Pharmacological Properties and Their Medicinal Uses of Cinnamomum: a Review Sanjay Kumara, Reshma Kumarib and Shailja Mishrab Adepartment of Botany, Govt

Review

Pharmacological properties and their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: a review Sanjay Kumara, Reshma Kumarib and Shailja Mishrab aDepartment of Botany, Govt. P. G. College, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India and bDepartment of Botany & Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India

Keywords Abstract antimicrobial; cinnamon; ethnopharmacology; phytochemical Objectives Cinnamomum (Family Lauraceae) is traditionally used for compounds; traditional use flavouring food and in pharmaceutical preparations against various ailments. Detailed literature on the ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Correspondence Cinnamomum is segregated and not present in well-documented form. In Reshma Kumari, Department of Botany & the present review, we have been trying to gather its detailed medicinal as Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar 249404, India. well as pharmacological properties. The ethnobotanical and pharmacological E-mail: [email protected] properties of Cinnamomum were collected by searching several scientific databases, that is PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Received April 28, 2019 Scopus. Accepted September 14, 2019 Key findings The plant extracts have been reported to possess astringent, warming stimulant, carminative, blood purifier, digestive, antiseptic, antifungal, antivi- doi: 10.1111/jphp.13173 ral, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and also help to reduce cholesterol and blood sugar levels. A wide range of phytochemical compounds including aldehydes, acetate, alcohol, terpinenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, phenols, saponins, tannins, carboxylic acid, hydrocarbons, camphene, spathulenol, fatty acids, actinodaphnine, butanolides, lignans, steroids, propenoids and kaempferol glycosides are found in various parts of plant. Summary This review provides detailed information about history, traditional uses, phytochemistry and clinical impacts of cinnamon as a spice and medicine. So we recommend further study on the clinical, medicinal, purification and identification of the most effective antibacterial activity of cinnamon to cure various infectious diseases.

Introduction (Chinese cinnamon), Cinnamomum burmannii (Java or Indonesian cinnamon) and Cinnamomum loureiroi (Viet- Cinnamomum derived from the Greek word ‘kin- namese or Saigon cinnamon).[9] Cinnamon have immense namomon’ which means ‘spice’[1] and ‘sweet wood’.[2] aromatic potential are used in food and pharmaceutical Around 250 species of this genus are identiﬁed around the industry. Its leaf and bark have digestive, blood puriﬁer, world.[3,4] Different parts contain some primary con- astringent, carminative, warming stimulant, antiseptic, stituents, that is cinnamaldehyde and trans-cinnamalde- antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties and can hyde (Cin), present in the essential oil of its bark help to reduce cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Camphor contributing to the fragrance and various biological activ- is one of the important chemical compounds derived from ity,[5] eugenol (leaf) inhibit several different MDR patho- C. camphora, employed in pharmaceuticals, especially lini- genic bacteria[6,7] and camphor (root).[8] This genus ments and insecticides.[2] Its bark contains procyanidins contains four main economically important cinnamon spe- and catechins[10] which is used as spices for cooking as well cies, that is Cinnamomum verum (‘true cinnamon’, Sri as very useful to cure type 2 diabetes mellitus[11–13] and Lankan or Ceylon cinnamon), Cinnamomum cassia insulin resistance medicine.

Table 1 summarizes the chemical constituents, pharma- marshy places and on well-drained soils. However, they cological activity and medicinal properties of various Cin- become extremely rare in latitudes with seasonal climatic namomum species. conditions.[18,20]

Materials and Methods Traditional uses The current review was conducted using a complete and Its timber is used for decoration, furniture, cabinet and ply- organized search of the available literature. The searches wood manufacture. C. javanicum have tough timber used were performed using various databases, including PubMed for construction and house building. The term cinnamon is (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Science Direct the dried bark of C. zeylanicum and C. aromaticum[21] used (http://www.sciencedirect.com/), Scopus (http://www.sco in preparing chocolate, beverages, spicy candies and pus.com/), Scirus (http://www.scirus.com/) and Google liquors.[22] True cinnamon obtained from C. verum bark Scholar (http://www.scholar.google.com/) using the terms, which is one of the most required spice.[23] Several species for example Cinnamomum spp., phytochemistry, pharma- are also used as substitutes for the true cinnamon. The four cological activity, cinnamon, antibacterial antimicrobial main commercially available cassias are C. cassia, C. ta- and traditional uses. Scientific names and synonyms were mala, C. burmannii and C. loureirii. C. burmannii, C. iners, validated through www.theplantlist.org and www.tropicos. C. porrectum, C. rhynchophyllum and C. soegengii are used org. as spice and flavouring food in Sabah. Java cinnamon (C. burmannii) which is also known as ‘keningau’ is com- History monly found in the foothills of the Crocker Range and Keningau. As an ingredient, distilled cinnamon oils are also Cinnamon is used in different culinary practice from thou- [14] used in flavouring foods and drinks. Diarrhoea and malaria sands of years. Due to its high healing significance, it can be cure by the bark of C. burmanii.[24] C. politum bark has been used as antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, antiflatulent is mixed with hot drinks to give strength and relieve muscle and stimulant agent in Ayurvedic medicine.[15] Egyptian [16] pain. Crushed leaves and bark paste of C. crassinervium are people used it for mummification. Portuguese imported used for headache. C. rhynchophyllum and C. soegengii the spice (C. zeylanicum) from Sri Lanka to European [14] leaves are used to treat stomach ache and food poison- countries during the 16th and 17th centuries. In Java, ing.[24] In Peninsular Malaysia, leaf juice of C. iners is used cinnamon cultivation started in the 17th century during as a poultice by the Sakai ethnic group for rheumatism. the Dutch occupation, and it exported by East India Com- [16] C. javanicum root decoction is used to treat fatigue and pany to European countries. Sri Lanka became the main chest pain, while C. crassinervium is used for stomach ache. source of cinnamon oils after Ceylon cinnamon cultivation The roots of C. iners, C. porrectum and C. subcuneatum are reduces, which is used in pharmaceutical and food indus- boiled, and its decoction is given after childbirth and also tries. Chinese cinnamon oil is also used by pharmaceutical [16] for treating fever. The roots of C. subcuneatum are used in industries. pain relief on rheumatic joints. C. porrectum seed oil can also be used for rheumatism. The bark and fruits are also Distribution used in perfumes. C. porrectum used as a scent for soap and C. verum as perfumes. The mucilage of C. iners is used in This genus was described by Schaeffer, Jacob Christian (H. the manufacture of mosquito coils, fragrant joss sticks and von) Schaeffer, in the year 1760. About 250 species of Cin- formica.[25] Cinnamon possesses strong antifungal, antibac- namomum are found in the tropical and subtropical terial, antitermitic, larvicidal, nematicidal, and insecticidal regions, frequently in Asia and some in South and Central properties.[26–31] America and Australia.[17]

Botanical description Clinical aspects This genus contains small, evergreen trees and shrubs of Several clinical studies on cinnamon are conducted due to 10–15 m tall. Plants are found in China, Australia, South- its high remedial potential. According to Clinical Trials East Asia and Africa. The leaves are ovate–oblong and 7– Govt. database, a total of 26 clinical trials including six 18 cm long.[18] Flowers are greenish in colour and arranged studies, 14 completed studies, two recruited studies, two in panicles. The fruit is a 1-cm purple berry with a single terminated studies and two active studies have been done. seed.[19,20] It grows in tropical rain forests at various alti- However, most of these studies still under process tudes from highland slopes to lowland forests including (Table 2).[32]

Table 1 The chemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and medicinal properties of various Cinnamomum species

Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

1. Cinnamomum Leaf Aldehydes: (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde.[38] Antimicrobial activity,[38] platelet- Headache[38] aureofulvum Acetate: (E)-Cinnamyl acetate, benzyl acetate.[38] activating factor (PAF) receptor- Gamble Alcohol: Benzyl alcohol.[38] binding antagonist activity[39]

