POLITENESS STRATEGIES BETWEEN ELLEN DEGENERES AND BARRACK OBAMA IN THE ELLEN TALK SHOW
A THESIS
BY:
MUHAMMAD ALI SAKTI NASUTION
NIM: 167052015
ENGLISH POSGRDUATE STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA
MEDAN
2019
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1
POLITENESS STRATEGIES BETWEEN ELLEN DEGENERES AND BARRACK OBAMA IN THE ELLEN TALK SHOW
A THESIS
Submitted to English Department Posgraduate Program, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara in Partial Fulfilment of Requirement for the Degree of Master of Art(M.A.) in English
BY:
MUHAMMAD ALI SAKTI NASUTION
NIM: 167052015
ENGLISH POSGRDUATE STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA
MEDAN
2019
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4
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ABSTRACT
This research entitles politenes Strategies Betweeb Ellen Degeneres and Barrack Obama in Ellen Talk Show, This research is about pragmatic politeness from the interview between Ellen DeGeneres and President of the United States, Barrack Obama on Ellen DeGeneres, episode 12 February 2016. The main data source of the research is a script of interview between presenter Ellen Degeneres and Barrack Obama. This is qualitative research that uses politeness strategies Brown and Levinson‟s Politenes Strategy (1978), supported by J.L. Austin speech act theory ( 1962 ). By applying theories, the authors found that Ellen and Obama were observed politenes strategies. This research is done to find kinds of Politenes Strategies used by Ellen Degeneres as the host of Ellen Degeneres Show and Barrack Obama when communicate which implied to save the speaker‟s and interlocutor face from face Threatening Act caused by their speech. In Ellen's Uttrence, it is found two strategies from brown and Levinson Strategy both are negative and Positive politenes. Meanwhile, in Obama's words, the author found a strategy of Brown and Levinson's positive politeness. The choice of strategy from the participants are influenced by a varied of results and sociological factors. The payoffs factors are “ save and satisfy” guest face, “ save and satisfy” host‟s face, and “ save and satisfy” viewers‟ face. Meanwhile, sociological factors are the social distance between the speaker and listener and the relative power of the speaker and listener.
Keywords: Pragmatics, Politenes, Positive Strategy, and Negative Strategy.
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ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berjudul Kesopanan Strategi Antara Ellen Degeneres dan Barrack Obama dalam Ellen Talk Show, Penelitian ini adalah tentang kesopanan pragmatis dari wawancara antara Ellen DeGeneres dan Presiden Amerika Serikat, Barrack Obama tentang Ellen DeGeneres, episode 12 Februari 2016. Sumber data utama dari penelitian ini adalah naskah wawancara antara presenter Ellen Degeneres dan Barrack Obama. Ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan strategi kesopanan Brown and Levinson's Politenes Strategy (1978), didukung oleh J.L. Austin speech act theory (1962). Dengan menerapkan teori, penulis menemukan bahwa Ellen dan Obama mengamati strategi kesopanan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan jenis Strategi Politeness yang digunakan oleh Ellen Degeneres sebagai pembawa acara Ellen Degeneres Show dan Barrack Obama saat berkomunikasi yang menyiratkan untuk menyelamatkan para pembicara dan lawan bicara dari wajah Threatening Act yang disebabkan oleh ucapan mereka. Dalam Ellen Utterance, ditemukan dua strategi dari brown dan Levinson Strategy keduanya negatif dan kesopanan positif. Sementara itu, dalam kata-kata Obama, penulis menemukan strategi kesopanan positif Brown dan Levinson. Pilihan strategi dari para peserta dipengaruhi oleh hasil yang beragam dan faktor sosiologis. Faktor imbalannya adalah "menyelamatkan dan memuaskan" wajah tamu, "menyelamatkan dan memuaskan" wajah tuan rumah, dan "menyimpan dan memuaskan" wajah pemirsa. Sementara itu, faktor sosiologis adalah jarak sosial antara pembicara dan pendengar dan kekuatan relatif pembicara dan pendengar.
Kata kunci: Pragmatik, Kesopanan, Strategi Positif, dan Strategi Negatif.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praised be to Allah, Lord of the world, who has given the writer His love and compassion to finish the last assignment in his study. Peace and salutation be upon to the prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companion and his adherence. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and contribution to all of lecturers, family, and friends who have contributed in different ways hence this thesis is processed until it becomes a complete writing which will be presented to the Postgraduate Program of English in the University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in English. She would like to express her great honor and deepest gratitude to:
1. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S. 2. The Head of Department of English, Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A. and The Secretary of Department of English, Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum. 3. His supervisors, Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis and Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum who have patiently guided the researcher and provided input and suggestion in completing his thesis. 4. His reviewers, Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP, Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S. H., M.A and DR. Bahagia Taringan., M.hum who have provided valuable knowledge in supporting her thesis, as well as all lecturers and staffs for helps during her academic year. 5. His father and mother, H. Pangihutan Nasution. and H.J. Mahanum Harahap who have given a lot of loves, cares, prayers, supports, and advice. 6. His brothers and sister, Lisma Iriani Nasution, S.pdi, Irwan Fahri Nasution, S.t, Ida Wati Nasution, S.pdi, Nini Fitriani, S.pd, Nurliana Nasution,S.pd, Elvi Deswita Nasution, Tutu alawiyah Nasution, who never stopped motivating his in accomplishing this thesis as well. 7. His postgraduate friends, Nurlaila Sari Harahap, M.A., Rika Tambunan,M.A., Laili Aisyah, M.A, Putri Agustian, M.A., Dhara Ayu Paramitha M.A., Felicia Bernadeth, M.A., Joy Sembiring, M.A., and Maam Adri who have shared the valuable knowledge, times, touches of laughter and smiles.
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8. His loving is my wife, Ridahati Rambey, for giving me private advices, support me in every condition, accompanying and helping me through the process of this thesis writing. I thank her for always being my good motivated. 9. His wonder friend is Afrida Fitriyani Sipahutar, for her care, patient, support, help, understanding to me in pursuing my master degree and accompanying me time by time.
Medan, 27th May 2019 The writer,
Muhammad Ali Sakti Nasution
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data Name :Muhammad Ali Sakti Nasution Place, Date of Birth : Simandiangin, 21th September 1982 Gender : male Religion : Muslim Nationality : Indonesia Address : Jl. Setia Budi Pasar 1 Lingkungan IV GG. Tengah Medan Selayang. Phone number : 082166165202 Email : [email protected]
Academic Background 19 – 1996 : SD Simandiangin 1996 – 1999 : Madrasah Thasanawiyah 1999 – 2002 : Madrasah Aliyah 2012 – 2016 : University Islam of Labuhan Batu (UNISLA) 2017 – 2019 : University of Sumatera Utara (USU)
Working Experiance Years : Offices/ Companies : Positions :
Islamic Boarding School 2010– 2014 English Teacher Ahmadul Jariah
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages ABSTRACT ...... i ABSTRAK ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii CURRICULUM VITAE ...... v TABLE OF CONTENT ...... vi LIST OF TABLE ...... viii LIST OF DIAGRAM ...... ix LIST OF APPENDICES ...... x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Research ...... 1 1.2 Problem of Study ...... 4 1.3 Objective of Study ...... 5 1.4 Significance of the Research ...... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 2.1 Theoritical Framework ...... 6 2,2 Pragmatics ...... 6 2.3 Politeness Theory ...... 7 2.4 Face Threatening Acts ...... 7 2.5 Politeness Strategy ...... 8 2.5.1 Bald of Record ...... 8 2.5.1.1 Positive Politeness ...... 8 2.5.1.1.1 Negative Politeness ...... 12 2.5.1.1.1.1 Off Record ...... 13 2.7 Relevan of Studies ...... 16 2.8 Conceptual Framework ...... 19 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 21 3.1 Research Method ...... 21 3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 21 3.3 Technique of Collecting Data ...... 22 3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data ...... 23 CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION ...... 25 4.1 Data Description ...... 25 4.2 Data Analysis ...... 25 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 51 5.1 Conclusion ...... 51 5.2 Suggestion ...... 53 REFERENCES ...... 54 APPENDECES...... 57
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LIST OF TABLE
No. Tittle Pages 4.1 Politeness Strategies in Corpus Data 25 4.2 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue 1 27 4.3 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue 2 30 4.4 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue 3 31 4.5 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue 4 33 4.6 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue 5 34 4.7 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue 6 36 4.8 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue7 38 4.9 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue8 39 4.10 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue9 42 4.11 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue10 44 4.12 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue11 46 4.13 The Analysis of Politeness Strategies in Dialogue12 48 4.14 Politeness Strategy Used by Ellen 49 4.15 Politeness Strategy Used by Ellen 50
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LIST OF DIAGRAM
No. Tittle Page
1 Diagram 1.1 Conceptual Framework 20
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. The first Ellen‟s speech 57 Appendix 2. The second Obama‟s speech 69
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1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study According to Stewart ( 2016:4 ), communication is a process where somebody or some people, group, organization, and society created and use information in order to be connected with the environment and others. One of the best human‟s treasures which cannot be found in animals or other creatures is their languages skill. It is based on Dardjowodjojo ( 2014: 189). Human‟s languages skill can help them communicate and exchange information with others, verbally or not. The aim of communication is to share knowledge or experience through spoken language, written, movement, and broadcasting. The greatest benefit from communication according to Stewart and Brent is to build the social network and nothing more important than the relationship with the others, family ties, friendship, and colleague. The process can be done through interpersonal communication by Stewart ( 2016:5 ) . Interpersonal communication is the communication between one person and another or others. It is often referred to as face-to-face communication between two or more people. Both verbal and nonverbal communication and body language, play a part in how one person understands another. In verbal interpersonal communication, there are two types of messages being sent: a content message and a relational message. Content messages are messages about the topic at hand and relational messages are messages about the relationship itself. This means that relational messages come across in how one says something and it demonstrates a person‟s feelings, whether positive or negative, towards the individual they are talking to, indicating not only how they feel about the topic at hand, but also how they feel about their relationship with the other individual (Trenholm and Jensen, 2013: 360) Communication process can be done privately or watched by the public, for example, is the communication process in the talk show. The talk show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which one person or group of people discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host. (Niven, Lichter and Amundson, 2003: 118). Usually, guests consist of a UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1 group of people who are learned or who have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode. The key ideas of politeness theory were offered in the works by P. Brown and S. Levinson, “Politeness: some universals on language usage”. Relying on the works by American sociologist Erving Goffmann (Goffman, 1967), the authors chose the notion of “face” as the basis of their theory. It reflects two opposite needs of a human. Therefore, politeness is understood as the ability of people to use interactive strategies depending on communicative situation. By their means the communicator is capable of making a good impression on the interlocutor and creating a positive self-image or, on the contrary, expanding his/her personal space (Holmes J, 2006). Brown and Levinson ( 1987 ) sum up human politeness behavior in four strategies among them are the bald on record strategy, the positive politeness strategy, the negative politeness strategy, and bald off record strategy. For example: a. Put your jacket away. b. You must be hungry, it‟s a long time since breakfast. How about some