or not taken, based on this document. TIAX LLC Acorn Park • Cambridge, MA • 02140-2390 USA • +1 617 498 5000 www.tiax.biz Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................ I LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................III -
Air Conditioning Clinic
Air Conditioning Clinic Cooling and Heating Load Estimation One of the Fundamental Series April 2011 TRG-TRC002-EN Cooling and Heating Load Estimation One of the Fundamental Series A publication of Trane, a business of Ingersoll Rand Preface Figure 1 The Trane Company believes that it is incumbent on manufacturers to serve the industry by regularly disseminating information gathered through laboratory research, testing programs, and field experience. The Trane Air Conditioning Clinic series is one means of knowledge sharing. It is intended to acquaint a nontechnical audience with various fundamental aspects of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. We have taken special care to make the clinic as uncommercial and straightforward as possible. Illustrations of Trane products only appear in cases where they help convey the message contained in the accompanying text. This particular clinic introduces the reader to cooling and heating load estimation. It is intended to introduce the concepts of estimating building cooling and heating loads and is limited to introducing the components that make up the load on a building, the variables that affect each of these components, and simple methods used to estimate these load components. It is not intended to teach all the details or latest computerized techniques of how to calculate these loads. If you are interested in learning more about the specific techniques used for cooling and heating load estimating, this booklet includes several references in the back. © 2011 Trane. All rights reserved ii TRG-TRC002-EN Contents period one Human Comfort .................................................... 1 period two Cooling Load Estimation ................................... 8 Outdoor Design Conditions ................................... 13 Conduction through Surfaces ............................... -
Motivair Cooling Solutions Report
Cooling System Considerations for High Density Colocation and Enterprise Data Centers By Rich Whitmore Executive summary The recent advances in computer technology and the growing adoption of high performance CPUs and GPUs are allowing users to achieve new heights in computer analytics including the use of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, High-Frequency Trading, Oil & Gas research and web scale business models. This rapid rise in use has overtaken most Colocation and Enterprise facilities’ ability to cool the se often-densified server racks on a large scale. While many facilities publish the ability to provide cooling for higher than standard server racks on a watts per square foot basis, many if not all are unable to manage newer computer systems at that density on a large scale. Co location and Enterprise data centers must consider how these new computers will interact within the data center environment, educate themselves on the various solutions available to cool these dense servers and build the infrastructure that can support the latest computer racks being used both today and in the future. Cooling System Considerations for High Density Colocation and Enterprise Data Centers Introduction As the uses for high density computers continues to expand, the requirements for operating these advanced systems has also grown. The drive for higher efficiency data centers is a subject closely tied to a building’s Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) which is defined as: (Total Facility Energy) / (IT Equipment Energy). High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters and high-density compute racks are consuming power densities of up to 100 kW per rack, sometimes higher, with an estimated average density of 35 kW per rack. -
“Cooling System for Electronics in Computer System- an Overview”
International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development (IJRERD) Volume No. 02 – Issue No. 02, ISSN: 2455-8761 www.ijrerd.com, PP. 01-04 “Cooling system for electronics in computer system- an overview” KunalPardeshi1, P.G Patil2, R.Y.Patil3 1 Master Scholar MechanicalEnineering Department, S.G.D.C.O.E. Jalgaon 2Assistant Professor, Mechanical Enineering Department, S.G.D.C.O.E. Jalgaon 3Head, Mechanical Department, S.G.D.C.O.E. Jalgaon Abstract: During the power management, the inevitable power losses induce heat generation in the power electronics. In this, effective design for the cooling system is essential in terms of safety, reliability, and durability. A liquid cooling system for the power electronics is applied to chill the electrical components below the thermal specifications. Nonetheless, the layout of cooling components is usually designed after the completion of the chassis and power electronics in the automotive applications, thus, only a little freedom is allowed to change the layout. Thus, it is significant and urgent to investigate the cooling performance before finalizing the layout design. In this work, one dimensional and computerized fluid dynamics code is employed to simulate the performance of the cooling system at the early stage of conceptual design. Three different layouts of cooling systems are chosen to compare the ensuing systematic cooling performances. The liquid flow rates, pressure drops, and maximum temperatures are computed by the numerical simulations of the cooling system which comprises the cold plates, liquid pump and heating electronic device. Index Terms: High performance CPUs, heat transfer enhancement, liquid impingement, heat transfer 1. -