Terpinenes: (Z,Z)-Farnesol, 1,8-cineole, borneol, guaiol, myrcene, terpinen-4-ol, b-caryophyllene, c- terpinene, ⍺-guaiene, ⍺-terpineol[38] Bark Acetate: (E)-Cinnamyl acetate, benzyl acetate.[38] Aldehydes: (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde.[38] Terpinenes: (Z,E)-Farnesol, (Z,Z)-farnesol, 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphene, guaiol, limonene, myrcene, p- cymene, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, zingiberene, b- bisabolene, b-caryophyllene, b-fenchol, b-pinene, c- terpinene, ⍺-bisabolol, ⍺-cadinol, ⍺-phellandrene, ⍺- pinene, ⍺-terpinene, ⍺-thujene[38] 2. Cinnamomum Leaves Acetate: Linalyl acetate.[40] Allergen-reduction activity,[42] Abdominal disorders,[53] body bejolghota Flavonoids: Cinnamaldehyde.[41] anthelmintic activity,[43] ache,[54] cholelithiasis,[55,56] cough (Buch.-Ham.) Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole, a-terpinol linalool, nerolidol, antiacetylcholinesterase activity,[44] and cold,[57] carminative, diarrhoea, Sweet terpinen-4-ol, b-caryophyllene, b-phellandrene, d-3- antidiabetic activity,[45,46] dyspepsia,[58] ﬂatulence,[54] food carene, ⍺-farnesene, ⍺-phellandrene, ⍺-pinene[40] antimicrobial activity,[47–50] borne illness,[55] gall stone,[53] antioxidant activity[44,45,51,52] gynaecological complexity,[48,54] hepatomegaly,[59] hepatitis,[60] headache,[53] inﬂuenza,[57] liver complaints,[61,62] malaria,[59] nausea,[58] oral problems,[40] ostalgia,[48] pyrexia,[40] rheumatoid arthritis,[54] skin disease,[53] stomach pain,[63] tooth ache,[55] ulcer,[48] urogenital diseases,[40,55,56] wounds[53,64] Bark Acetate: Dihydrocarveol acetate, dihydrolinalool acetate, isobornyl acetate, Z-a-trans-bergamotol acetate, a-bisabolol acetate.[65] Aldehyde: Hexanal, tetradecanal,[66] E-2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, limonene aldehyde, Z- cinnamaldehyde.[65] Alcohol: 1-Hexanol[20], a-amyl cinnamyl alcohol.[65] Terpinene: 1,8-Cineole, ⍺-pinene, linalool, ⍺- terpinene, ⍺-thujene, c-terpinene, q-cymene.[65,66] (Z)-b-ocimene, (E)-nerolidol, (E)-b-ocimene, camphene, cis-piperitol, endo-fenchol (⍺-fenchol), geraniol, geranyl acetate, germacrene-D, limonene, nerol, neryl acetate, myrcene, sabinene, spathulenol, terpinen-4- ol, terpinolene, trans-b-terpineol, trans-piperitol, b- caryophyllene, b-elemene, b-pinene, b-selinene, d- cadinol, d-guaiene (⍺-bulnesene), ⍺-cadinol, ⍺- humulene, ⍺-panasinsene, ⍺-phellandrene, ⍺- selinene, ⍺-terpineol.[66] 13-epi-manoyl oxide, 3Z- cembrene A, 7-epi-a-selinene, borneol, camphor, E-b- ocimene, epi-a-cadinol, guaiol, isoborneol, myrcene, phytol, pinene, sabinene, sclareolide, terpinen-4-ol, Z, E-geranyl linalool, a-humulene, a-trans-bergamotene, a-zingiberene, c-terpineol, d-3-carene, q-mentha-2,4 (8)-diene[65] Flower Aldehyde: ⍺-Campholenal.[66] Acetate: Cis-pinocarvyl acetate.[66] Alcohol: ⍺-Caryophyllene alcohol.[66] Terpinen: (Z)-b-Ocimene, (E)-nerolidol, (E)-b-ocimene, (E,E)-farnesol, 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphene, carvone, endo-fenchol (⍺-fenchol), linalool, limonene, p-cymene, myrcene, terpinen-4-ol, trans-carveol, trans-verbenol, tricyclene, verbenone, b-caryophyllene, b-elemene, b-pinene, b-selinene, d-cadinol, d- selinene, ⍺-humulene, ⍺-panasinsene, ⍺-pinene, ⍺- selinene, ⍺-terpineol, ⍺-thujene[66]

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

3. Cinnamomum Leaf Alcohols: Cyclohexane methanol.[67] Anticancer activity,[69,70] antidiabetic Arthralgia,[68] arthritis,[88,89] burmannii Aldehydes: Trans-cinnamaldehyde.[68] activity,[71] anti-inflammatory bellyache,[88] chest complaints,[68] (Nees & Acetate: Trans-cinnamyl acetate; bornyl acetate[68]; activity,[72,73] antimicrobial colic,[89] cough & cold,[88,89] T. Nees) acetate; bornyl acetate.[67] activity,[74,75] antioxidant diarrhoea,[89] diabetes,[68] Blume Terpinenes:( )-Spathulenol; caryophyllene; D- activity,[71,73,76] antipyretic dyspepsia,[68,89] dysuria,[88] À borneol; eucalyptol; guaiol[67,68] activity,[77] cytotoxicity,[73] gene flatulent,[68,89] gripe,[68] expression and immune response influenza,[89] malaria,[68] activity,[78,79] gastroprotective nausea,[68,89] pains,[68] periodontal activity,[80] hepatoprotective disease,[68] pyrexia,[88,89] activity,[81] immunomodulatory puerperium,[88] respiratory tract activity,[82] neuroprotective problems,[90] rheumatic activity,[83] ultraviolet (UV) arthritis,[68,89] rheumatic protective activity/sun protection arthralgia,[68] rhinitis,[88] soft tissue activity,[84] wound healing contusion,[68] sprain,[68] traumatic activity,[85] toxicological injury,[68] traumatic studies,[86,87] antidiabetic activity[71] haemorrhage[68] Fruit Flavonoid: Anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins.[68] Terpenes: Camphene; caryophyllene; citral; elemene; fenchol; guaiene; linalool; myrcene; nerolidol; pinene; sylvestrene; terpineol.[68] Shoot Terpenes: Camphene; caryophyllene; citral; elemene; fenchol; guaiene; linalool; myrcene; nerolidol; pinene; sylvestrene; terpineol[68] Plant peel Amino acid: Melanin[68] 4. Cinnamomum Bark Terpinenes: 4-Terpineol, cadalene; isospathulenol; Antiallergic activity,[93] antimicrobial Gynaecological troubles,[95] cambodianum viridiflorol; a-cadinol; a-epi-cadinol; a-terpinene, a- activity,[91] antioxidant activity,[92] indigestion,[96] liver complains,[95] Lecomte terpinol, a-terpinolene, b-spathulenol; b-terpineol, c- cytotoxicity,[91] hepatoprotective menstrual pain,[96] sprains and terpinene[91,92] activity[94] injuries,[96] tuberculosis[96] Leaf Terpinenes: (E)-b-Ocimene; (E)-b-santalol; camphene; cis-a-santalol; epi-a-bisabolol; spathulenol; germacrene B; isospathulenol; limonene; linalool oxide (pyranoid); neo-allo-ocimene; o-cymene; phytol; sabinene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-nerolidol; verbenone; a- bisabolol; a-pinene; a-terpinene; a-terpineol; a- thujene; b-myrcene; b-spathulenol; b-vetivenene; c- terpinene; d-3-carene.[91] Terpenoids: 1,8-Cineole; carvone; geraniol; guaiol; teresantalol; a-amorphene; a-phellandrene; a- santalene; c-eudesmol[91] 5. Cinnamomum Acetates: Bornyl acetate; neryl acetate.[97] Hepatoprotective activity[94] Abdominal disorders, cholera and caryophyllus Aldehydes: (E)-Cinnamaldehyde.[97] digestive stimulant[98] (Lour.) Terpenes: (E)-Nerolidol; 1,8-cineole; 2,5- S. Moore cyclohexadiene-1-one; borneol; camphene; camphor; carvacrol; ledol; linalool; methyl eugenol; myrtenal; piperitone; terpineol-4-ol; trans-carveol; trans- pinocarveol; tricyclene; verbenene; verbenone; b- caryophyllene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; q-cymene; q- cymenene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-ylangene.[97] 6. Cinnamomum Carboxylic acid: Asam propanoat (propionic acid).[99] Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, Bone pain,[100] Cholera,[100,101] culilaban (L.) Hydrocarbons: Naftalen (naphthalene).[99] toxicological studies[100] constipation,[101] gynaecological J. Presl Terpinenes: Sparthulenol (spathulenol); terpinol; timol problems,[100] rheumatism [100] (thymol); verbanol; verbenone[99] 7. Cinnamomum Leaf Aldehyde: Cuminaldehyde.[102]Terpinenes: Carvone; Antimicrobial[102], Urinary problems,[103] wounds[103] filipedicellatum germacrene B; limonene; linalool; p-cymen-7-ol; p- hepatoprotective[103] Kosterm. cymene; piperitone; terpinen-1-ol; terpinen-4-ol; trans-carveol; a-terpineol[102] Bark Anthraquinones, cardiotonic glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, saponins, steroids, triterpenes[103]

Table 1 (Continued)

Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

8. Cinnamomum Leaf Acetate: Bornyl acetate; neryl acetate.[104] Anticancer,[107] anti- Abdominal disorders,[111,112] glanduliferum Terpinenes: Caryophyllene oxide; limonene; p- inflammatory,[105] asthma,[112] bronchitis,[113] cough (Wall.) Meisn. cymene; sabinene; terpinen-4-ol; a-pinene[104–106]; antimicrobial,[107,108] cytotoxic,[109] and cold,[114,115] diabetes,[63] camphene; cis-sabinene hydrate; b-pinene; c- gastroprotective,[105] larvicidal[110] dizziness,[106] dysentery,[114] terpinene[104,105]; eucalyptol; germacrene B; dyspepsia,[112] gonorrhoea,[111] germacrene-D; globulol; spathulenol; terpinolene; infestation,[63] head ache,[116] trans-caryophyllene; trans-sabinene hydrate; b- kidney trouble,[63] nausea,[116] elemene; b-myrcene; d-2-carene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺- oral,[40] pneumonia,[55,113] thujene.[105] (E)-nerolidol; 1,8-cineole; carvone; cis- pyrexia,[55] respiratory linalool oxide (furanoid); eugenol; geranial; linalool; problems,[112] rheumatism,[55] myrcene; piperitone; thymol; trans-carveol; trans- shivering,[116] snake bite,[112] tooth linalool oxide (furanoid); trans-sabinene hydrate; b- ache,[117] wounds[117] selinene.[104] 1,8-cineole; carvacrol; elemicin; germacrene-D-4-ol; trans-ocimene; b- caryophyllene.[106] linalool; a-phellandrene; a- terpineol.[104,106] a-terpinene; a-thujene[104,105] Stem Terpinenes: Camphene; caryophyllene oxide; Cis- sabinene hydrate; eucalyptol; limonene; p-cymene; sabinene; terpinene-4-ol; terpinolene; trans- caryophyllene; trans-sabinene hydrate; b-myrcene; b- pinene; c-terpinene; d-2-carene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺- pinene; ⍺-terpinene; ⍺-terpineol; ⍺-thujene[105] Bark Terpinenes: Borneol; camphene; camphor; cubenol; eucalyptol; fenchol; guaiol; isoborneol; limonene; p- cymene; sabinene; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; a- humulene; a-phellandrene; a-pinene; a-terpinene; a- terpineol; a-thujene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; c- terpinene[107] 9. Cinnamomum Leaf Acetate: Geranyl acetate.[118] Antimicrobial,[119,120] Arthritis,[119] blood circulation,[119] glaucescens Aldehyde: Heptanal; hexanal.[104] antioxidant,[119] cytotoxicity,[109,120] body aches,[117] boils,[63] (Nees) Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; limonene; linalool[104,118]; larvicidal,[117] nematicidal,[117] bronchitis,[55,121] cough and Hand.-Mazz. (E)-b-ocimene; (E, E)-a-farnesene; epi-b-santalene; toxicological[119] cold,[122] eruption,[63] safrole; b-pinene[104]; (Z)-citral; (Z)-b-ocimene; inflammation,[119] infestation,[117] bicycloelemene; borneol; camphene; caryophyllene kidney trouble,[63,117] muscles and oxide; farnesol; geranila; geraniol; germacrene-D; O- joints complications,[119] muscular cymene; sabinene; selina-4(15), 7(11)-diene; terpinen- spasm,[117] myalgia,[119] pyrexia,[63] 1-ol; terpinen-4-ol; trans-sabinene hydrate; a- rheumatism,[119] toothache,[117,122] gurjunene; a-humulene; a-phellandrene; a-pinene; a- urinogenital diseases[40] terpinene; a-terpineol; a-terpinolene; a-thujene; b- bisabolene; b-myrcene; b-selinene; c-elemene; c- terpinene; d-cadinene[118] Fruit and Methyl cinnamate, thymol, safrole, cineole, eugenol, seed linalool, linalyl acetate and nerol; methyl cinnamate; 1,8 -cineole, ⍺-terpineol[58] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; camphor; linalool; sabinene; b- Fruit and [119,123] pericarp pinene; ⍺-terpineol; ⍺-thujene ; (2)-b-ocimene; (E)-b-ocimene; camphene; carvacrol; caryophyllene oxide; geranial; geraniol; limonene; myrcene; p- cymen-8-ol; p-cymene; p-elemene; spathulenol; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; b-bisabolene; b- caryophyllene; b-phellandrene; b-selinene; c- terpinene; d-terpineol; ⍺-bergamotene; ⍺-cubebene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-phellandrene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-selinene; ⍺-terpinene[117]; cis-ocimene; DL-limonene; thujene[119] Root Acetate: Neoiso-3-thujanol acetate.[122] Aldehyde: Benzaldehyde; cuminal.[122] Terpinenes: (2E,6E)-Farnesal; (2Z,6E)-farnesol; (E)- caryophyllene; 1,8-cineole; 1-epi-cubenol; 14-hydroxy- 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene; ascaridole; cadalene; camphene; carvone; caryophyllene oxide; cis-linalool oxide (furanoid); cis-linalool oxide (pyranoid); cubebol; epi-cubebol; geranial; geraniol; isoborneol; linalool; myrcene; neral; nerol; o-cymene; p-cymen-7-ol; p- cymene; piperitone; sabinene; spathulenol; terpinen- 4-ol; terpinolene; thuj-3-en-10-al; thuja-2,4(10)-diene; trans-calamenen-10-ol; trans-carveol; trans- pinocarveol; trans-sabinol; trans-verbenol; verbenone; viridiflorol; a-cadinol; a-cubebene; a-humulene; a- phellandrene; a-pinene; a-terpinene; a-terpineol; a- thujene; b-eudesmol; b-pinene; c-terpinene; d- cadinene; d-terpineol; s-muurolol[122]

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

10. Cinnamomum Leaves Aldehyde: Cinnamic aldehyde.[124] Analgesic.[128] anticancer,[129,130] Abdominal pain,[115] appetite iners Reinw. Acetate: (E)-phytol acetate.[125] antidiabetic,[131,132] problems,[141] asthma[142], ex Blume Fatty acid: Linoleic acid.[126] antihyperlipidaemic,[132] anti- breathing problem[141], body Terpinenes: Terpene[124]; (E)-caryophyllene; (E)- inflammatory,[130] antikinase,[133] ache[54], cardiac disorders[143], nerolidol; (E)-b-ocimene; geraniol; linalool; b-pinene; antimicrobial,[134–136] constipation[134], cough and cold b-selinene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-selinene[125]; antioxidant,[130,133,137] [142,144], diarrhoea[145], digestive (+)-aromadendrene, ( )-bornyl acetate, 2,6-octadien- antiplasmodial,[138] glutathione-S- ailments[141], dysentery[62,146], À 1-ol, 2-propen-1-ol, 3-allyl-6-methoxyphenol, transferase inhibitory activity,[139] dyspepsia[124], dyspnoea[144], alloaromadendrene, aromadendrene,benzyl benzoate, toxicological studies[128,140] flatulence[124], gynaecological borneol L, cadinol, calarene, caryophyllene, disorder[95], headache[147], caryophyllene oxide, cis-linalool oxide, cis-a- influenza[148], insects bite[149], bergamotene, cyclohexene, dodecanal, epiglobulol, jaundice[150], nausea and geraniol, germacrene-D, isospathulenol, linalool, vomiting[115,151], naphthalene,1,2,3,4,4a,7-hexahydro, nerolidol, postpartum[115,147], pyrexia[95,124], palustrol, propanoic acid, spathulenol, terpinen-4-ol, rheumatism[152], stomach tetradecanal, trans-linalool oxide, viridiflorol, a- complains[134,145], urinary amorphene, a-cadinol, a-copaene, a-copaene, a- diseases[124], wounds[153] cubebene, a-humulene, a-longipinene, a-muurolene, a-terpineol, b-bisabolene, b-elemene, b-selinene, d- cadinene[127] Stem Acetate: (E)-Phytol acetate.[125] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole, ⍺-terpinol, terpinen-4-ol[16]; (E)-caryophyllene; (E)-nerolidol; (E)-b-ocimene; geraniol; linalool; b-pinene; b-selinene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-selinene[125] 11. Cinnamomum Fruit Terpinenes: 4-Terpineol; borneol; camphene; Anticancer,[155] anti- Headache,[157] blood circulation[157] insularimontanum caryophyllene; cineol; Citral; citronellal; citronellol; inflammatory,[154] antioxidant,[130] Hayata geraniol; limonene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; ⍺- antiviral,[156] cytotoxicity[156] pinene[154] Root Actinodaphnine[155,158] Stem Cinnamic acid; cinnamyl alcohol; coumarin; kaempferitrin; kaempferol; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; stigmasterol; b-sitosterol[158]; polysaccharides; dehydrosulfurenic acid; 15a-acetyldehydrosulfurenic acid[157] Leaf Polysaccharides, dehydrosulfurenic acid, 15a- acetyldehydrosulfurenic acid[157] 12. Cinnamomum Plant 2,6-Dimethyl-1,7-octadiene-3,6-cliol; 2,6-dimethyl-3,7- Anticholinesterase,[160] Abdominal disorders,[17] javanicum octadiene-2,6-cliol; 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanooe antimicrobial,[159,161] abortion,[163] abscess,[164] chest Blume 2-butoxyethanol; 5-ethenyldihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)- antioxidant,[159,160] pain,[17] fatigue,[17] gynaecological furanone; 6-ethenyltetrahydro-2,2,6-trimethyl-2H- antityrosinase,[160] antiviral,[162] disorder,[163] lethargy,[17] pyrao-3-ol; 8,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; cytotoxicity,[162] platelet-activating postpartum,[162] spasmodic acetic acid; benzaldehyde; eucalyptol; hexadecanoic factor (PAF) receptor-binding colic,[165] sexual debility[163] acid, methyl ester; palmitic acid vinyl ester; phytol; antagonist,[39] toxicological styrene; tetradecanal; trans-linalool oxide; studies[162] tridecanal[159] 13. Cinnamomum Leaves 2“-O-cis-p-Coumaroyl-4”-O-trans-p- Anticancer,[168–171] antioxidant,[172] Headache,[157] blood circulation[157] kotoense coumaroylafzelin[166] antiproliferative,[167] Kaneh. & Sasaki (+)-catechin; (+)-syringaresinol, ( )-catechin, ( )- antitubercular,[173] osteoinductive À À epicatechin, ( )-sesamin, 3-O-a-L-[2,4-di-(E)-p- effect,[174] toxicological[171] À coumaroyl]rhamnopyranoside; 3-O-a-L-[2-(Z)-p- coumaroyl-4-(E)-p-coumaroyl]rhamnopyranoside; cinnakotolactone, clemaphenol A, ferulic acid, isoeugenol, isokotomolide A, isolinderanolide B; isoobtusilactone A, kotomolide A and B, obtusilactone A; p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, palmitic acid, pluviatilol, secokotomolide A, stearic acid; stigmasterol, stigmasteryl-D-glucoside, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, vanillin, b-sitosterol, b-sitosterol-D-glucoside[167–169] Fruit Butanolides: isoobtusilactone, obtusilactone A.[175] Lignans:(+)-syringaresinol.[175] Steroids: b-sitosterol, stigmasterol[175]