lunch? c. I just want to ask you if I could use your computer? d. It‟s bit cold in here. The example (a) is the example of bald on-record strategy, it shows that the speaker does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer‟s face. The example (b) is the positive politeness strategy. It shows that the speaker recognizes the hearer‟s desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reprocity. The example (c) is negative politeness. It shows that the speaker actually recognizes the hearer‟s face but it also shows that the speaker in someway imposes the hearer to borrow the computer. The last example is bald off record strategy, the speaker is trying to avoid FTAs by asking the hearer to close the window. Instead the speaker expects the hearer to close the window One of the most successful talk show is Ellen DeGeneres Show. It is an American television talk show hosted by comedian / actress Ellen DeGeneres. Debuting on September 8, 2003, it is produced by Telepictures and airs in syndication, including stations owned by NBC Universal, (When It's On–The Ellen DeGeneres Show) in the United States and Canada. The program combines comedy, celebrity, musical guests and human-UNIVERSITASinterest stories. SUMATERA Other UTARA 2 non-celebrities have been featured in an attempt by DeGeneres to give them 15 minutes of fame. Guests in this role have included intelligent children, small business owners, etc. The program often features audience participation games where prizes are awarded. In Indonesia, Ellen DeGeneres Show is available in Life Time Asia Channel. The show has won 38 Daytime Emmy Awards, including four for Outstanding Talk Show (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007) and three for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment (2010, 2011, 2013). DeGeneres herself has won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host four times (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). The show has also won Emmys for numerous writing and technical categories. It won the Genesis Award for "Best Talk Show" in 2010 and 2012. DeGeneres has won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Daytime TV Host" 14 times. The show averages around 3.9 million viewers per episode, according to daytime television ratings, making it a highly viewed daytime show. (Seidman) Ellen DeGeneres, as the successful talk show host who has won many awards and got millions viewers for her talk show has a responsibility to take care of her talk show‟s value. Ellen has to maintain her utterance in order to save her dignity as a speaker and to respect the guest‟s feeling as an interlocutor. In the episode, February 12, 2016, the guest who attended the show is Mr. Barrack Obama, President of United Stated. Ellen not only has a responsible to save Mr. Obama‟s feeling, but also to save his dignity as President since their communication was watched by millions of people. Beside Ellen, Mr. Obama also needs to maintain his utterance in order to save his dignity as President. It is attracted to do a research on this talk show, because it is identified the application of politeness strategy in the dialogue of the talk show which the speaker must rationally assess the possible face-threatening nature or utterances that can hurt hearer‟s feeling which speaker is about to make and then decide either to avoid it entirely, or at least to soften or minimize it by choosing an appropriate linguistic strategies. Politeness strategy is a theory by Brown and Levinson. In the spirit of Grice, Brown and Levinson posit a Model Person (MP) with the ability to rationalize from communicative goals to the optimal means of achieving those goals. UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3
In doing so, the MP has to assess the dangers of threatening other participants‟ (and hence her/his own) face and to choose the appropriate strategies in order to minimize any face threats that might be involved in carrying out the goal-directed activity. In contrast to Leech‟s model, therefore, Brown and Levinson‟s model can be seen as an attempt to formulate a theory of how individuals produce linguistic politeness, i.e. it is a production model. (Watts, 2003 : 85). Face in Brown and Levinson‟s model is a theoretical construct which The MP, with the ability to rationalize from communicative goals to the optimal means of achieving those goals, seems to fit well with their redefinition of face, but it is questionable whether the phenomenon of politeness can be reduced to forms of rational means--goals behavior. They claim they have taken from the work of Erving Goffman. (Gunarwan, 2007: 261) The MP in Brown and Levinson‟s model refers to the „speaker‟, and the only reason the addressee is brought into the picture is in order that the MP can assess which the most appropriate politeness strategy to use in the circumstances. No mention is made of the ways in which the addressee may react to the politeness strategy produced. Focus in Brown and Levinson‟s model is thus on the speaker, whereas in Leech‟s model it is on the hearer. (Watts, 2003: 85).
1.2. Problems of the Study Based on the main problem of this research that has been outlined earlier, the writer has formulated the questions as follow: 1. What kinds of politeness strategies are used by Ellen as the host of Ellen DeGeneres Show when communicate with the guest of the talk show? 2. How are the strategies used by Ellen as the host of Ellen DeGeneres Show using politeness strategy?
1.3. Objectives of Study In general, this research aims to describe the application of politeness strategy in Ellen DeGeneres talk show episode 12 February 2016 which is viewed from Brown and Levinson‟s politeness strategy theory. In particular, this
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4 research aims to: 1. Finding kinds of politeness strategies used by Ellen as the host of Ellen DeGeneres Show when communicate with the guest of the talk show which implied to save the speaker‟s and interlocutor‟s face from Face Threatening Act (FTA) caused by her speech. 1. Describe kinds of politeness strategies used by the guest of the show, Mr. Barrack Obama when communicate with Ellen DeGeneres which implied to save the speaker‟s and interlocutor‟s face from Face Threatening Act (FTA) caused by his speech.
1.4. Significances of the Study This research of politeness strategy in Ellen DeGeneres Show is expected to give benefits theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research can enrich the previous research on politeness strategy and speech act. Practically, this research becomes one of useful reference materials for the readers who are interested in politeness strategies in Ellen DeGeneres talk show. Besides, it can give recommendations for readers in choosing communication strategy and give advantageous for practitioners in the communication field.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1.Theoretical Framework
In conducting a research, theories are needed to explain some term or concepts in order to avoid misunderstanding between the writer and the readers. Some terms of this study should be made clearly. The terms used in this study are presented and discussed as in the following:
2.2. Pragmatics Modern use and current practice of pragmatics are credited to the influence of the American philosophical doctrine of pragmatism. The pragmatic interpretation of semiotics and verbal communication studies in Foundations of the Theory of Signs by Charles Morris in 1938, for instance, helped neatly develop the differences of mainstream enterprises in semiotics and linguistics. (Levinson, 1983: 3) According to Yule, “pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic form and the users of those forms.” (4) There are four areas that pragmatics is concern with, as follow: 1. “Pragmatics is study of speaker meaning.” Pragmatics concern with the study of meaning uttered by the speaker or written by writer and interpreted by listener or reader. 2. “Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.” It includes the relationship of what people mean in a specific context and how the context effect what is said. 3. “Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said”. This approach also explores how the listener can interpret what the speaker‟s proposed meaning. This type of study discovers how a great deal of what is unsaid is predictable as part of what is communicated. 4. “Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.” The choice between said and unsaid was determined by the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the supposition of how close or distance the listener is, speaker decide how much needs to be said.
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2.3. Politeness Theory This theory was presented by Goffman (1963) and from the English folk term, which ties face up with notions of being embarrassed or “losing face”. (Brown & Levinson, 1978: 61) In this theory, two main types of face that are universally recognized in human cultures are the positive and negative faces. Negative face is the want of every competent adult member that his actions be unimpeded by others. Positive face is the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some other. (Brown & Levinson, 1978: 62) Politeness theory was formulated by Brown and Levinson. It addresses the affront to face posed by face-threatening acts to addresses. Ferguson defines politeness as formulas in terms of “interpersonal rituals” (138). Politeness “helps us to achieve effective social living” (Watts, T. J, & Ehlich,1992 : 2). Politeness is a pervasive phenomenon in all communities. It became the major component of a “dominant ideological discourse in Britain in the eighteenth century” (Watts, 2003: 40). Fraser sees politeness as “a property associated with an utterance in which, according to the hearer, the speaker has neither exceeded any rights nor failed to fulfill any obligations” (13). The social relationships outlined through history in near Eastern and later European societies show the manner in which the forms of politeness gradually evolved in specific conditions (R. Watts & K. Ehilch, 2005 ).
2.4. Face Threatening Acts Face-Threatening Acts (FTA) can be defined as acts that inherently damage the face of the addressee or the speaker by acting in opposition to the wants and desires of the other (Brown & Levinson, 1978: 26). For negative Face Threatening Acts, Brown and Levinson (1978) state that negative face is threatened when an individual does not avoid or intends to avoid the obstructions of his interlocutor's freedom of action. Because of the negative face, the speaker or hearer will have trouble in communication which results in the submission of will to the other and the construction of communication. When a negative face is threatened on the hearer and the speaker, as explained in the section that follows, freedom of choice and action is obstructed.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 7 a) Damage to the Hearer: Through the form of orders, requests, suggestions, advice, threats. b) Damage to the Speaker: An act or communication that shows the speaker is under the power of the hearer; expressing compliments and thanks, accepting thanks or saying „excuse me‟. In the case of positive Face Threatening Acts, the speaker or hearer does not care about the other person‟s needs or feelings. Damage to the hearer or speaker could result from positive face threatening acts. Therefore, when a person is obligated to be apart from a group of people, their well-being is dealt with less care and threatens positive face. a) Damage to the Hearer: An act that shows the speakers‟ expressions toward the hearer‟s positive face. The speaker expresses his willingness to disregard the emotion of well-being to the hearer. b) Damage to the Speaker: An act that shows the speaker is unable to control himself and that would call for the need of apology and regret for doing an act. (Zena Moayad Najeeb, 2012: 130).
2.5. Politeness Strategy The tendency to use positive politeness form, emphasizing closeness between speaker and hearer, can be seen as a solidarity strategy. This may be the principal operating strategy among a whole group or it may be an option used by an individual speaker on a particular occasion. According to Brown and Levinson ( 1987: 68 ), politeness strategies are used to save the hearer‟s face when face- threatening acts are desired or necessary. These strategies are: A. Bald On-record: doing act baldly, involves doing it in the most direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way possible. It is mostly used where the danger to H‟s face is very small, as in offers, requests, and suggestions (e.g. come in or do sit down). Another example can be seen in instances of urgency: “Watch out!‟ or „‟Be careful!‟ In instances of efficiency: „‟come in‟‟.(1987 : 69)
B. Positive Politeness: oriented to reduce a threat to the hearer‟s positive face and to ensure that the hearer is comfortable, such as: prevent disagreement and jokes, be optimistic, use of solidarity, make a promise, listen and attend to the hearers‟ needs and wants. (1987:70)
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Strategy 1: Notice, attend to H (her/his interests, wants, needs, goods, etc. In general, this output suggests that the speaker should take notice of aspect of the hearer‟s condition (noticeable changes, remarkable possession, anything which looks as though the hearer would want the speaker to notice and approve of it).
