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Regeneration of Fire Degraded Peatswamp Forest in Berbak National Park and Implementation in Replanting Programmes

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Regeneration of Fire Degraded Peatswamp Forest in Berbak National Park and Implementation in Replanting Programmes Water for Food & Ecosystems Programme project on: “Promoting the river basin and ecosystem approach for sustainable management of SE Asian lowland peatswamp forest” Case study Air Hitam Laut river basin, Jambi Province, Indonesia Regeneration of fire degraded peatswamp forest in Berbak National Park and implementation in replanting programmes Pieter van Eijk Pieter Leenman Euroconsult Partners for Water Programme Water for Food & Ecosystems Programme project on: “Promoting the river basin and ecosystem approach for sustainable management of SE Asian lowland peatswamp forest” Case study Air Hitam Laut river basin, Jambi Province, Indonesia Regeneration of fire degraded peatswamp forest in Berbak National Park and implementation in replanting programmes July 2004 Pieter van Eijk Pieter Leenman Supervised by: Drs. W. Giesen, Arcadis Euroconsult Prof. Dr. M.G.C. Schouten, Wageningen University This report can be cited as: Eijk, P. van & P.H. Leenman, 2004. Regeneration of fire degraded peatswamp forest in Berbak National Park and implementation in replanting programmes. Water for Food & Ecosystems Programme project on: “Promoting the river basin and ecosystem approach for sustainable management of SE Asian lowland peatswamp forest” Case study Air Hitam Laut river basin, Jambi Province, Indonesia. Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Keywords: peatswamp forest, regeneration, succession, reforestation, rehabilitation, vegetation,Pieter vanMacaranga, Eijk ferns, forest fires, El Niño, Berbak, Sumatra, Indonesia Pieter Leenman Contents PREFACE............................................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................V GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................................VII LIST OF ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ VIII LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................... XI 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1 1.1. PROBLEM FORMULATION .......................................................................................................1 1.2. GOALS....................................................................................................................................2 2. SOUTHEAST ASIAN PEATSWAMP FORESTS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE................................................................................................................................3 2.1. GENESIS AND FORMATION OF TROPICAL PEATS ......................................................................3 2.2. DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................................5 2.3. ECOLOGY ...............................................................................................................................5 2.4. VALUES OF PEATSWAMP FORESTS ..........................................................................................7 2.5. THREATS OF PEATSWAMP FORESTS ........................................................................................8 2.6. FOREST FIRES IN INDONESIA.................................................................................................10 2.7. NATURAL REGENERATION: STATE OF THE ART.....................................................................11 3. BERBAK NATIONAL PARK...................................................................................................13 4. METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................17 4.1. SELECTION OF RESEARCH SITES............................................................................................17 4.2. ITINERARY AND LOGISTICS...................................................................................................18 4.3. DATA COLLECTION...............................................................................................................21 4.3.1. Positioning of transects ..................................................................................................21 4.3.2. Collection of biotic data .................................................................................................21 4.3.3. Collection of abiotic data ...............................................................................................23 4.4. DATA STORAGE AND ANALYSES...........................................................................................24 4.4.1. Data storage ...................................................................................................................24 4.4.2. Analysis...........................................................................................................................25 5. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................26 5.1. ANALYSIS OF SATELLITE IMAGENARY AND PRE-SELECTION OF RESEARCH LOCATIONS ........26 5.1.1. Landsat and HotSpot ......................................................................................................26 5.1.2. Radar ..............................................................................................................................30 5.1.3. Results of site selection...................................................................................................33 5.2. SITE DESCRIPTIONS ..............................................................................................................34 5.3. FLORAL DIVERSITY ..............................................................................................................34 5.3.1. Species composition........................................................................................................34 5.3.2. Occurrence of surviving trees.........................................................................................36 5.4. INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON VEGETATION...............................................................38 5.4.1. Species composition in TWINSPAN................................................................................39 5.4.2. Description of vegetation types based on species composition (TWINSPAN)................41 5.4.3. Forest structure ..............................................................................................................42 5.4.4. Basal area.......................................................................................................................42 5.4.5. Principal Correspondence Analysis (PCA) in CANOCO ...............................................43 5.4.6. Determination of vegetation types based on species composition and forest structure..47 5.4.7. Description of vegetation types.......................................................................................48 5.5. REGENERATION....................................................................................................................55 5.5.1. Swamp forest regeneration: A hypothetical sequence of succession. .............................55 5.5.2. Stimulators to successful regeneration ...........................................................................59 5.5.3. Inhibitors to successful regeneration..............................................................................61 5.6. CONDITIONS OF THE PARK ...................................................................................................62 5.6.1. Illegal activities ..............................................................................................................62 5.6.2. Animal observations .......................................................................................................65 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.........................................................................................69 6.1. CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................69 6.2. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................................72 7. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................74 7.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTS IN REFORESTATION SCHEMES...............................................74 7.1.1. Site selection...................................................................................................................74 7.1.2. Selection of species.........................................................................................................77 7.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES...................................................79 8. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................80
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