Table 1 (Continued)

Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

Stem (+)-Catechin, ( )-40-hydroxy-5,7,30-trimethoxyflavan-3- À ol, ( )-catechin, ( )-sesamin, ( )-syringaresinol, 2,6- À À Æ dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-acetyl-5- dodecylfuran, 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran, 4- hydroxybenzaldehyde, apigenin, benzoic acid, docosanoic acid, genkwanin, isoobtusilactone A, kaempferol, kotodiol, kotolactone A and B, lauric acid, lincomolide B, margaric acid, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, palmitic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, secokotomolide, squalene, stearic acid, stigmasterol, stigmasteryl-3-O-b-D-glucoside, syringaldehyde, tetracosane trans-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, trans-phytol, vanillin, b-sitosterol b- sitosterol-3-O-b-D-glucoside[173] 14. Cinnamomum Leaf Propenes: Safrole.[176] Anticancer[177] Flatulence,[178] gynaecological laubatii F.Muell Propenoids: Methyl eugenol.[176] complains,[178] urinary disease[178] Terpinenes: (E)-b-Ocimene; 1,8-cineole; bicyclogermacrene; C15 H26 O (A); C15 H26 O (B); camphene; caryophyllene oxide; cubeban-11-ol; cubenol; epicubenol; globulol; humulene; limonene; myrcene; p-cymene; sabinene; spathulenol; terpinolene; viridiflorol; b-caryophyllene; b-cubebene; b-elemene; b-pinene; b-selinene; d-3-carene; ⍺- phellandrene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-selinene; ⍺-terpinene; ⍺- thujene[176] 15. Cinnamomum Bark Phenols,[179] alkaloid, anthraquinones, coumarins, Antidiabetic,[46] anti- Abdominal pain,[180] loureiroi Nees flavonoid, phenols, saponins, tannins.[180] inflammatory,[180,183] antiviral[184] atherosclerosis,[180] blood pressure Flavonoids: Cinnamic aldehyde[179,181]; 3- lowering,[180] carcinogenesis,[180] methoxycinnamaldehyde; cinnamaldehyde.[181] cardiovascular diseases,[180] chest Hydrocarbons: Copaene; a-amorphene; b- congestion,[180] cholesterol cadinene.[181] lowering,[180] conjunctivitis,[180] Terpinenes: Caryophyllene; phellandrene; cough and cold,[180] diarrhoea,[179] pinene[179,182]; cadinadiene-4,9; cubenol; limonene; erectile dysfunction,[180] a-cedrene oxide; a-guaiene; a-myrcene; b-pinene[181] flatulence,[179] headache,[180] indigestion,[180] inflammations,[182] muscular strains,[182] nausea,[179,182] neuralgia,[180] rheumatism,[180,182] sore throat,[180] tooth ache,[180] vaginal problems,[180] vomiting,[180,182] wound,[180] yeast infections[180] 16. Cinnamomum Bark Aldehydes: Benzaldehyde; hydrocinnamaldehyde.[185] macrocarpum Carboxylic acid: Benzoic acid; butanoic acid; Hook.f. propanoic acid.[185] Fatty acid: Isovaleric acid.[185] Flavonoids: Cinnamaldehyde.[185] Hydrocarbons: Copaene; cyclohexene; naphthalene; c-cadinene.[185] Terpinenes:(+)-⍺-Terpineol; 1,3-cyclohexadiene; 1,4- cyclohexadiene; 1,6-cyclodecadiene; 1,6-octadien-3- Ol; 1,6-octadiene; 2-norbornanol; 3-carene; 4- terpineol; bicyclo hept-3-ene,-3-care; camphene; camphor; caryophyllene; cineole; cubenol; cymene; cymol; eucalyptol; linalool; nerolidol A; sabinene; spathulenol; b-myrcene; b-pinene; c-elemene; c- muurolene; d-cadinene; ⍺-caryophyllene; ⍺-cubebene; ⍺-fenchol; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-phellandrene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺- selinene; ⍺-terpinene; ⍺- terpinolene[185] Leaf Carboxylic acid: Benzoic acid; butanoic acid; propanoic Anticholinesterase,[160,186] Cough and cold,[187] diarrhoea,[187] acid.[185] antioxidant,[160,186] dysentery,[187] rheumatism,[188,189] Flavonoids: Cinnamaldehyde.[185] antityrosinase[160] sciatica pains[189] Hydrocarbons: 1-Naphthalenol; copaene; naphthalene; b-cadinene; d-cadinene.[185] Terpinenes:( )-Bornanone; 1,3-cyclohexadiene; 1,4- À cyclohexadiene; 1,6-cyclodecadiene; 1,6-octadien-3- Ol; 3-carene; 4-carvomenthenol; 4-terpineol; bicyclo ⍺-thujene; caryophyllene; cedr-8-ene; cineole; cis-⍺- bisabolene; cymene; cymol; eucalyptol; germacrene-D; linalool; sabinene; spathulenol; thujene; b-myrcene; b- pinene; c-terpinene; g-ocimene; ⍺-(+)-pinene; ⍺- caryophyllene; ⍺-cubebene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺- phellandrene; ⍺-terpinene; ⍺-terpinolene,[185] camphor, cis-calamenene, germacrene B[186]

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

17. Cinnamomum Leaves Sapogenin; alkaloids, safrole[190] Analgesic,[190] antidiarrhoeal,[191] Appetite,[194] bloating,[194] mercadoi anti-inflammatory,[190] bronchitis,[194] cough and cold,[194] S.Vidal antimicrobial,[190,192,193] diabetes,[195] dysentery,[194] antioxidant[192,194] headaches,[115] flatulence,[194] intestinal troubles,[115] neuralgic pains,[194] menstrual problems,[194] pyrexia,[194] rheumatism,[191] skin diseases,[194] sinus,[194] Stomach troubles,[194] toothache,[194] tuberculosis,[115] vomiting,[194] yeast infections[194] Seed Sapogenin[190] Roots Safrole[190] Bark Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineol; camphene; limonene; linalool; myrcene; p-cymene; sabinene; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; b-pinene; c-terpinene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺- terpinene; ⍺-terpineol[196] 18. Cinnamomum Leaf Aldehyde: Benzaldehyde.[197] Anticancer[198,199], antimicrobial[200] Dispel apathy,[198] lung micranthum Hydrocarbons: a-Copaene; c –cadinene.[197] problems,[198] nervous f. kanehirae Terpinenes:( )-nerolidol; ( )-terpinen-4-ol; 1,8- depression[198] À À (Hayata) cineole; 10-epi-cubebol; 3-carene; caryophyllene S.S.Ying oxide; cis-linalool oxide; cis-b-ocimene; citronellol; citronellol acetate; E-citral; epi-cubenol; geraniol; germacrene-D; guaiol; limonene; linalool; nerol; p- cymene; sabinene; spathulenol; T-cadinol; T-muurolol; trans-linalool oxide; trans-b-caryophyllene; trans-b- ocimene; Z-citral; a-cadinol; a-humulene; a- muurolene; a-phellandrene; a-pinene; a-terpinene; a- terpineol; a-terpinyl acetate; a-thujene; a-ylangene; b- elemene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; b-selinene; c - muurolene; c -terpinene; d-cadinol; d-selinene; d- terpineol[197] 19. Cinnamomum Leaf Carboxylic acid: Benzoic acid.[201] Antimicrobial,[20,204] antioxidant,[205] mollissimum Terpinenes: Linalool; spathulenol; b-caryophyllene; a - antityrosinase,[205] insecticidal[203] Hook.f. terpineol [201,202]; carvacrol; d-cadinene; nerolidol; p- cymene; sabinol; T-cadinol; terpinen-4-ol; viridiflorol; zingiberene; b-bisabolene; b-farnesene; b-maaliene; c- farnesene; a -cadinol; a -caryophyllene; a - phellandrene; a -selinene[201]; bisabolol; bisabolol oxide A; dehydrolinalool; E-b-ocimene; limonene; myrcene; b-bisabolene; b-pinene; c-terpinene; d- cadinene; a-cadinene; a-cadinol; ⍺-humulene; a- pinene; a-thujene.[202] 1,8-cineole[20,203] Bark Alkaloids: Hernagine, hernovine, isocorydine, N- methylhernagine, N-methylhernovine.[205] Carboxylic acid: Hexanoic acid.[201] Terpinenes: Cineole; copaene; limonene; linalool; terpinen-4-ol; b-caryophyllene l429; b-elemene; b- pinene; c-muurolene; a -caryophyllene; a - phellandrene; ⍺-pinene; a -terpineol[201] Wood Terpinenes: Cineole; linalool; nerolidol; b-maaliene; c- muurolene; ⍺-phellandrene; ⍺-terpineol[201] 20. Cinnamomum Bark Terpinenes: Camphor, Pinene[206] Antimicrobial,[204,207], Cough and cold,[208] diarrhoea,[178] oliveri toxicological[204,207] dysentery,[178] gastrointestinal F.M.Bailey tract,[208] inflammation,[204] phthisis,[208] rheumatism,[204] skin disorders,[204] swellings[204] Leaves Terpinenes: Borneol; camphene; camphor; limonene; linalool; myrcene; p-cymene; spathulenol; viridiflorol; b-caryophyllene; b-pinene; d-cadinene; ⍺-cadinol; ⍺- pinene; ⍺-terpineol[176]