Example: Jim, you‟re really good at solving computer problems.
Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H).
This strategy is often conducted with exaggerate intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodic, as well as with intensifying modifiers.
Example: Good old Jim. Just the man I wanted to see. I knew I‟d find you here.
Strategy 3: Intensify interest to the hearer in the speaker’s contribution.
In this strategy, there is another way for the speaker to communicate to the hearer that he shares some of his wants to intensify the interest of his own (the speaker) contribution to the conversation, by making a good story. The speaker uses the vivid explanation or description, therefore it can pull the hearer‟s right into the middle of the events being discussed, even by using metaphorically at any rate, thereby increasing their intrinsic interest to him.
Example: You m never guess what Fred told me last night. This is right up your street. →(FTA) [begins a narrative. Strategy 4: Use in-group identity markers in speech. A strategy by using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, the speaker can implicitly claim the common ground with the hearer that is carried by that definition of the group. This strategy includes in- group usages of address forms, use of in-group language or dialect, and use of jargon or slang.
Example: Here‟s my old mate Fred. How are you doing today, mate? Strategy 5: Seek agreement in safe topics. Another characteristic of claiming common ground with the hearer is to seek ways in which it is possible to agree with him. There are two ways: safe topics and repetition (Brown and Levinson, 1987:112).UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 9
Example: I agree. Right. Manchester United played really badly last night, didn‟t they? Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement. There are four ways to avoid disagreement namely by means of token agreement, pseudoagreement, white lies, and hedging opinion.
Example: Well, in a way, I suppose you‟re sort of right. But look at it like this… Strategy 7: Presuppose, raise, and assert common ground. This strategy includes three ways among them are gossip or small talk, point of view operations and presupposition manipulation.
Example: People like me and you, Bill, don‟t like being pushed around like that, do we? Strategy 8: Joke to put the hearer at ease. Jokes may be used as an exploitation of politeness strategies as well, in attempts to reduce the size of the FTA. For instance the speaker may joke in order to minimize an FTA of requesting. Jokes are also used as a basic positive politeness technique for putting the hearer „at ease‟, for example in response to a faux pass of hearer‟s.
Example: Great summer we‟re having. It‟s only rained five times a week on average. Strategy 9: Assert or presuppose knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants. This strategy is done by asserting or implying knowledge of hearer‟s wants and willingness to fit one‟s own wants with them.
Example: I know you like marshmallows, so I‟ve brought you home a whole box of them. Strategy 10: Offer, promise. Offers and promises are natural outcomes of choosing this strategy even if they are false. They just demonstrate the speaker‟s good intentions in satisfying the hearer‟s wants.
Example: I‟ll take you out to dinner on Saturday.
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Strategy 11: Be optimistic that the hearer wants what the speaker wants, i.e. that the FTA is slight. In this strategy, the speaker assumes that the hearer wants to do something for the speaker (or for the speaker and the hearer) and will help the speaker to obtain the goals because it will be in their mutual shared interest.
Example : I know you‟re always glad to get a tip or two on gardening, Fred. Strategy 12 Include both S and H in the activity. This strategy uses an inclusive „we‟ form, when speaker really means „you‟ or „me‟, he can call upon the cooperative assumptions and thereby redress FTAs. An inclusive „we‟ often use with the word let‟s.
Example: I‟m feeling really hungry. Let‟s stop for a bite. Strategy 13 Give or ask for reasons. In this strategy, the speaker including the hearer in the speaker‟s practical reasoning and assuming reflexivity that the hearer wants to the speaker‟s wants. Example : I think you‟ve had a bit too much to drink, Jim. Strategy 14 Assert reciprocal exchange. In this strategy, the speaker may say, in effect, „I‟ll do X for you if you do Y for me‟, or „I did X for you last week, so you do Y for me this week‟ (or viseversa). For example: I‟ll mow the lawn after school tomorrow. → (FTA) if you help me with my math homework. Strategy 15 Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, and cooperation). The last strategy, the speaker may satisfy the hearer‟s positive face want (that the speaker wants to the hearer‟s wants, to some degree) by actually satisfying some of the hearer‟s wants. Example: A: Have a glass of malt whiskey, Dick. B: Terrific! Thanks. A: Not at all. (Watts 89-90).
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C. Negative Politeness This is usually oriented from the hearer‟s negative face. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous so the speaker is more appropriate to include an out for the listener, through distancing styles like apologize (Mills, 2003). Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirect. In this strategy, the speaker is being indirect and on record to communicate in the FTA. Example: Could you tell me the time, please? Strategy 2: Do not assume willingness to comply. Question, hedge. In negative politeness, the speaker can be polite by avoiding to presume or assume. Example: I wonder whether I could just sort of ask you a little question. Strategy 3: Be pessimistic about ability or willingness to comply. Use the subjunctive. The speaker can redress the FTA on hearer‟s negative face by expressing something doubtfully. Example: If you had a little time to spare for me this afternoon, I‟d like to talk about my paper. Strategy 4: Minimise the imposition. In communication, the speaker can impose the hearer when asking the hearer to do something. Example: Could I talk to you for just a minute? Strategy 5: Give deference. By treating the hearer as superior, the speaker may show deference to the hearer. Example: (to a police constable) Excuse me, officer. I think I might have parked in the wrong place. Strategy 6: Apologise. Apology can be used to omit an impingement between speaker and hearer. It can be expressed by admitting the impingement, indicating reluctance, giving overwhelming reasons and beginning forgiveness. Example: Sorry to bother you,but... Strategy 7: Impersonalise the speaker and the hearer.
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In the conversation, hiding who the speakers are, or hearer is, can be a way to be polite. Example: A: That car‟s parked in a no-parking area. B: It‟s mine, officer. A: Well, it‟ll have to have a parking ticket. Strategy 8: State the FTA as an instance of a general rule. In the strategy, the speaker generalizes the expressions of FTA to the addressee. Example: Parking on the double yellow lines is illegal → (FTA) I‟m going to have to give you a fine. Strategy 9: Nominalise to distance the actor and add formality. This strategy is a way to show that the speaker nominalizes the expression in order to make sentences or speakers‟ utterance in the form of nominal phrase to show negative politeness. Example: Participation in an illegal demonstration is punishable by law. → (FTA) Could I have your name and address, madam? Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting H. Indebtedness of speaker can be claimed by the speaker to hearer as the way to redress FTA. When hearer request of offers the speaker something, the speaker does it as not a debt of the hearer. Example: I‟ll buy you a beer at lunchtime. → (FTA) If you could just sort out a problem I‟ve got with my formatting. (Watts, 1992: 90-91)
D. Off record: This strategy includes metaphor and irony rhetorical questions, understatement, tautologies, and uses connotations instead of direct requests.
For example, a speaker might say “my home is too far from here‟, which would imply to the listener to take an action, such as drive the speaker home or let the speaker stay in hearer‟s place, without directly asking him/her to do so. (Brown & Levinson, 1978 : 69).
Strategy 1: give hints. Example: it‟s cold here (shut the window) Strategy 2: give association clues. The act of implied something associated with S-H‟s mutual knowledge irrespective of their interactional experience.
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Strategy 3: presuppose. An utterance of this strategy can be almost wholly relevant in context. Strategy 4: understate. Example: A: what a beautiful house B: oh I don‟t know it‟s a house Strategy 5: overstate. Example: I have seen it thousand times, but she‟s not there. Strategy 6: use tautologies. Example: if I won‟t say it, I won‟t. Strategy 7: use contradictions. Example: so happy that my teacher doesn‟t care about be.
Strategy 8: be ironic. Example: Abrar‟s a real genius (after he just done stupid things)
Strategy 9: use metaphor. Example: Abrar‟s real fish (He drinks/ swims like a fish)
Strategy 10: use rhetorical questions. Example: how many times do I have
to tell you about that?
Strategy 11: be ambiguous. Example: Frank‟s a pretty smooth cookie.
Strategy 12: be vague. Example: I‟m going to you-know-where.
Strategy 13: over-generalize. Example: people who live in glass houses Shouldn‟t throw stones
Strategy 14: displace H. Example: he never comes here for a long time.
Strategy 15: be incomplete, use ellipsis. Example: well, I didn‟t see you in class this morning. (Brown & Levinson).
E. Do not do FTA or zero strategy: if the speaker decides that degree of the FTA is too great, he may decide to avoid offending H at all with this particular FTA, or he prefers to say nothing verbally or non-verbally.(Leech, 72)
2.6. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategies:
1. The payoffs: a priori considerations. Here is the list of the payoff associated with each of the strategies, derived on a priori grounds.
a) Bald on record payoffs: Efficiency, Clarity, perspicuous, Demonstrable
non manipulativenes. Example: yes you may enter the room.
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By uttering that, the speaker can get the advantage of getting the acclaim
of honesty, for indicating that he trusts the addressee. (Brown & Levinson,
1978 :71)
b) Positive politeness payoffs: To satisfy H‟s positive face, in some respect.
Example: what a beautiful house, it just like a princess’ castle. The
speaker can reduce FTA by declaring the hearer that he considers himself
to be “of the same kind‟.(1978 : 71)
c) Negative politeness payoffs: To satisfy H‟s negative face, in some degree.
Example: “Can you possibly help me with this?” (1978 :189) the speaker
can thereby avoid incurring a future debt.(1978 :72)
d) Off record payoffs: speaker can satisfy negative face to a degree greater
than that afforded by the negative politeness strategy. The speaker can
avoid the inescapable accountability, the responsibility for his action, that
on record strategies entail. Example: I can’t open this jar. The speaker can
avoid the potential threat of ordering the hearer to help him open the
jar.(1978 :72)
e) Do not do the FTA payoffs: speaker avoids offending hearer at all. (1978:72)
2. The Circumsance: Sociological factor. Brown and Levinson argue that the assessment of the seriousness involves the following factors in many and perhaps all culture:
a) The social distance (D) of S and H (a symmetric relation). Example: 1. “Excuse me, would you by any chance have the time?” 2. “Got the time, mate?” (1978 :80)
Where speaker and hearer are strangers, speaker could use (1) and where speaker and hearer are close, speaker could use (2). The distance of the speaker and hearer is the variable that changes (1) to (2) and vice versa.
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b) The relative power (P) of S and H (an asymmetric relation). Example: 1. Excuse me sir, would it be all right if I take it? 2. Mind if I take it?