Floor Mount & In-Rack Models
coolant distribution unit Floor Mount & In-Rack Models TM OUR BUSINESS IS COOLING YOURS motivaircorp.com COMPREHENSIVE COOLING FOR YOUR DIGITAL WORLD From Hyperscale to Exascale KEY REASONS A Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU) is designed to control and separate colder facility water supplies TO USE A from the IT cooling infrastructure. It allows you to deploy higher density, load diverse IT equipment in ® a smaller footprint & improve efficiency. MOTIVAIR CDU This action of “decoupling” allows the CDU to accurately monitor and control the flow and temperature of clean, cool fluid to all types of IT cooling systems, including Active and Passive Rear • Isolates a clean water supply Door Heat Exchangers or Liquid-Cooled Computer Systems (Direct-to-Chip or On-Chip). for IT cooling system The CDU maintains a secondary loop water temperature above the dew point in the data center to • Maintains water temperature eliminate the possibility of condensation. above data center dew point eliminating the possibility of condensation • Automatically adjusts water flow and temperature for scale-on-demand IT loads MODELS APPLICATION MCDU-4U 105 kW ChilledDoor® • Offers inherent redundancies MCDU15 310 kW Rack Cooling System & MCDU 25 625kW Liquid-Cooled Computer Systems for maximized uptime MCDU 40 1250kW • Ideal for W1 – W5 cooling systems Custom OEM Solutions • Made in the USA Motivair offers flexible CDU designs for unique liquid cooling applications, including custom OEM solutions. TM OUR BUSINESS IS COOLING YOURS motivaircorp.com HOW IT WORKS The Motivair® Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU) creates an isolated water loop and pumps this through the cooling system DECOUPLE to operate at maximum efficiency. -
Home Heating and Cooling 2
iowa energy center Home Series Home Heating and Cooling 2 Reduce your utility bills with low-cost, low-tech tips Get more heat from every energy dollar you spend—page 3 Make the most of your air-conditioning system—page 10 Landscape your yard for year-round comfort—page 19 Save with a whole-house approach Every year, a typical family in the United States spends around half of its home Did you know? energy budget on heating and cooling. In Iowa, that percentage can be higher, due The Energy Independence and to temperature extremes reached during the winter and summer months. Security Act of 2007 sets the Unfortunately, many of those dollars often are wasted, because conditioned air stage for significant changes in escapes through leaky ceilings, walls and foundations—or flows through energy policy across the United inadequately insulated attics, exterior walls and basements. In addition, many States for many years to come. During the next several years, new heating systems and air conditioners aren’t properly maintained or are more than energy-efficiency standards will 10 years old and very inefficient, compared to models being sold today. be put into place for appliances, As a result, it makes sense to analyze your home as a collection of systems that furnace motors, residential boilers and other energy-using devices. So, must work together in order to achieve peak energy savings. For example, you won’t watch for the latest news about tax get anywhere near the savings you’re expecting from a new furnace if your air- credits for homeowners who make handling ducts are uninsulated and leak at every joint. -
Experimental Comparison of Zone Cooling Load Between Radiant and Air Systems Jingjuan (Dove) Feng,*, Fred Bauman, Stefano Schiavon
Experimental comparison of zone cooling load between radiant and air systems Jingjuan (Dove) Feng,*, Fred Bauman, Stefano Schiavon Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley *Corresponding author at: Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, 390 Wurster Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1839, USA Email: [email protected] (Jingjuan (Dove) Feng) Highlights We experimentally compared cooling loads between radiant and air systems Radiant system has on average 18%-21% higher cooling rates compared to air system A new definition must be used for radiant system cooling load HB approach should be used for radiant system cooling load calculation RTS or weighting factor methods may lead to incorrect results for radiant systems Abstract Radiant cooling systems work fundamentally differently from air systems by taking advantage of both radiant and convective heat transfer to remove space heat. This paper presents an experiment investigating how the dynamic heat transfer in rooms conditioned by a radiant system is different from an air system, and how such differences affect the sensible cooling load and cooling load calculation methods for radiant systems. Four tests with two heat gain profiles were carried out in a standard climatic chamber. For each profile, two separate tests were carried out to maintain a constant operative temperature: one with radiant chilled ceiling panels; and a second with an overhead mixing air distribution system. Concrete blocks were used to create a thermal mass effect. The experiments show that, during the periods the heat gain was on, the radiant system has on average 18%-21% higher instantaneous cooling rates compared to the air system, and 75-82% of total heat gains were removed, while for the air system only 61-63% were removed.