Table 1 (Continued)

Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

21. Cinnamomum Twig 3-O-[b-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-arabinofuranoside], Anticancer,[130,211] Arthritis,[228] cough and cold,[228] osmophloeum 7-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside; sagittatin A.[166] L- antidiabetic,[212,213] diabetes,[228] infection,[222] Kaneh. borneol, a-terpineol, p-allylanisole, trans- antidyslipidaemic,[214] anti- inﬂammation,[228] nerve pains,[228] cinnamaldehyde, L-bornyl acetate, eugenol, a- inﬂammatory,[209,215] pyrexia[228] copaene, b-caryophyllene, cinnamyl acetate, a- antimicrobial[216,217], caryophyllene, curcumene, d-cadinene, a-calacorene, antioxidant,[213,218] elemicin, e-nerolidol, spathulenol, caryophyllene cardioprotective,[219] oxide, trans-b-elemenone, c-eudesmol, caryophylla-4 cytotoxicity,[220] hair growth,[221] (14), 8(15)-dien-5.a-ol, d-cadinol, T-cadinol, cadalene, hepatoprotective,[222] guaiol acetate[209] hypolipidaemic effect,[223] Kaempferol glycosides: (kaempferol 3-O-b-D- hypouricaemic effects,[224] xylopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-arabinofuranosyl-7-O-a-L- immunomodulatory,[225] rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-b-D- larvicidal,[29] pancreas-protective xylopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-a-L- effect,[226] tyrosinase,[220,227] rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-b-D- wound healing,[227] xanthine glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-arabinofuranosyl-7-O-a-L- oxidase inhibitory[224] rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-a-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-arabinofuranosyl-7-O-a- L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-b-D- apiofuranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-arabinofuranosyl-7-O-a-L- rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-b-D- glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 2)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-a-L- rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-b-D- glucopyranosyl-(1 ? 4)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-a-L- rhamnopyranoside, kaempferitrin, kaempferol 7-O-a- L-rhamnopyranoside[210] Bark Flavonoids: (E)-Cinnamaldehyde; (Z)- cinnamaldehyde.[229] Hydrocarbon: Phenol; c-muurolene[229] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; 2-hydroxy-1,8-cineol; 4- terpineol; camphene; caryophyllene; caryophyllene oxide; cedrol; citronellol; copacamphene; d-carvone; geranial; geraniol; geranyl acetate; isoborneol; limonene; linalool; menthone; myrcene; neral; nerol; ocimene; p-cymene; phytol; piperitone; spathulenol; T-cadinol; terpinolene; trans-linalool oxide; b-pinene; c-cadinene; c-humulene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-terpinene; ⍺- terpineol; ⍺-terpinyl acetate[229] Leaves Flavonoids: cis-Cinnamaldehyde; trans- cinnamaldehyde[5,230,231]; cinnamaldehyde.[232] Hydrocarbon: c-Cadinene; d-cadinene; ⍺-copaene [232]; copaene.[231] Terpinenes: Camphor; c-muurolene[230,232]; limonene; linalool[231]; camphene; caryophyllene oxide[5,230,231]; geraniol; a-cadinol; ⍺-humulene[5,230]; b-pinene; a- terpineol[231]; geranyl acetate; a-caryophyllene; a- muurolene[116,230]; guaiol; b-caryophyllene; b- phellandrene; c-elemene; Τ-cadinol[230]; caryophyllene[231,232]; b-bourbonene[232]; 1,8-cineol; cedrol; spathulenol; T-muurolol; trans-b- caryophyllene; d-cadinene; d-cadinol[5]; p-cymene; a- pinene[5,231];(+)-4-carene; (E)-ocimene; 3-carene; cis- b-terpineol; D-limonene; eucalyptol; germacrene-D; neral; nerol; sabinene; terpin-4-ol; terpinolene; b- humulene; b-myrcene; c-terpinene; ⍺-farnesene; ⍺- phellandrene; ⍺-thujene[231] Stem Flavonoids: Kaempferol; kaempferol 3-O-⍺-L- rhamnopyranoside; kaempferol 7-O-⍺-L- rhamnopyranoside; kaempferol 3-O-⍺-L- rhamnopyranoside-7-O- ⍺-L-rhamnopyranoside; kaempferol 3-O-⍺-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)- ⍺-L- rhamnopyranoside[233] Heartwood 9,90-Di-O-feruloyl-5,50-dimethoxysecoisolariciresinol, and roots (70S,80R,8R)-lyoniresinol-9-O-(E)-feruloyl ester, (70S,80R,8R)-lyoniresinol-9,90-di-O-(E)-feruloyl ester, secoisolariciresinol, ( )-lyoniresinol[211] À