In the same situation, (1) might be said by an employee to his boss, while (2) might be said by the boss to the employee. Power of the hearer which greater than speaker is the only variable that changes (2) to (1) and vice versa
c) The absolute ranking (Rx) of imposition in particular culture. Example: 1. Look, I‟m terribly sorry to bother but would there be any chance of your borrowing me your phone? I must have lost my phone and I can‟t go home without calling my husband. 2. Hey, can I use your phone?
Both might be said in the airport by a traveler to a stranger. The only variable is R, and it must because the value of R is lower in (6) that the language applicable to a low FTA value is employed there. (1978 : 80-81)
1. The integration of assessment of payoff and weighting of risk in the choice
of strategies. If it is empirically the case that FTA danger is assessed
by estimating P, D, and R values. Then the speaker will choose a higher
number strategy as the threat increase. (84)
2.7. The Relevant Studies
The previous research can be one of the important references in making a research; it can help the writer to enrich the theories that used in the research. Here are some previous researches in the form of journals that related to this research:
1. The previous research was titled “Redressive Strategies for FTA in Oprah
Winfrey‟s Talk Show”. It is written by Yuliana in 2012. This research
analyzed the application of PP (Politeness Principle) from the pragmatics
perspective. It employed two theories, the PP and its redressive strategies
(especially redressive strategies).
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The analytical data for the present study are collected from Oprah
Winfrey‟s Talk Show. This paper analyzed and investigated Oprah Winfrey‟s
Talk Show from different perspectives by means of qualitative approach. The
purpose of this study is the application of these two theories in the daily talk,
and the analysis of how they do FTAs (Face-Threatening Acts). (Xiao-yan 7)
Overall, the first previous research was blameless, it analyzed the dialogue
very well; described the dialogue‟s context, the speaker‟s reason for using politeness strategy, and how speaker‟s utterance counted as politeness strategy. This research also mentioned what kinds of the strategy used by the
speaker, it explained the kinds of politeness, negative or positive and the
strategies which implied to save speaker‟s and hearer‟s face. The correlation
with this first previous research is it applied politeness strategy theory in some
episodes of Oprah Winfey talk show, differently here the writer analyzes Ellen
DeGeneres the talk show in only one episode, the writer also analyzes it based
on the illocutionary act of the utterances. Another difference is the writer‟s
research not only focus on the politeness strategies used by the host of the
show but it also put attention to the politeness strategy used by the guess of the
show.
2. Another previous research was titled “Politeness in E-mails of Arab Students
in Malaysia”. It is written by Maheswari in 2013. This study analyzed the
politeness strategies found in Arab postgraduate students‟ e-mails to their
supervisors during their period of study at Malaysian universities. This
research used quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze eighteen e-
mails that were sent by six Arab postgraduate students to their
supervisors.The politeness strategies were analyzed according to Brown and
Levinson‟s (1987) politeness theory, and the degrees of directness
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were categorized according to Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization
Pattern (CCSARP) Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) coding scheme.
(Zena Moayad Najeeb 21)
It gave a great description of the theory that used on the research; its
finding and discussion also gave a clear explanation for certain dialogues and
discovered the percentage of every strategy. This research also applied
politeness strategy theory, differently this research analyzes written
communication and focused on the directness which categorized according to
Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Pattern (CCSARP). While writer‟s
research here analyze spoken communication in the form of a dialogue
transcription and only focus on the strategy used by speakers.
3. This research was written by Oktorio (2015) entitled A Study of Politeness
Strategies Used by The Four Main Characters of Yes Man. The study
analyzed the types of politeness strategies that were used by the four main
characters and the factors that influenced the four characters in using
politeness strategies. The theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) about the
types of politeness strategies and the factors in choosing the strategies was
employed in the study. Oktorio (2015) applied document analysis method
and used the movie script of Yes Man movie.
4. This study was written by Gloria (2016) entitled The Use of Brown and
Levinson’s Politeness Strategies as seen in Elizabeth Gilbert’s Eat Pray
Love. Different from Oktorio„s (2015) politeness studies which
analyzed a movie, Gloria (2016) analyzed the politeness strategies
employed in a novel. The study discussed how the main characters of
the novel used politeness strategies and what factors that affected them in
choosing the politeness strategies. The theory of politeness strategies by
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Brown and Levinson (1987) and the theory of Holmes (2001) about the
factors affecting the use of politeness strategies were employed in the
study. Gloria (2016) implemented a document analysis method in which it
was associated with discourse analysis since the study was a socio-
pragmatic research of a novel.
5. This study is a journal written by Rosina Marquez Reiter from University of Sheffield, entitled Politeness Phenomena in British English and Uruguayan Spanish: The case of Requests. The aim of this journal is to present and analysis and interpretation of the realization patterns of requests in British English (BE) and Uruguayan Spanish (US). Establishing the similarities and differences between the conceptualization of politeness by native speaker of both languages. This journal use Brown and Levinson‟s Politeness Theory, and other supporting theories such as Whorfian hypothesis and its view on the relationship between language and thought, Gricean conversational maxims, Austin‟s and Searle‟s speech act theory and Goffman‟s notion of “face” and the major politeness theories such as Lakoff (1937), Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech‟s (1983). The result of this journal is the major difference between US and BE request is a matter of orientation. Uruguayans appear to be more inclined towards positive politeness when requesting as opposed to the British, who seem to be more inclined to negative politeness. However, there are some differences between the previous studies
from this study. The studies by Oktorio (2015) and Gloria (2016) analyzed
about politeness strategies in the movie and novel. However, this study will
discuss use of politeness strategies in a talk show, namely The Ellen Show. It
becomes the new thing of this study because it is analyzed based on the
conversation between a host and the guest stars which run spontaneously.
It is different from the analysis of the conversation between the
characters in the movie and novel which have been conducted before.
Moreover, the focus of this study is to analyze how politeness strategies are
used by Ellen as a multitalented host who has a background as comedian
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and politician who attended the talk show. The U.S. politician is Barrack
Obama. The clips of the talk show will be the data source of this study.
Specifically, most of the clips are taken during the presidential campaign.
2.8. Conceptual Framework
The data of the research is from dialogue in Ellen DeGeneres Show episode February 12, 2016, which contain politeness strategy. Next, the data processed by classifying politeness strategy that implied Face Saving Act (FSA) of the speaker and interlocutor and analyzes speech act sentences using Brown and Levinson‟s politeness strategy theory and J.L. Austin‟ speech act theory.
The output of this research is to explain the application of politeness strategy on it and the Factors influencing the choice of strategy
Input Process Output
•Classifying •The dialogue in •Kinds of politeness Ellen Degeneres politeness strategy that implied Face strategies used by talk show episode Ellen as the host of Februari 12, 2016 Saving Act (FSA) of the speaker and talk show which which contains implied to save the politeness strategy interlocutor based on the context, speaker’s and illocutionary act, interlocutor’s face from Face and kind of politeness strategy. •Ways of politeness
•Analyzing speech strategies used by act sentences using guest of the show, Mr. Barrack Obama Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy theory and J.L. Austin’s speech act theory.
Diagram 1.1. Conceptual Framework
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative method. It means that this research employs the descriptive and qualitative method of analysis. Bodgan and
Taylor define qualitative research as a research that presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral words of people and behavior which can be observed (in
Moleong, 2001:3) as stated by Miles and Huberman (1992), “…the data concerned appear in words rather than in numbers”.
Qualitative research is descriptive in what the research is interested in process, meaning and understanding gained through words or pictures, qualitative employs conversation, document analysis, interview and recording.
More detail, Bogdan and Biken(1992: 30) state that qualitative research is descriptive which means the data collected are in form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The object of qualitative method are content analysis can be all sort of recorded communication materials analyzed can be text books, newspaper, web pages, transcript of interview, speeches, television programs, advertisement, musical compositions or other type documents.
3.2 The Data Source and Data
The unit of analysis in this research is the politeness strategies in Ellen
DeGeneres talk show episode February 12, 2016.
The data is a transcription from the dialogue in the taUNIVERSITASlk show which SUMATERA contains UTARA 21
politeness strategy. The source of the data is from YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLHo6uyICVk
3.3 Technique of Data Collection
It uses four steps in collecting the data. Those are observing, selecting, identifying
and the last is transcribing. a. Observing
The basic step of collecting the data was observing several talk shows. This step
was taken to get some options about talk shows that would be used in the
analysis. The selected strategies were chosen by observing the utterances. b. Selecting
After observing , selecting step was conducted to decide which politeness
strategies would be used by speakers. The selected strategies were chosen by
identifying the utterances. c. Identifying
After selecting, it is identified the related data in the talk show by watching it.
The data are in the form of host‟s and guests‟ utterances. Is is watched the talk
shows thoroughly and repeatedly to understand and get the deep understanding
of the whole content, and decide which data that would be taken and relevant
with the analysis. d. Trancribing
The last step in collecting the data was transcribing the relevant data. It was
transcribed orthographically because this study is pragmatic research and it
focused on the analysis of politeness strategy.
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3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data
Once the data have been collected, the data analysis comes as the next
step of method in this study. The analysis in this research used descriptive
method because its aims are to describe and interpret the phenomena happen in
society. Based on Miles and Huberman (1994: 10-11) the data analysis is
divided in three concurrent flow of activities, those are data reduction, data
display, and conclusion drawing/verification.
a. Data reduction
Data reduction refers to the process of selecting the data that appear in transcription. Qualitative data can be reduced and transformed in many ways through selection, summary, paraphrase, and so on. From the data that has been obtained, the writers reduced the data by selecting important things and discarding the unused. The data were reduced based on the research problems and would be guided by the objective to be achieved. Thus, the data simplified and abstracted by selecting the utterances considered contain face threatening acts, politeness strategies, and reflect the influence of sociological variables.
b. Data Display
A display is an organized, compressed that permit conclusion drawing and
action. The analysis of data will be displaying in matrix form to make it visible in
order to case the data understood easily rather than in longer explanation.
All are designed to assembly organized information into an immediately
accessible compact form so that the analyst can see what is happening and either
draw justified conclusion and move on to the next step of analysis. In this step,
the writer tabulated, classified, and explained the FTA occurred and the
politeness strategies used by the host based on the theory of Brown and
Levinson (1987). Then, the writer analyzed the sociological variables that
influence the realization of politeness strategies. UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 23
c. Drawing Conclusion
The last step of analysis in this study is drawing conclusion and suggestion.
In this step, it is drawn the conclusion by making interpretation based on the analysis that had been conducted. It is made by interpretation about the FTA appeared in the host utterance, the politeness used, and also the sociological background that influenced. Conclusion drawings do through decide what the data means or finding after reading the display or table in this study.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Description
The data for this research was collected from an interview between
Ellen DeGeneres and Barrack Obama. The interview held on February 12,
2016 has duration 21 minutes 49 seconds and broadcasted for Ellen
DeGeneres Talk Show. The data is from Ellen‟s and Obama‟s utterance which contain politeness strategy and transcript into a script form.
Below are the corpus data the writer has obtained:
Table 3.1. politeness strategies in corpus data
No. Politeness Strategies Observance of Politeness Strategies
1 Bald on record - 2 Positive politeness 17 3 Negative politeness 4 4 Off record - 5 Do not do the FTA - Total 21
Ellen as the host of talk show and Obama as the guest made utterances in the form of question and statement. Through their words the writer analyzed strategies employed by them. The analysis is divided into three parts the first one is Ellen‟s politeness strategy, the second is
Obama‟s politeness strategy, and the last is the speaker‟s factors of for using some kinds of strategies. The theories used for analyzed for the data are politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson, and speech act by Austin.
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4.2 Data Analysis
In this part, the analysis has been divided into 12 dialogues which contain politeness strategy. Every dialogue has been analyzed based on the context of utterance, illocution act, FTA, and the factors influencing the choice of strategy.
Dialogue 1
(1) 0:12 Ellen: When I was a little girl growing up in New Orleans I never dreamed that have my own show and I certainly never thought I'd be able to say these words. Please welcome the President of the United States Barack Obama (audiences clapping) (2) 0:51 Obama: Can I just say I was watching some of the dance moves on that stage. You guys don’t forget? I like it (3) 1:00 Ellen: Yap the gentlemen they were on the floor touch falling very well
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 1
In data (1) Ellen used negative politeness in strategy 2 which is hedge by mentioning word “Please” before she uttered a direction. Here Ellen asked her audiences to welcome Mr. President while he was entering the talk show stage.
The illocution used here is directive, where S want X or speaker wanted situation.
In this case, the situation that is wanted by Ellen as speaker was her audiences in the studio were welcoming Mr. President. This action could be threatening negative face of her audiences because it predicted some future act of hearer and in so doing put some pressure on hearer to do the act.
In the meantime, Obama used positive politeness in strategy 9 in datum (2) which is assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants.
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This is the first utterances Obama uttered after he entered the talk show stage. Obama ever saw the dance on talk show stage several times ago in his previous interview with Ellen. The illocution used by Obama was assertive because he was reporting something.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 1
1. Payoff to Use Politeness Strategies
Ellen‟s payoff in datum (1) for using negative politeness in strategy 2 is to save the audience‟s negative face. By using this strategy, Ellen could give a direction to her interlocutors without threatening their negative face. This strategy could redress audiences‟ negative face by carefully avoiding presuming or assuming that anything involved in the FTA is desired by them.
Meanwhile, Obama‟s payoff in datum (2) for using positive politeness in strategy 9 is to satisfy his interlocutor‟s face. It derives from the want to convey that the speaker and the addressee are cooperatively involved in the relevant activity. He wanted to show that he had been familiar with the stage because he had come there before.
2. Sociological value
The social distance factor in datum (1) has a great value for the FTA weightiness. The social distance between Ellen and her audience was great based on an assessment of the frequency of the interaction.
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Table 3.2. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 1
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological
negative save the 1 Ellen Request politeness in audience‟s Distance strategy 2; hedge negative face
positive
politeness in
strategy 9; assert
or presuppose 2 Obama No FTA satisfy - speaker‟s audience‟s face knowledge of and concern for hearer‟s wants
Dialogue 2
(9) 1:18 Ellen: the last time you were here you are running for president and now you're leaving I feel like I have something to do with this both. An obvious question but what how do you feel now compared to when you were here before? (10) 1:32 Obama: older (11) 1:35 Ellen: yes you can say that. Tired?
(12) 1:37 Obama: you know over the interesting thing is actually I feel really energetic. The first time I came, there was a lot of possibilities out there but also uncertain and you know. You're young you're eager to get started but you don't know what you don't know and now after having served for seven years, and having got a lot done seen the progress that we've made.
Seeing the incredible resilience the American people in fighting back from recession and more in some ways. The fear drops away you feel confident but America's going to do well you know the job better or more relaxed than and just as enthusiastic as I was the first NASCAR UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 28
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 2
As seen in (9), Ellen used negative politeness in strategy 6; apologize.
Here Ellen was asked to Obama what it was felt like become someone who‟s going to leave his tenure. Now Obama is in the end of his period as a President of
U.S. and will be an ex-President. That‟s mean Obama is going to become someone who‟s not powerful as he used to be. The illocution used in Ellen‟s utterance is directive where the S want X or speaker wanted situation. Here Ellen as speaker wanted to get information from her interlocutor, but the information which Ellen needed to know could threat Obama‟s negative face and her positive face for impinging.
In utterance (12) Obama was using two strategies, first is positive politeness in strategy 7 which is presuppose common ground in the point-of-view operation strategy. Obama uttered this when he was answering Ellen‟s question of how it feels like when he became President in the beginning of period. The illocution used here is assertive where S believes X or speaker believes situation.
In this case, Obama believed what he uttered because that was his own experience.
The second strategy is positive politeness in strategy 3 which is intensify interest to H. This talk show was produced and broadcasted in America (and other countries). The hearer in this utterance is not just Ellen, but also American people who watched this talk show. Obama praised America people for being struggle with their country‟s condition.
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b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 2
1. Payoff
Ellen‟s payoff for using negative politeness is to save Obama‟s negative face.
She was using hedge before uttering her question.
She described Obama‟s current condition implied in her utterance when she said that Obama ever come to her show before. Then Ellen used negative politeness in strategy 6 to communicate she wanted to not impinge on Obama. Ellen could indicate her reluctance to impinge on her interlocutor‟s negative face and thereby partially redress that impingement. She admitted that she was impinging on Obama‟s face by using hedge “an obvious question but...” before uttering the question. This strategy is implied that Ellen as speaker was indirectly apologizing for doing FTA.
Positive politeness in strategy 7 is approach-based in datum (12), Obama taking the role of Ellen in order to reduce the distance between his and Ellen‟s point of view by using personal-center switch, speaker to hearer. The payoff of this act is to satisfy Ellen‟s positive face. He spoke as if Ellen was him by using word you instead of I. He told about his experience to Ellen but he talked like Ellen did that experience.
The payoff of using the second strategy which is positive politeness in strategy
3 is to satisfy hearers who are viewers of the show, whether in the home or studio.
Obama intensified his interest to the hearers who are America people. He making a good story that seeing America people are struggling from country collapse was pleased him a lot.
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2. Sociological value
The power P factor in (9) was more considerable in this utterance, where hearer has greater power over the speaker and this again lessens of FTA weightiness which provided Ellen with the reason for her choice of strategy.
Table 3.3. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 2
No. Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Politeness strategy Data Payoff Sociological
Request negative politeness Save 9 Ellen For in strategy 6; Obama‟s Power
personal apologize negative face information positive politeness
in strategy 7;
No FTA presuppose Satisfy 12 Obama Ellen‟s - common ground in positive face the point-of-view operation strategy
positive politeness Satisfy 12 Obama No FTA Viewer‟s - in strategy 3 positive face
Dialogue 3
(20) 4:22 Ellen: ... I think we have people that we all have one thing in common which we just want a good quality of life and then we have these people that feel one way and if someone feels another way we tend to hate them and it's just you know (21) 4:48 Obama: it's not helpful (22) 4:50 Ellen: no. it's not helpful
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a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 3
From this dialogue, it (22) can be seen that Ellen used positive politeness strategy in strategy 5 which is seek agreement. They were talking about the civil who hates other who have different choice for the later U.S. election. Ellen said that it was not helpful to hate other since they all live in the same country and Obama agree with her by repeating Obama‟s utterance. The illocution used here is assertive where Ellen as speaker stated her agreement with her interlocutor.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 3
1. Payoff
The payoff for using positive politeness in strategy 5 is to save Obama's positive face. The disagreement could be a threatened for the hearer that's why Ellen used seek agreement strategy in order to avoid FTA. In this part of dialogue, Ellen was agreed with what Obama said which means Ellen claimed common perspective with Obama.
2. Sociological value
Obama as addressee has greater power over the speaker and this again lessens of
FTA weightiness which provided speaker with the reason for her choice of strategy.
Table 3.4. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 3
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological
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Positive
politeness
strategy in save 22 Ellen Contradiction addressee‟s Power strategy 5 negative face which is seek agreement.
Obama - - - -
Dialogue 4
(29) 6:37 Obama: she go down pretty far (30) 6:38 Ellen: no no no. not as far as down as me (31) 6:42 Obama: I mean those include you have good form (32) 6:47 Ellen: I have better form than her (33) 6:50 Obama: you have a good form
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 4
It seen in (33) that Obama used positive politeness in strategy 6 which is avoid disagreement. Obama uttered it after they saw Michelle and Ellen's push up battle video. Ellen said that she has a better form than Michelle. Obama indirectly disagreed with her. Illocution used here was assertive when speaker commits to the truth.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 4
1. Payoff to Use Politeness Strategies
Obama‟s payoff for using positive politeness in strategy 6 is to save Ellen‟s positive face. He could threat Ellen‟s face if he showed his disagreement. The sub-strategy used by speaker is token agreement where Obama pretend to agree
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with Ellen in order to hide his disagreement.
2. Sociological value
Speaker considered the FTA‟s weightiness was measured by his interlocutor‟s power. Ellen as host of the talk show has greater power over Obama in the talk show stage.
Table 3.5. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 4
Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy No. Speaker FTA Strategy Payoff Sociological
Ellen - - - - Positive save 33 Obama Disagreement politeness addressee‟s Power strategy in negative face strategy 5
which is seek agreement.
Dialogue 5
(34) 6:54
Ellen: We do have to break but before we‟ gonna break we have had a little bit of fun with you over the years and I wanna... (35) 7:00 Obama: notice I heard about this I will be watching every day
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 5
It could be detected in this part of dialogue (35) that Obama used positive politeness in strategy 9 which is assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants. Obama was implying his knowledge of Ellen‟s wants. Obama said that he was familiar already with her show because he always watched Ellen‟s show. The illocution used here is assertive which commit the
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speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 5
1. The payoffs
The payoff in using positive politeness in strategy 9 is to satisfy his interlocutor‟s positive face. Obama tried to concern what Ellen wants, he conveyed that they are cooperators. In this case Obama help Ellen in increasing the rating of her talk show. Ellen as host of the show would absolutely want to get many viewers for her show.