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

22. Cinnamomum Root bark Fatty acid: Myristic acid; palmitic acid; pentadecanoic Antidiabetic,[235] anti- Anaemia,[242] amenorrhoea,[243] parthenoxylon acid[234]; inflammatory,[236] backache,[243] blood circulation,[243] (Jack) Meisn. Hydrocarbons: Alloaromadendrene; guaiazulene; c- antileukaemic,[237] childbirth,[236] dysentery,[235] cadinene; d-cadinene; ⍺-copaene.[234] antimicrobial,[50,238,239] dyspepsia,[243] impotence,[243] Terpinenes: Cadalene; caryophyllene oxide; antioxidant,[240] antityrosinase,[205] pertussis,[235] pyrexia,[238] germacrene-D; spathulenol; valencene; viridiflorol; b- cytotoxic,[239] rheumatism,[165,244] rheumatoid bisabolene; b-elemene; b-selinene; d-cadinol haemagglutinating,[241] arthritis,[235] stomach troubles,[238] (torreyol); ⍺-cadinol; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-muurolene[234] hepatoprotective,[240] RNA N- traumatic injury,[244] wound[245] glycosidase activity[241] Wood Aldehydes: Benzaldehyde; piperonal.[234] Fatty acid: Myristic acid; palmitic acid; pentadecanoic acid.[234] Terpinenes: d-Cadinol (torreyol); ⍺-cadinol[234] Stem bark Aldehyde: Benzaldehyde.[41] Flavonoid: Cinnamaldehyde.[41] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; borneol; bicyclogermacrene; camphene; camphor; caryophyllene oxide; linalool; myrcene; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; b-caryophyllene; b-cymene; b-phellandrene; b-pinene; ⍺-farnesene; ⍺- humulene; ⍺-phellandrene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺- terpinolene[41] Leaves (3R, 4R, 3R, 4R)-6,6’-Dimethoxy-3, 4, 3’,4’-tetrahydro- 2H, 2’H-[3, 3’]bichromenyl-4, 4’-diol; 1,2,4- trihydroxybenzene; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; daucosterol; herbacetin; kaempferol-3-O-⍺-L- rhamnoside; quercetin-3-O-⍺-L-rhamnoside; b- sitosterol,[246] methyl eugenol, b-sitosterol and stigmast-4-en-3-one.[205] Flavonoid rutinosides: Scopoletin, isorhoifolin, epicatechin, blumenol A, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, nicoflorin.[240] Aldehyde: Benzaldehyde.[41] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; borneol; camphene; caryophyllene oxide; linalool; myrcene; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; b-caryophyllene; b-cymene; b- phellandrene; b-pinene; c-terpinene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺- pinene; ⍺-terpinolene[41] Bark Safrole, methyl eugenol, elemicin[247] 23. Cinnamomum Leaf Benzyl benzoate, cis-b-guaiene, eugenol, limonene, Antimicrobial,[20] insecticidal[203] Antiaging,[248] food poisoning,[17] rhynchophyllum linalool, methyl(E)-cinnamate, methyl eugenol, intestinal problem,[115] sexual Miq. myrcene, p-cymene, sabinene, safrole, spathulenol, debility,[248] stomach ache[17] terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, a-humulene, a- phellandrene, a-pinene, a-terpinene, a-terpineol, a- thujene, b-phellandrene, b-pinene, b-selinene, b- caryophyllene, c-terpinene, d-3-carene, d-cadinene[20] Bark (E)-Asarone, benzyl benzoate borneol, camphor, linalool, methyl(E)-cinnamate, methyl eugenol, p- cymene, sabinene, safrole, spathulenol, terpinen-4-ol, a-humulene, a-pinene, a-terpineol, a-thujene, b- caryophyllene, c-terpinene[20] 24. Cinnamomum Leaf Hydrocarbons: a-Copaene; d-cadinene.[249] Anticholinesterase,[160] Influenza[148] scortechinii Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; (Z)-nerolidol; (Z)-b-ocimene; antimicrobial,[20] antioxidant,[160] Gamble allo-ocimene; borneol; camphor; geranial; geraniol; antityrosinase,[160] insecticidal,[203] globulol; limonene; linalool; myrcene; neral; nerol; platelet-activating factor (PAF) sabinene; spathulenol; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; receptor-binding antagonist viridiflorol; a-bisabolol; a-humulene; a-muurolene; a- activity[40] phellandrene; a-pinene; a-terpinene; a-terpineol; b- caryophyllene; b-phellandrene; b-pinene; b-selinene; b-sesquiphellandrene; c-muurolene; c-terpinene; d-3- carene.[249] Bark Hydrocarbons: a-Copaene; d-cadinene.[249] Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; (E,E)-a-farnesene; (Z)- nerolidol; 1,8-cineole; borneol; camphene; caryophyllene oxide; cis-linalool oxide (furanoid); citronellal; farnesene; Geranial; geraniol; limonene; linalool; neral; nerol; p-cymen-8-ol; p-cymene; sabinene; spathulenol; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; a- cubebene; a-fenchol; a-humulene; a-pinene; a- selinene; a-terpineol; b-bisabolol; b-caryophyllene; b- elemene; b-eudesmol; b-pinene; b-selinene; b- sesquiphellandrene; c-eudesmol; d-elemene[249]

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

25. Cinnamomum Leaf Hydrocarbons: a-Cadinene; c-cadinene; d-cadinene.[250] Analgesic,[251] anti-inflammatory,[251] Abdominal pain,[253] animal sintoc Blume Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; caryophyllene oxide; antimicrobial,[252] insecticidal,[203] bites,[254] diarrhoea,[253] germacrene-D; limonene; linalool; myrcene; p- platelet-activating factor (PAF) dysentery,[251] fatigue,[115] cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; a-cadinol; receptor-binding antagonist flatulence,[252] epilepsy,[254] a-humulene; a-terpineol; b-caryophyllene; b-elemene; activity[39] intestinal complaints,[253] insects b-pinene; c-elemene; c-muurolene; c-terpinene[250] bite,[253] inflammation,[251] mouth freshener,[253] numbness,[253] pyrexia,[115,252] rheumatism,[254] snake bite,[253] swelling,[254] syphilis,[253] tiredness,[115] ulcer[253] Bark 1,8-Cineol, 4-terpineol, aromadendrene, benzyl benzoate, borneol, bornyl acetate, camphor, caryophyllene oxide, derivative eugenol, eugenic acid, eugenol, germacrene, globulol, hexadecanoic acid, isomyristicin, isopulegol, juniper camphor, L-limonene, L-linalool, methyl eugenol, myristicin, safrole, spathulenol, trans-caryophyllene, thymol, viridiflorol, a-cadinol, a-calacorene, a-curcumene, a-muurolene, a-terpineol, a-copaene, b-caryophyllene, c-muurolene, d-cadinene, d-cadinol.[251] Aldehyde: Dodecanal; tetradecanal; undecanal.[250] Fatty acid: Tetradecanoic acid.[250] Hydrocarbons: Dodecane; c-cadinene; d-cadinene.[250] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; borneol; camphene; cis- linalool oxide; cubenol; epi-a-cadinol; geraniol; germacrene B; limonene; linalool; myrcene; nerol; p- cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; a- humulene; a-muurolene; a-pinene; a-selinene; a- terpineol; a-thujene; a-ylangene; b-elemene; b- pinene; b-selinene; c-muurolene; c-terpinene[250] Wood Aldehyde: Benzaldehyde; decanal; Dodecanal; hexanal; octadecanal; tetradecanal; undecanal.[250] Fatty acid: Hexadecanoic acid; octadecanoic acid; pentadecanoic acid; tetradecanoic acid.[250] Hydrocarbons: Dodecane; a-copaene; c-cadinene.[250] Terpinenes: 1,8-Cineole; cis-linalool oxide; epi-a- cadinol; linalool; p-cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans- linalool oxide; a-humulene; a-terpineol; a- ylangene[250] Twig Aldehyde: Benzaldehyde; tetradecanal.[250] Hydrocarbons: a-Copaene; c-cadinene; d- cadinene.[250] Terpinenes: (E)-b-Farnesene; (E,E)-a-farnesene; 1,8- cineole; cis-linalool oxide; linalool; p-cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; a-terpineol; b- caryophyllene; b-elemene[250] 26. Cinnamomum Root 3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-methoxy cinnamyl alcohol; Anticancer activity,[130,257] anti- Abdominal pain, chest pain, subavenium eugenol; isoobtusilactone A; myristicin; obtusilactone inflammatory,[130] diarrhoea, hernia, nausea, Miq. A,[255] subamol.[256] isoobtusilactone A, obtusilactone antioxidant,[130,172,255] rheumatism, stomach aches, A, eugenol, myristicin, cinnamyl alcohol[255] antityrosinase,[258], enzyme swellings, vomiting[260] inhibitory[259] Stem (+)-Catechin, (+)-syringaresinol, ( )-epicatechin, ( )- À À sesamin, ferulic acid, isolinderanolide B, linderanolide B6, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, palmitic acid, secosubamolide, stearic acid, stigmasterol, stigmasteryl-D-glucoside, subamolides A-C, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, vanillin, b-sitosterol, b- sitosterol-D-glucoside[257]

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

Leaf (3R,4R)-p-Menth-1-ene-3,4-diol 3-O-b-D- glucopyranoside; (3R,4S,6R)-p-menth-1-ene-3,6-diol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside; (3S,5R,6S,7E)-megastigma- 7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol; (4R)-p-menthane-1,2⍺,8-triol 1⍺, 6b-dihydroxy-5,10-bis-epi-eudesm-15-carboxaldehyde- 6-O-b-D-glucopyranoside; 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1- O-b-D-glucoside; 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl-b-D- glucopyranoside; acaricide B1; D-threo- guaiacylglycerol 7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside; wilsonol G; wilsonol H; ⍺-D-glucoside.[261] (2R)-naringenin 5-O-b- D-glucopyranoside; (2S)-naringenin 5-O-b-D- glucopyranoside; (aR)- and (aS)-subavenoside A; (aR)- and (aS)-subavenoside B; (aR)- and (aS)-subavenoside C; (aR)- and (aS)-subavenoside D; (aR)- and (aS)- subavenoside E; (aR)- and (aS)-subavenoside F; (aR,7R)-6,7-dihydrosubavenoside A; (aR,7R)- and (aS,7S)-6,7-dihydrosubavenoside D; (aR,7R)- dihydrisosubamol; (aS,7S)-6,7-dihydrosubavenoside A; 1-butyrylphloroglucinol b-D-glucopyranoside; 3- hexenyl b-D-glucopyranoside; 3-O-a-L- rhamnopyranoside; 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1 ? 6)-b-D-glucopyranoside; 3-O-b-D- glucopyranoside; 7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside; kaempferol; 9,12-Di-O-methylsubamo; chavicol 4-O-b- D-apiofuranosyl-(1 ? 6)-b-D-glucopyranoside; D-1; dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol b-D-xylopyranoside; epicatechin; gibberellin; hydroxytyrosol; nine flavonoids, catechin; phloridzin; two tannins, cinnamtannins B-1[259] Fatty acids: Hexadecanoic acid[262] Hydrocarbons: Cadalene; pentacosane; tridecane; a- copaene; d-cadinene.[262] Others: (E)-Methyl cinnamate; (E)-a-ionone; (Z)- isoeugenol; benzyl benzoate; cis-calamenene; cis-⍺- bergamotene; cubenol; dodecene; elemol; geranyl acetate; geranyl formate; methyl eugenol; trans- pinocarveol; a-cubebene; a-cyperone.[262] cinnamtannins B-1 and D-1,[259] subamone[263] Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; (E)-b-farnesene; 1,8-cineole; aristolone; borneol; camphene; cis-linalool oxide; geranial; geraniol; linalool; myrcene; neral; p-cymene; patchouli alcohol; spathulenol; terpinen-4-ol; trans- linalool oxide; viridiflorol; a-bisabolol; a-cadinol; a- humulene; a-muurolene; a-muurolol; a-pinene; a- terpineol; b-bisabolene; b-caryophyllene; b-pinene; b- selinene; c-muurolene; c-terpinene[262] Bark Fatty acids: Hexadecanoic acid; Pentadecanoic acid; Tetradecanoic acid[262] Hydrocarbons: Cadalene; tridecane; d-cadinene.[262] Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; 1,8-cineole; aristolone; borneol; camphene; cis-linalool oxide; geranial; geraniol; linalool; myrcene; neral; p-cymene; patchouli alcohol; spathulenol; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; viridiflorol; a-bisabolene; a-bisabolol; a-cadinol; a-cedrene; a-muurolene; a-muurolol; a-pinene; a- terpineol; b-bisabolene; b-cedrene; b-pinene; b- selinene; c-muurolene; c-terpinene[262]