Table 3.6. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 5
No. Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Politeness strategy Data Payoff Sociological
Ellen - - - -
assert or presuppose
speaker‟s knowledge satisfy his 35 Obama No FTA interlocutor‟s - of and concern for positive face hearer‟s wants
Dialogue 6
(36) 7:03 Ellen: I don't know if you watch every day (37) 7:06 Obama: you know when I'm in the Situation Room and we’re talking about counter-terrorism strategy, then I say you know what? we got a break for Ellen (38) 7:20 Ellen: that‟s why I like you come here
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 6
In this utterance (36) Ellen used negative politeness in strategy 3 which is be pessimistic. She uttered this utterance in replying to Obama‟s statement that he UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 35
watched Ellen‟s talk show every day. Ellen as the host of the show must be very happy if her show watched by a lot of people, and it such an honor if Obama as
President make a time to watch her talk show. The illocution used is assertive when S believes X, in this case Ellen did not believe that Obama watched her show every day. She could threat her interlocutor‟s face if she said directly if she did not believe him and asked for future fact. show every day. She could threat her interlocutor‟s face if she said directly if she did not believe him and asked for future fact.
In (37) Obama used positive politeness in strategy 1 which is notice, attend to hearer. After Obama said that he been watched Ellen talk show every day, he strength his statement by mentioned that he even watched it in his meeting time.
Ellen as the host of talk show must be feel honored her show was got more attention from The President. The illocution used here is assertive, because
Obama as speaker reported something.
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b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 6
1. The payoffs
Ellen‟s payoff for using negative politeness in strategy 3 is to save
Obama‟s negative face. Ellen was indirectly arguing Obama that he watched it every day since Ellen knew that Obama as President must be has a limit time. By being pessimistic Ellen not directly ask Obama if his statement was true or not.
This strategy gives redress to Obama‟s negative face by explicitly expressing doubt that the conditions for the appropriateness of speaker‟s speech act obtain.
Obama‟s payoff of using positive politeness in strategy 1 is to satisfy Ellen‟s positive face. Obama made Ellen talk show considered as something important.
As the host of talk show she needed appreciation from the viewers in every element, especially Obama the Mr. President who took time just to watch it.
Obama claimed common ground with his interlocutor by showing that he loved the talk show.
2. Sociological value
The reason for choosing strategy 3 is because Ellen as speaker asserted that hearer is relatively more powerful than her, she indicated that the weight of FTA was assessed crucially on values of power.
Table 3.7. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 6
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological Negative Blatant non- politeness in Save Obama‟s 36 Ellen cooperation Power strategy 3 which negative face in activity is be pessimistic
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Positive
politeness in
37 Obama No FTA strategy 1 which - - is notice, attend to hearer
Dialogue 7
(55) 10:02 Obama: I don‟t miss plane commercial. Take your shoes off (56) 10:09 Ellen: ouch. It’s stinky (57) 10:10 Ellen: not yours. Not yours (58) 10:14 Obama: I wear clean stuff I don‟t know about you (59) 10:21 Ellen: with the other people take their shoes off
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a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 7
In (56, 57, 59) Ellen used positive politeness in strategy 8 which is joke.
In this dialogue Ellen uttered something ambiguity. She said that it’s stinky and make Obama though that it was for him but what Ellen means was not Obama‟s shoes are stinky but other people‟s shoes are stinky. She aimed to be hilarious and having a fun conversation. The illocution used here is assertive which has a function of collaborative where the illocution goal is indifferent with the social goal.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 7
1. Payoff
Ellen‟s payoff for using positive politeness in strategy 8 is to warm the situation and invite hearer to laugh. Ellen as speaker saved Obama‟s positive face by uttered with people take their shoes off which implicated that Obama‟s shoes are clean and he was not threatened. When speaker and hearer were laughing together they could warm the atmosphere which aimed to make closer the relationship of them. The social goal Ellen achieved here she considered for being funny and succeed entertain her interlocutor.
2. Sociological value
The distance value was the factor in choosing the joke strategy. The act of giving positive politeness is reflecting the social closeness between Ellen and Obama.
Since Obama ever came to the show several times before, they have a lot of frequency of interaction. Both of them are realized each other‟s great humor sense.
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Table 3.8. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 7
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological
Positive
politeness in Satisfy 36 Ellen No FTA Obama‟s Distance strategy 8 which positive face is joke
37 Obama - - - -
Dialogue 8
(74) 11:56 Ellen: we have to take another break. We‟ll be back (75) 12:46 Ellen: We‟re back with Mr. President Barrack Obama and I mention in the monolog but I can‟t tell you and thank you enough for what you’ve done for the gay communities.
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 8
As seen in (75), Ellen used positive politeness in strategy 2; exaggerate.
She uttered this utterance in the beginning of the talk show after its commercial break. She noticed the kindness of Mr. Obama for what he had done for gay community, Obama as President has built a legacy on gay right. Ellen also invited the audience and viewers at home to notice Obama's kindness. The illocution used here is expressive where S feels X or speaker feels situation. In this case, Ellen as speaker felt what happened to gay community in U.S. and also felt what her interlocutor's needs; approval and interest.
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b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 8
1. Payoff
The speaker's payoff in datum (75) for using positive politeness in strategy 2 is to save her interlocutor's positive face. Ellen indicated that she and Obama both belong to some set of person who shared specific wants, including goals and values. Since Ellen is a lesbian and part of LGBT it must be assured that she support every good thing that happened to gay community. She saved Obama's positive face by showing her approval and interest for what he was done and thanked him.
Table 3.9. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 8
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological
positive
politeness in Satisfy 75 Ellen No FTA Obama‟s Distance strategy 2; positive face exaggerate
Obama - - - -
Dialogue 9
(76) 13:02 Obama: That‟s one thing I promise them. because my Don‟t Ask Don‟t Tell cautious based on the idea that we constantly want to include people in that explosion how we bring more and more people into opportunity and success and feeling hopeful about their lives and but I will say we were driving over Tuesday night I met this guy said it to my staff I said as much as we've done with laws and ending Don't Ask Don't Tell etcetera changing hearts and minds. I don't think anybody even more influential
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than you are that I really think. you’re courage and you're just really likable and so to claim who you were then suddenly empowers other people and then something it's your brother is here on call let's hear your best friend it's your co-workers and and and then attitudes shift and the loss followed but it started with folks like you (77) 14:26 Ellen: a lot of that. Well, thank you (78) 14:36 Ellen: I’m not really gay
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 9
In (76) Obama observed positive politeness in strategy 15 which is give
gift to hearer. Obama told Ellen that she has an amazing personality; she was
given great influence for the other LGBT to be fearless. Since people who love
their own gender were bullied by other but Ellen who claimed herself as lesbian
could live happily and feel free. She could reach success instead of being
sad of her condition. Illocution used here is assertive where Obama as speaker
give a compliment to his interlocutor.
It (77) could be detected that Ellen used negative politeness in strategy 4 which is minimize the imposition. She uttered this utterance after Obama compliment her. The illocution used here is expressive where S feels X or speaker feels situation. In this situation Ellen felt that Obama could threat his negative face for over complimenting her, which means Obama as speaker is under power of the hearer. Ellen wanted to stop Obama for complimenting her and thanked for his compliment.
In (78) Ellen used positive politeness in strategy 8 which is joke. Ellen said that she was not a gay when Obama appreciate her for became a fearless lesbian and inspiring people. Ellen has won great popularity as a lesbian and she
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said that she was not a gay and made audiences in the studio were falling into laughter because they knew that Ellen is a lesbian. She used assertive illocution which commits speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 9
1. Payoff
In data (76) Obama used positive politeness strategy in strategy 15 in order to satisfy Ellen's positive face wants. He did a gift-giving action, he gave a compliment to Ellen and make Ellen felt admired, Obama said that he proud of
Ellen with her role, Ellen as a Lesbian could empower other people and become so influential and Obama really appreciated it. That could fulfill Ellen's human- relations wants to be accepted, liked, and understood.
The payoff in datum (77) of using negative politeness in strategy 4 for this case is to save Obama's negative face and Ellen's positive face. Ellen may feel constrained when Obama give a compliment because it could threaten to the Obama himself, for being under power of the interlocutor. Ellen wanted to stop Obama being under her power using negative politeness in strategy 4. By minimizing the imposition to prevent Obama from giving compliment to her, Ellen could save
Obama's negative face.
Positive politeness in strategy 8 is approach-based in (78), so the host approaches the guest by means of employing joke and notice. The aim in using joke strategy is to satisfy Obama‟s positive face. Being interested in a person‟s jokes and falling into laughter can greatly save one,s face because everyone likes to be considered humorous.
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2. Sociological value
In data (77) Ellen considered the Power of Obama when Obama complimenting her, she felt constrained to denigrate the object of Obama's prior compliment, thus damaging his own face. Obama's power value also measured when she stop
Obama for complimenting her.
Table 3.10. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 9
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological Positive
politeness in Satisfy Ellen‟s 76 Obama No FTA strategy 15 which - positive face is give gift to hearer negative
politeness in Save Obama‟s Accepting negative face 77 Ellen strategy 4 which Power compliment and Ellen‟s is minimize the positive face imposition
Positive
politeness in Satisfy 78 Ellen No FTA Obama‟s - strategy 8 which positive face is joke
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Dialogue 10 (82) 15:04 Obama: it‟s hard. As Michelle reminds me our job is to prepare them not to meet us and both my daughters are wonderful people... they really are just solid kids they don't have an attitude there courteous and kind to everybody and they work hard they don't feel like they're entitled anything (83) 16:00 Ellen: they have great parents and I both you and Michelle are really really amazing Michelle is such a strong and wonderful role model for all women and I you know she's been a great first lady (84) 16:23 Obama: I agree. That‟s I agree
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 10
In (82) the speaker used positive politeness in strategy 15 which is give gift. In this dialogue Obama was talking about his daughter, he so glad about their attitude. Since the show aired in America and won great popularity, there's a big possibility that his daughters watched the show. The illocution used here is assertive where speaker believes situation.
As seen in (83), Ellen used positive politeness in strategy 1 that is notice, attend to hearer. Ellen is praising Obama‟s family when they are talking about his daughters. Illocution used here is expressive which have the function of expressing, or making known, the speaker‟s psychological attitude towards a state of affairs which the illocution presuppose. In this case Ellen wanted to express her attentiveness towards Obama‟s family.
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b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 10
1. Payoff
The payoff in data (82) for using positive politeness in strategy 15 is to satisfy hearer's face. The hearer who satisfied by Obama is this dialogue is his daughters. A gift that Obama gave is human-relation wants which is to be cared about. He wanted to show to them that he really thankful for having daughters like them.
To satisfy Obama's positive face for being admirable and interesting is the purpose of using positive politeness in strategy 1 in datum (83). As a family-man who loves to show off his family, Obama must be happy if somebody noticed the good things about them. By praising his daughter's and wife, Ellen could satisfy
Obama's wants, for having a perfect family.
Table 3.11. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 10
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological Positive
politeness in Satisfy hearer‟s 82 Obama No FTA strategy 15 - Face which is give gift to hearer Positive
politeness in
83 Ellen No FTA strategy 1 that is Save Obama‟s positive face notice, attend to hearer
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Dialogue 11
(85) 16:31 Ellen: and you’ve been a great president and just like what you said people can say things over and over and over again about unemployment or the economy or anything else I can but if if you really if you listen to that you're gonna believe it if you look at and in looking into it and see what the facts are it's just not the truth (86) 16:47 Obama: we're better off now than we were when I came (87) 16:49 Ellen: you’ve done amazing job
a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 11
In (85&87) Ellen used positive politeness in strategy 15 which is give gift to hearer. In this dialogue Ellen praised Obama for what he had done for the country, he had done amazing job and gave his best dedication for U.S. She praised him for stay on his own principle in leading the country. Again the speaker used expressive illocution where Ellen as the speaker an also the civil felt the impact of Obama‟s dedication. She also felt the need of her interlocutor to get praise for what he had done after having served for seven years.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 11
1. Payoff
The speaker's purpose of using this strategy is to satisfy her interlocutor's positive face. Ellen was satisfied Obama's positive face wants by gave gift of human relations wants, which is a compliment and admitted that he had become a great President. The gift gave by Ellen is the Obama's desires as a President who had chance to lead U.S. for two eras and now he is at the end of it. He must be so proud if his civil was happy and satisfied with his dedication all this time.
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Table 3.12. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 11
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological positive
politeness in
Save Obama‟s 85,87 Ellen No FTA strategy 15 - positive face which is give a gift
Dialogue 12
(94) 18:10 Ellen: I have something to give you then. (95) 18:11 Obama: you do? Ok. Let‟s see (96) 18:14 Ellen: so it‟s a charm and it's my picture and your picture (97) 18:20 Obama: oh yeah look at that. This is so sweet. Thank you (98) 18:29 Ellen: so that‟s for you to keep it all time (99) 18:31 Obama: I will (100) 18:33 Ellen: all right (101) 18:34 Obama: yap
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a. Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 12
In (94) Ellen used positive politeness in strategy 15 which is give a gift to hearer. The gift is given by Ellen here is tangible gift that is a heart-shaped charm contained Ellen and Obama‟s pictures inside. She gave the gift right before they ended the interview. The illocution used by Ellen is commissive which is offer, where the illocution act commit speaker to do future action. The future action after Ellen said that she will give Obama something is she give a charm to him.
In (97) it is clearly seen that Obama observed positive politeness strategy in strategy 2 which is exaggerate. Obama uttered this after he got a heart-shaped charm from Ellen and he used exaggerate intonation to show he loved the gift from his interlocutor. The illocution is used by the speaker was expressive because he gave a compliment to the gift which just an ordinary charm.
In (99) Obama used positive politeness in strategy 10 which is promise. After
Ellen gave him a gift and asked him to keep it, Obama promise to Ellen that he
will keep the gift. The illocution is used by speaker here is commissive because
Obama promise to Ellen to keep the gift that she gave. The future action Obama
do after uttered that illocution act is never let the gift lost.
b. Factors Influencing the Choice of Strategy in Dialogue 12
1. Payoff
The payoff in data (94) for using positive politeness in strategy 15 is to satisfy Obama's positive face. Ellen wants to please Obama by gave him something before he leaves the talk show stage. She fulfilled Obama's wish since she knew that he loved to collect charm from people.
Data (97)'s payoff for using positive politeness in strategy 2 is to save his
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interlocutor's positive face. Obama could hurt Ellen who has given him a gift by refused it. He accepted the charm and gave a compliment to it in order to praise someone who has been kind to him by gave him a gift.
The speaker‟s payoff in datum (99) for using positive politeness in strategy 10 is to save Ellen‟s positive face. He could threat Ellen‟s face if he reject
Ellen‟s offer for keeping the gift from her. The strategy 10 was chosen in order to redress the potential threat; Obama may choose to stress his cooperation in claiming Ellen‟s want which is the wants for Obama keep the gift.
2. Sociological value
The sociological value in datum (99) is power. As the talk show host, Ellen has greater power than Obama in the talk show stage. Obama maintain Ellen‟s positive face by did not reject the gift from Ellen
Table 3.13. The Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Dialogue 12
No. Politeness Factor the Choice of Strategy Speaker FTA Data Strategy Payoff Sociological
positive
politeness in Satisfy 94 Ellen No FTA strategy 15 Obama‟s - which is give a positive face gift to hearer Positive
politeness
Satisfy Ellen‟s 97 Obama No FTA strategy in - positive face strategy 2 which is exaggerate
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Positive
politeness in
Save Ellen‟s 99 Obama Reject strategy 10 Power positive face which is promise
Both Ellen as the talk show host and Mr. President Obama as the guest of it used politeness strategy. In Ellen‟s utterance, writer found two Brown and
Levinson‟s strategy; they are positive and negative politeness. The data will show into table below:
Table 3.14. Politeness Strategies Used by Ellen
Kind of Politeness Strategies Frequency
Positive politeness Sub-strategies: - Strategy 5 (seek agreement) 1 - Strategy 8 (joke) 2 - Strategy 2 (exaggerate) 1 - strategy 1 (notice, attend to 1 hearer) 2 - strategy 15 (give gift to hearer)
Negative politeness
Sub-strategies: - Strategy 2 (hedge) 1 - Strategy 6 (apologize) 1 - Strategy 3 (be pessimistic) 1 - Strategy 4 (minimize the 1 imposition)
Total 11
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As seen in table 4.1 above, the most often politeness strategy which Ellen as host of talk show used is positive politeness. The sub strategy used more is strategy 15 which is give a gift to hearer. While in Obama‟s utterance, writer found one Brown and Levinson‟s strategy; that is positive politeness. The data will show into table below:
Table 1.15. Politeness Strategies Used by Obama
Kind of Politeness Strategies Frequency
Positive politeness Sub-strategies: - strategy 9 (concern for hearer‟s wants) 2 - strategy 7 (presuppose common ground) 1 - strategy 3 ( intensify interest to hearer) 1 - strategy 1 (notice, attend to hearer) 1 - strategy 6 (avoid disagreement) 1 - strategy 15 (give gift to hearer) 2 - strategy 2 (exaggerate) 1 - strategy 10 (promise) 1
Total 10
As shown in the tables above, can be conclude that the most frequent politeness strategy used by Ellen as the host and Obama as the guest is positive politeness strategy.
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60 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the application of politeness strategies in the dialogues of
Ellen DeGeneres talk show episode 12 February 2016 between Ellen and Obama, writer can draw some conclusions as follow:
First, both of speakers observed politeness strategy. The politeness strategies used are positive and negative politeness strategy. From 12 dialogues analyzed there are 17 positive strategies and 7 negative strategies. Furthermore, there is no off record politeness strategy, bald on record politeness strategy, and do not do FTA politeness strategy.
Ellen DeGeneres as the host observed more politeness strategy, positive and negative politeness. As the famous host, she always maintains her utterance in order to save her face and her interlocutor‟s face. She not only saved her talk show guest, considered she also communicate with the viewers, Ellen also maintain her utterance through the viewers, even though she has greater power than them.
Second, positive politeness strategy used in the interaction between Ellen and Obama applied in some ways, such as seek agreement, joke, exaggerate, attend to hearer, give gift to hearer, concern for hearer‟s wants, presuppose common ground, intensify interest to hearer, avoid disagreement, and make a promise. While negative politeness observes in some strategies like using hedge, apologize, be pessimistic, and minimize the imposition. The factor influencing the choice of strategy considered by the payoff factor was more frequent than the sociological value factor.
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The most often sub strategy used by both speaker is strategy 15 in positive politeness strategy which is give gift to hearer. Speakers observe positive politeness strategy in give gift strategy was aimed to strengthen relationship. The factor influencing the choice of that strategy is the payoff that is to satisfy interlocutor‟s positive face. By using positive politeness strategy, a speaker can minimize the face-threatening aspects of an act by assuring the addressee that speaker considers himself to be of the same kind, that he likes him and wants his wants.
Third, factors influencing the choice of strategy are payoff and sociological factor. There are varied payoffs in every strategy, such as save and satisfy guest‟s face, and save and satisfy host‟s face, and save and satisfy viewers‟ face. The sociological factors influencing the choice of strategy are social distance of speaker and hearer and relative power of speaker and hearer. There is no absolute ranking of impositions in the particular culture factor which influencing speakers observe the strategy.
5.2 Suggestions
The writer suggests to further researcher on the politeness strategy on a
TV program or any kind of verbal communication to use varied object of research, not only one episode. It is also suggested to analyze the natural dialogues, specifically dialogues that are not broadcasted in media. By using natural communication as the object, the researcher can find the real politeness strategy used by the participants.
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APPENDIX
Transcript Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show
Episode February 12, 2016
Host: Ellen DeGeneres
Guest: Barrack Obama
(1) 0:12
Ellen: When I was a little girl growing up in New Orleans I never dreamed that have my own show and I certainly never thought I'd be able to say these words. Please welcome the president of the United States Barack Obama
(2) 0:51
Obama: Can I say I was watching some of the dance moves on that stage. You guys don’t forget? I like it
(3) 1:00
Ellen: Yap the gentlemen they were on the floor touch falling very well
(4) 1:06
Obama: I though they hurt themselves
(5) 1:08
Ellen: you felt you didn't want to compete without coming out?
(6) 1:11
Obama: I couldn't they said the bar too high
(7) 1:14
Ellen: you're not gonna do it
(8) 1:15
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Obama: no
(9) 1:18
Ellen: the last time you were here you are running for president and now you're leaving I feel like I have something to do with this both. An obvious question but what how do you feel now compared to when you were here before?
(10) 1:32
Obama: older
(11) 1:35
Ellen: yes you can say that. Tired?
(12) 1:37
Obama: you know over the interesting thing is actually I feel really energetic. The first time I came, there was a lot of possibilities out there but also uncertain and you know. You're young you're eager to get started but you don't know what you don't know and now after having served for seven years, and having got a lot done seen the progress that we've made. Seeing the incredible resilience the American people in fighting back from recession and more in some ways. The fear drops away you feel confident but America's going to do well you know the job better or more relaxed than and just as enthusiastic as I was the first NASCAR
(13) 2:28
Ellen: do you look at what's going on now and the campaigning and do you miss it in any way and do you look at them and you're making big mistakes
(14) 2:39
Obama: I don't miss it it's always good to get out of Washington which can sometimes be a little depressing
(15) 2:50
Ellen: what will? to get out of Washington or to take part as President?