Table 1 (Continued) Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

27. Cinnamomum Leaf Fatty acid: Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid).[264] Anti-inflammatory[267], Arthritis,[269] backache,[103] sulphuratum Flavonoid: (E)-Cinnamaldehyde[41] antimicrobial[268], cholera,[265] cough and cold,[270] Nees Hydrocarbons: a-Amorphene; a-copaene; d- hepatoprotective[103] diabetes,[271] dyspepsia,[265] cadinene[264] headache,[270] insects bite,[270] Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; camphor; perillene; c- menstrual problems,[272] oral terpinene; ⍺-fenchol[41]; 1-linalool[265]; a- problems,[270] pyrexia,[265,272] phellandrene[266]; citronellol; b-pinene[41,265]; b- worm infestation[272], wounds,[103] caryophyllene[41]; b-phellandrene[41]; linalool[41]; (Z)-b- urinary problems[103] ocimene[264,266]; a-muurolene; spathulenol[41,264]; 1,8- cineole; caryophyllene oxide; p-cymene; terpinen-4-ol; a-humulene; a-terpineol[41]; limonene; b- pinene[195,264]; caryophyllene alcohol; germacrene-D; a-cadinol; a-muurolol; a-selinene; b-bisabolene; b- elemene; b-selinene[264]; borneol; cis-linalool oxide (furanoid); citronellal; geranial; geranyl acetate; myrcene; neral; terpinolene; trans-linalool oxide (furanoid)[41,195]; camphene; geraniol; nerol; ⍺- pinene[41,195,265]; geranyl formate; piperitone; ⍺- fenchol[195] Stem bark Flavonoid: (E)-Cinnamaldehyde; (Z)- cinnamaldehyde[41,195] Hydrocarbon: d-Cadinene[41,195]; ⍺-copaene[41,195,264] Terpinenes: Camphor; caryophyllene oxide; b- phellandrene; b-pinene[41]; limonene; linalool; b- pinene[41,195,264]; spathulenol[264]; 1,8 cineole; borneol; camphene; geranial; p-cymene; terpinen-4- ol; b-bisabolene; b-caryophyllene; ⍺-fenchol; ⍺- humulene; ⍺-muurolene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-terpineol[41,195] Bark Anthraquinones, cyanogenic glycosides, glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, saponins, steroids, triterpenes[103] 28. Cinnamomum Leaves Ethyl 3,5-dihydroxy-4-nitrobenzoate[273]; 2,3-dihydro- Antiangiogenic,[277] anticancer,[278] Anaemia,[282] arthralgia,[282] tenuifolium 6,6-dimethylbenzo[b][1,5]dioxocin-4(6H)-one[274];(+) antimicrobial,[279] antioxidant,[280] gastrointestinal pain,[282] lochia,[282] (Makino) spathulenol, 1,8-cineole, 1-phellandrene, 2 borneol L, antiplatelet aggregation[281] lumbago,[282] respiratory tract Sugim. benzaldehyde, bicyclo, bornyl acetate, calarene, problems[90] camphene, carvone, caryophyllene oxide, elemol, limonene, linalool, p-cymen-8-ol, sabinene, terpinen- 4-ol, a-pipene, a-terpineol, b-eudesmol, b-myrcene, b-pinene, c-gurjunene, d-selinene, d3-carene.[275] Enzyme: l-Kaurene.[276] Hydrocarbons: d-d-Cadinene; l-copaene; e- cadinene.[276] Terpenes: 1,8-Cineole; camphene; camphor; cis- linalool oxide; citronellol; d-cis-yabunikkeol; geraniol; l-caryophyllene; l-linalool; l-trans-yabunikkeol; l-⍺- phellandrene; l-⍺-terpineol; limonene; nerol; p- cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; b- elemene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; ⍺-cadinol; ⍺- humulene; ⍺-pinene[276] Twig Enzyme: l-Kaurene[276] Hydrocarbons: d-d-Cadinene; l-copaene; e- cadinene.[276] Others: 3-Hexen-1-ol; calamenene; elemol; eugenol; l- carvone; methyl eugenol; safrole; undefined ketone; unidentified alcohol; unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbon(SHC); b-calacorene; ⍺-calacorene; ⍺- terpinyl acetate.[276] Terpenes: 1,8-Cineole; camphene; camphor; cis- linalool oxide; citronellol; d-cis-yabunikkeol; geraniol; l-caryophyllene; l-linalool; l-trans-yabunikkeol; l-⍺- phellandrene; l-⍺-terpineol; limonene; nerol; p- cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; b- elemene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; ⍺-cadinol; ⍺- humulene; ⍺-pinene[276] Branchlets Hydrocarbons: d-d-Cadinene; l-copaene; e- cadinene.[276] Terpenes: 1,8-Cineole; camphene; camphor; cis- linalool oxide; citronellol; d-cis-yabunikkeol; geraniol; l-caryophyllene; l-linalool; l-trans-yabunikkeol; l-⍺- phellandrene; l-⍺-terpineol; limonene; nerol; p- cymene; terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide; b- elemene; b-myrcene; b-pinene; ⍺-cadinol; ⍺- humulene; ⍺-pinene[276]

Table 1 (Continued)

Part S. No. Plant used Chemical constituent Pharmacological activity Medicinal use