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(16) 2:55
Obama: well Washington
(17) 2:57
Ellen: ok. That‟s what I just think so
(18) 3:08
Ellen: what surprise for you when you became president?
(19) 3:17
Obama: most of the time if something reaches my desk it means it's really hard which is why they bumped it up to me because nobody else could trigger that and you know when I came in the economy was collapsing we're about to go into the great depression we had to make a whole bunch of decisions about saving the auto industry or making sure that your business is got back on their feet or housing market would recover and you're you're having to make big bets with incomplete information you're not sure that everything's going to work and I think that part of what's happened in this Instagram Twitter culture is that we expect quick answers without sacrifice without having to make choices and politicians play internet but the truth matters in the world is a is a big complicated place the good news is that you're generally going in the right direction my hope is that will continue to do so
(20) 4:22
Ellen: that's that's ours. Everybody's hope I but let's talk about me. I feel like don't you think if more people danced and just have fun instead of everyone takes everything so seriously and I think that we have these you know people that all in the same kind of kidding there obviously but but I think we have people that we all have one thing in common which we just want a good quality of life and then we have these people that feel one way and if someone feels another way we tend to hate them and it's just you know
(21) 4:48
Obama: it's not helpful
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(22) 4:50
Ellen: no. it's not helpful
(23) 4:52
Obama: the amount of stuff that is just put out there on the internet or on sometimes news broadcast that are just factually inaccurate is surprising and really hard to catch up since I came in office we reduce the deficit by twitter but if you ask the average person they're sure that spending his shot and the reason is because they're a bunch of folks who say that were wildly over spending even though we are and and that's just one small example but it happens all the time and and that's something we have to fix partly by people paying more attention to what's going on every single day and it's hard to keep dropping off their kids they're working they're trying to figure out how to get some exercise do some pushups and
(24) 5:47
Ellen: speaking of her. What do you and Michelle disagree on? Like what you fight about?
(25) 5:56
Obama: after about 15 years I finally figured out that she's always right. So surprisingly we just stopped fighting
(26) 6:10
Ellen: there‟s no more fighting. Well she's a cheater you know that when you talk about the pushups. I'm not gonna argue about it anymore but she's a cheater. Look how far down I went
(27) 6:22
Obama: you're so upset about that
(28) 6:24
Ellen: I am so because she didn't go down all the way in she claims had longer arms and so she's listen it was very impressive but she kept going but she didn't go down as far as me
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(29) 6:37
Obama: she don‟t go very far
(30) 6:38
Ellen: no no no. no as far as down as me
(31) 6:42
Obama: I mean those include you have good form
(32) 6:47
Ellen: I have better form than her
(33) 6:50
Obama: you have a good form
(34) 6:54
Ellen: We do have to break but before we‟re gonna break we have had a little bit of fun with you over the years and I wanna
(35) 7:00
Obama: notice I heard about this I will be watching every day
(36) 7:03
Ellen: I don't know if you watch every day
(37) 7:06
Obama: you know when I'm in the Situation Room and were talking about counter- terrorism strategy we got a break for Ellen
(38) 7:20
Ellen: that‟s why I like you come here
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(39) 8:15
Ellen: we‟ll be back
(40) 8:50
Ellen: we‟re back with the 44th president of United States Barrack Obama. So what will you miss about being in white house being a president? What it is one thing you thinking this is gonna suck?
(41) 9:06
Obama: well air force one is really nice
(42) 9:10
Ellen: I just seeing house of cards is it like the plane on house of cards?
(43) 9:14
Obama: that's better
(44) 9:13
Ellen: is it? That‟s a good looking plane
(45) 9:15
Obama: that‟s a nice plane and marine one helicopter to land the plane than it is getting the helicopter so pretty good deal
(46) 9:24
Ellen: so you don't get to do any of those anymore?
(47) 9:25
Obama: no I was told a while back that I just wanna million miles on Air Force One and I asked is there a frequent flyer. It will make sense expert I mean their understand their black-out dates
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(48) 9:45
Ellen: right
(49) 9:47
Obama: but the new person wasn't using it
(50) 9:51
Ellen: exactly. they're just sitting there
(51) 9:51
Obama: they're just sitting there. That‟s my point
(52) 9:55
Ellen: so you fly commercial from now on no
(53) 9:56
Obama: no
(54) 10:00
Ellen: but I mean that is something you missed
(55) 10:02
Obama: I don‟t miss plane commercial. Take your shoes off
(56) 10:09
Ellen: ouch. It’s stinky
(57) 10:10
Ellen: not yours. Not yours
(58) 10:14
Obama: I wear clean stuff I don‟t know about you
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(59) 10:21
Ellen: with the other people take their shoes off
(60) 10:26
Ellen: but if you want to prove me take your shoes off right now
(61) 10:34
Ellen: Is there's like a barber shop and everything in the white house?
(62) 10:37
Obama: yeah I got my hair cut. it's all self-contained and the great thing is that you don't have to go anywhere to get stuff done if you don't have to run to the dry cleaners you don't have to shop for phone the bad part about it is that it's a bubble and and you don't you don't leave yet or if you do then it follows the bubble follows you everywhere and that's something you never get used to and what it also means is you're not havin so the spontaneous interactions with people that do on a Saturday morning you put on some sweats they don't shave you go to the Starbucks and you run into somebody have a nice conversation that kind of stuff or just take a walk which is the thing that probably most about being president just a nice day
(63) 11:31
Ellen: can you drive?
(64) 11:35
Obama: I know how to drive
(65) 11:36
Ellen: but will you be able to drive?
(66) 11:38
Obama: I continued a secret service but
(67) 11:41
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Ellen: can they be in the back seat
(68) 11:42
Obama: That‟s my point. We‟re going to negotiate
(69) 11:44
Ellen: ok
(70) 11:44
Obama: on a nice name they can convertible
(71) 11:46
Ellen: I know
(72) 11:50
Obama: maybe they can just tell me. Yeah that's my hope
(73) 11:52
Ellen: run. They can run right behind you
(74) 11:56
Ellen: we have to take another break. We‟ll be back
(75) 12:46
Ellen: We‟re back with Mr. President Barrack Obama and I mention in the monolog but I can‟t tell you and thank you enough for what you’ve done for the gay communities.
(76) 13:02
Obama: That‟s one thing I promise them. because my Don‟t Ask Don‟t Tell cautious based on the idea that we constantly want to include people in that explosion how we bring more and more people into opportunity and success and feeling hopeful about their lives and but I will say we were driving over Tuesday night I met this guy said it to my staff I said as much as we've done with laws and ending Don't Ask Don't Tell etcetera
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changing hearts and minds. I don't think anybody even more influential than you are that I really think. you’re courage and you're just really likable and so to claim who you were then suddenly empowers other people and then something it's your brother is here on call let's hear your best friend it's your co-workers and and and then attitudes shift and the loss followed but it started with folks like you
(77) 14:26
Ellen: a lot of that. Well, thank you
(78) 14:36
Ellen: I’m not really gay
(79) 14:40
Obama: you claimed it on TV
(80) 14:46
Ellen: I did a good work and I had to stick with people responded
(81) 14:55
Ellen: alright so let's get back to you so this is Melia is going off to college and that's gotta be..
(82) 15:04
Obama: it‟s hard. As Michelle reminds me our job is to prepare them not to meet us and both my daughters are wonderful people and Meilia‟s more than ready to leave but I'm not ready for her to leave and I was asked if I would speak of her graduation I said absolutely not because I'm gonna be sitting there with dark glasses lobbing yeah she's one of my best friends and it's it's going to be hard for for me not to have her around all the time but she's ready to go so you can tell she's just a really smart capable person and she's she's ready to make her own way and they're on their wonderful girls and I and Michelle gets all the credit may be an assist from my mother-in-law but they really are just solid kids they don't have an attitude there courteous and kind to everybody and they work hard they don't feel like they're entitled anything
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(83) 16:00
Ellen: they have great parents and I both you and Michelle are really really amazing michelle is such a strong and wonderful role model for all women and I you know she's been a great first lady
(84) 16:23
Obama: I agree. That I agree
(85) 16:31
Ellen: and you’ve been a great president and just like what you said people can say things over and over and over again about unemployment or the economy or anything else I can but if if you really if you listen to that you're gonna believe it if you look at and in looking into it and see what the facts are it's just not the truth
(86) 16:47
Obama: we're better off now than we were when I came
(87) 16:49
Ellen: you’ve done amazing job
(88) 17:42
Ellen: we‟re back with President Barrack Obama. So I heard you carry a charm or something
(89) 17:50
Obama: yeah I carry charm
(90) 17:51
Ellen: people give you things
(91) 17:52
Obama: yeah they give me things when I on the way back to the campaign and they give me stuff and I started getting this big collection of all charms crosses and lucky coins are
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(92) 18:05
Ellen: and you keep a different one and…
(93) 18:09
Obama: yeah. I just put a bunch in my pocket
(94) 18:10
Ellen: I have something to give you then.
(95) 18:11
Obama: you do? Ok. Let‟s see
(96) 18:14
Ellen: so it‟s a charm and it's my picture and your picture
(97) 18:20
Obama: oh yeah look at that. This is so sweet. Thank you
(98) 18:29
Ellen: so that‟s for you to keep it all time
(99) 18:31 N Obama: I will
(100) 18:33
Ellen: all right
(101) 18:34
Obama: yap
(102) 18:35
Ellen: and then we have a surprise for you because this is Valentine‟s Day. So we have a
surprise for you. Take a look
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(103) 18:47
Michelle: surprise! I just wanted to wish you a Happy Valentine‟s Day their last one that was in the white house in an honor that Valentine's Day poem that I wanted to shoot roses are red violets are blue you were the president and I am your boo. I was doing a hundred pushups this morning you should try it Ellen. You are the only person I'd share my husband with on Valentine's Day. Happy Valentine‟s Day to you and Porsche and happy Valentine's Day to everyone. And barrack I know that you see candy out there so bring me something chocolate back. You know what you need to do.
(104) 19:41
Ellen: so I thought I would help you out because you didn't know she‟s gonna do that. So
I was set a little setting
(105) 19:52
Obama: I got something prepared
(106) 19:54
Ellen: wow. I have served it
(107) 19:56
Obama: I got something prepared in person but I would do on that set
(108) 19:59
Ellen: alright all right. So I‟m gonna set the mood
(109) 20:11
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Obama: ok all right somebody called the situation room because things are about to get hacked. This valentine‟s day I'm going to treat you right make you some zucchini bread spread out some veggies on a plate just the way you like them then I'm gonna give you a massage while you watch Ellen design challenge on HGTV. Michelle I‟ve made great decisions as president the best decision I ever made was choosing you thanks for putting up with me I love you and the Ballantine's
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