Stem Tenuifolide A [(4S,3Z)-4-hydroxy-5-methylene-3- heptacosylidenedihydrofuran-2-one]; isotenuifolide A [(4S,3E)-4-hydroxy-5-methylene-3- heptacosylidenedihydrofuran-2-one]; tenuifolide B [3- (1-methoxyeicosyl)-5-methylene-5H-furan-2-one]; secotenuifolide A {methyl[(2E)-2-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2- oxopropyl]heptacos-2-enoate]}; tenuifolin {(3- methoxy-5H-9,11-dioxabenzo[3,4]cyclohepta[1,2-f]) inden-7-yl) methanol}[278];(+)-sesamin, (+)- syringaresinol, 4-allylcatechol, alpinenone, catechin, epicatechin, eugenol 4-O-methyl ether, ferulic acid, isoobtusilactone A, isotenuifolide A, myristicin, obtusilactone A, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, palmitic acid, secotenuifolide A, stearic acid, tenuifolide A and B, tenuifolin, b-sitostenone, b-sitosterol, b-sitosterol- D-glucoside[278] 29. Cinnamomum Bark Anthraquinones, cardiotonic glycosides, cyanogenic Antimicrobial,[268] cytotoxic,[109] Asthma,[283] backache,[103] cough travancoricum glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, saponins, steroids, hepatoprotective[103] and cold,[283] dental diseases,[283] Gamble triterpenes,[103] essential oils, ﬁxed oils, sapanin, mouth diseases,[283] thirst,[283] sugar, tannins, triterpenoids[109] vomiting,[283] wounds,[103] urinary problems[103] Leaf Essential oils, sapanin, sugar, tannins, triterpenoids.[109] 30. Cinnamomum Leaf Flavonoids: (Z)-Cinnamaldehyde; cinnamaldehyde Antioxidant[285] Asthma,[286] bronchitis,[286] cardiac tazia (=(E)-cinnamaldehyde).[41,284] problems,[114] diarrhoea,[286] (Buch.-Ham.) Hydrocarbon: Azulene.[114] dysentery,[55] muscular strains,[114] Kosterm. ex Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; 1,8-cineole; borneol; nausea,[286] rheumatism,[114] M.Gangop. camphene; caryophyllene oxide; cis-linalool oxide stomach disorder,[41,284] skin (furanoid); limonene; linalool; p-cymene; sabinene; diseases[114] terpinen-4-ol; trans-linalool oxide (furanoid); b-pinene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-terpineol.[41,284] cineol; limonene; terpineol[114] Stem Flavonoids: (Z)-Cinnamaldehyde; cinnamaldehyde (=(E)- cinnamaldehyde)[41] Hydrocarbon: Azulene.[114] Terpinenes: (2)-b-Farnesene;(E)-nerolidol; (E,E)-⍺- farnesene; 1,8-cineole; borneol; camphene; caryophyllene oxide; linalool; p-cymene; terpinen-4-ol; b-caryophyllene; b-pinene; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺- terpineol[41]; cineol; limonene; terpineol[114] Root bark Flavonoids: (Z)-Cinnamaldehyde; cinnamaldehyde (=(E)- cinnamaldehyde)[41] Terpinenes: (E)-Nerolidol; (E,E)-⍺-farnesene; 1,8- cineole; borneol; camphene; caryophyllene oxide; cis- linalool oxide (furanoid); limonene; linalool; p-cymene; T-cadinol; terpinen-4-ol; terpinolene; trans-linalool oxide (furanoid); b-caryophyllene; b-pinene; ⍺-cadinol; ⍺-humulene; ⍺-pinene; ⍺-terpineol[41] 31. Cinnamomum Bark Anthraquinones; cardiotonic glycosides; cyanogenic Antimicrobial,[268] antioxidant,[287] Backache,[103] headaches,[288] walaiwarense glycosides; leucoanthocyanins; saponins; steroids; cytotoxic,[109] hepatoprotective,[103] menstrual problems,[288] Kosterm. triterpenes[103]; essential oils; ﬁxed oils; sapanin; hypoglycaemic[287] pyrexia,[288] urinary problems,[103] sugar; tannins; triterpenoids[109] wound[103] Leaf Essential oils; sapanin; sugar; tannins; triterpenoids[109]; benzyl benzoate[287] 32. Cinnamomum Bark Cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamyl acetate[289] Antioxidant,[290] cytotoxic,[109] Abdominal disorders,[289,292] wightii Meisn. hepatoprotective,[103] larvicidal[291] colic,[292] constipation,[292] cough and cold,[289,292] diarrhoea,[292] dysuria,[289,292] gynaecological disorders,[292,293] headache,[293] indigestion,[289,292] insect bite,[292] mumps,[289] nerves disorder,[294] paralytic disorders,[292] pyrexia,[293] rheumatism,[292] stress,[294] worm infestation,[292] wounds[293] Leaves Flavonoid: Cinnamic aldehyde; quercetin- 3-0- rutinoside; terpinenes: ⍺-pinene; p- cymene; b- pinene; limonene; geraniol[292] 33. Cinnamomum Bark Cinnamic aldehyde; eugenol; methyl eugenol; Anticancer,[296] antioxidant,[297] Abdominal disorders,[295,296] wilsonii mucilage; phellandrene; tannin[295] immunomodulatory[296] anaemia,[295] lumbago,[295] Gamble wounds[295,296] Leaves (+)-(6S,7E,9Z)-Abscisic ester; apocynol A, lasianthionoside A, wilsonols A-I[296]

Table 2 Details of clinical trials[32] with keyword ‘cinnamon’

Clinical trials Title Status Study results

NCT01301521 Cinnamon trial-lifestyle intervention plus water-soluble Active, not recruiting No results available[32] cinnamon extract on lowering blood glucose in pre- diabetics NCT03778099 The effect of cinnamon on ovulation induction in women Recruiting No results available[32] with polycystic ovary syndrome NCT01302743 Cinnamon bark, water-soluble cinnamon extract, and Terminated No results available[32] metformin for treatment of type 2 DM NCT01847053 Bioavailability study of cinnamon in healthy subjects Completed No results available[32] NCT00331279 The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance Completed No results available[32] parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study NCT00445354 Randomized controlled clinical trial of cinnamon to lower Completed No results available[32] haemoglobin A1c NCT00371800 The effect of cinnamon on HbA1c among adolescents with Completed No results available[32] type I diabetes NCT01483118 Cinnamon extract on menstrual cycles in polycystic ovary Completed The changes in insulin resistance syndrome (PCOS) parameters in overweight patients with PCOS between baseline and after 6 months of daily cinnamon compared to the corresponding change in patients receiving 6 months of placebo. Higher values of insulin resistance represent a worse outcome. A higher value homoeostasis model of insulin resistance indicates more insulin resistance so higher values are worse outcomes (a score of >2 is considered healthy for adults with scores >5 being considered severe insulin resistance). For the Quant. Insulin Sensitivity Check Index, a lower value indicates more insulin resistance so lower values are worse outcomes (values can range from 0.45, which is considered normal in health individuals and 0.30, which is characteristic of diabetes)[32] NCT00237640 Effect of cinnamon on glucose and lipid levels in non- Completed No results available[32] insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus NCT00951639 Cassia cinnamon for glucose uptake in young women Completed No results available[32] NCT00846898 Is there a metabolic effect of cinnamon on HbA1c, blood Completed No results available [32] pressure and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus? NCT00970541 Effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance in Terminated No results available[32] polycystic ovary syndrome NCT03061916 Cinnamon and ginger in comparison to chlorhexidine Unknown status No results available[32] gluconate 0.2% on oral Streptococcus mutans NCT03219411 Effects of Cinnamon supplementation on glucose Active, not recruiting No results available[32] metabolism in patients with pre-diabetes NCT02942056 The effect of cinnamon cassia on diabetes control and Not yet recruiting No results available[32] cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus NCT00479973 The anti-diabetic and cholesterol-lowering effects of Unknown status No results available[32] cinnamon and cassia bark

Table 2 (Continued) Clinical trials Title Status Study results

NCT02455778 Effect of oral cinnamon intervention in metabolic Completed No results available [32] syndrome NCT01027585 The effects of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, Completed No results available[32] and insulin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance NCT03711682 Reducing plasma glucose effect of cinnamon in type 2 Completed No results available[32] diabetic patients in the Municipality of Comasagua NCT01734187 Efficacy and safety of fermented cinnamon vine powder Unknown status No results available[32] on decrement of body fat NCT03813914 A new supplement for the ‘metabolic syndrome’ Completed No results available[32] NCT01350284 The effect of natural food flavouring on gastrointestinal Completed No results available [32] and cardiovascular physiological responses NCT03061799 Efficacy and safety of HPC-03 for postmenopausal Unknown status No results available[32] symptom NCT01530685 Gycabiane and glycemic control of prediabetic subjects Unknown status No results available [32] NCT02074423 A human clinical trial evaluating the effect of MealShapea^ Completed No results available[32] „¢ on blood glucose level following consumption of standard meal NCT03388762 RCT of a polyherbal dietary supplement for prediabetes Recruiting No results available[32]

various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, Chemical composition of cinnamon microbial infection, nerves disorder, abdominal disorder, Polyphenols and volatile phenols are the two chemical asthma, bronchitis, urinary infection, arthritis, anaemia classes which are isolated from C. zeylanicum. Cinnamon and blood pressure because of their bioactive compounds. mostly contains ferulic acids, caffeic, gallic, vanillic, pro- So, cinnamon as a multipurpose medicinal spice plays an tocatechuic and p-coumaric along with the polyphenols important role in modern medicine system. As we know, in (Figure 1a).[33] The chemical composition of cinnamon modern era all people attracted to herbal medicine to treat essential oil in regard to volatile components is various ailments safely. Therefore, in this review, we sum- depended on the plant part from which they are marized the pre-existing studies on the in-vivo and in-vitro extracted. Cinnamaldehyde (Figure 1b) with a content pharmacological activity of Cinnamomum. However, vari- ranging from 90% to 62%–73% is the most represented ous scientists identified many compounds but extensive substance extracted from bark essential oil.[34] Hydrocar- research is still needed to explore the mechanism and func- bons and oxygenated compounds (i.e. benzyl benzoate, tion of other unidentified compounds to fight which can be b-caryophyllene, cinnamyl acetate, linalool and eugenyl used to cure several diseases. acetate) are the other minor volatile compounds (Fig- ure 1b). Eugenol having higher concentration >80% and Declarations (E)-cinnamyl acetate and caryophyllene is the main component of cinnamon leaf oil and cinnamon flowers Conflict of interest and fruit (Figure 1b).[35–37] The authors declare no conflict of interests. Conclusion Funding Modern and traditional medicinal along with the chemical and pharmaceutical system is mostly dependent on medici- This research did not receive any specific grant from fund- nal plants for their drug requirements. Aromatic plants are ing agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit mostly used for fragrances, cosmetics and health beverages. sectors. Researchers and scientist examine the medicinal plants to improve the drug development. At present scenario, about Author contributions three-quarters of the world population depends on these medicinal plants for health concerns. Cinnamon bark has All authors participated in the search and analysis of the various chemical compounds used as a spice all over the articles and books, and also in the writing of the manu- world. Cinnamon has been shown to possess different bio- script. All authors have read and approved the final manu- logical and pharmacological actions for the treatment of script.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 (a) Polyphenolic constituents and (b) chemical compounds of cinnamon essential oil.

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