Gh Rasim Luca : H Ros-Limite De La Po Sie Fran Aise

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Gh Rasim Luca : H Ros-Limite De La Po Sie Fran Aise 福岡大学人文論叢第 39 巻第 1 号 ― 175 ― GH RASIM LUCA : H ROS-LIMITE DE LA PO SIE FRAN AISE Vincent Teixeira* Il y a des livres que l'on ouvre et que l'on ne referme plus car ils ouvrent tout l'horizon. Ceux de Gh rasim Luca en font partie. Luca est une sorte de cas-limite, h ros-limite, l' cart dans la po sie fran aise. H ros-limite,titre d'un de ses premiers recueils, qui outrepasse les limites, passe et d passe les fronti res, et d'abord celles qui jalonnent la trajectoire de son existence, de Bucarest, o il naquit en 1913, Paris, o il r sida partir de 1952 jusqu' son suicide dans la Seine, o il se jeta, comme Paul Celan, le 9 f vrier 1994. Comment s'en sortir sans sortir ? , tel fut son cheminement po tique, le fild'Arianedesonmt orite passage, m me si son dernier saut signe l'irr fragable limite de son exil int rieur, se heurtant finalement la rar faction de l'air qui semble bien touffer nos civilisations sous serres d'esclaves endormis, comme si, tel Michaux agonisant, il n'avait pu que refuser, apr s tant d'appels d'air, un oxyg ne de survie, ersatz de vie. Rebelle et solitaire, m me s'il fut proche un temps d'Andr Breton et de certains surr alistes, il fut une sorte de h ros-limite de par son refus de toutes les limites, de tous les syst mesetdetouslesdterminismes, * Associate Professor, Faculty of Humanities, Fukuoka University (1) ―176― assujettissements une identit ,sapassion perdue de la libert , oscillant entre les vertiges du plein et du vide, tel un funambule sur un fil tendu au-dessus du gouffre des apories, entre fascination pour le trou du z ro et l'infini du chaos, un grand rien du tout ,dontl' branlement voue autant l'inach vement et l'effondrement qu' l'invention perp tuelle d'une r alit incandescente du devenir ,auxlimitesdelafolie,dansunpartage ou plut t un alliage alchimique entre construction et destruction que son uvre et sa vie ont incarn avec une rage furieuse qui n'a que peu d' quivalents depuis Sade. H ros-limite ou h ros infini , comme il l' crit dans Tangage de ma langue ,dontl'rection et l' ruption confondent z ro et h ros dans les vertiges d'une morphologie affol ede l' ros . Dans son po me intitul H ros-limite,quid finit la position m me du po te, Luca oppose le grand symbolisme mythique du trou au grand tout universel 1, une mani re pour le po te de frapper en plein c ur le grand tout m taphysique qui tient les hommes dans les rets du pouvoir, de la domination des concepts et d'un langage aussi asservi qu'asservissant, assoupi et inerte. H ros-limite,Gh rasim Luca l'est bien s r aussi et avant tout par la mani re explosive dont il bouscule et r invente la langue fran aise, la vampirisant de mani re aussi sacril ge qu'amoureuse, redisant le monde avec des mots refaits, trouant le langage et la pens e, mais aussi son tre m me, son identit , son corps, car (re)penser le langage, c'est la fois penser la pens e et penser le corps. Ainsi, apatride d'expression fran aise, son pays, c'est son corps ; son identit ,c'estsavoix,etsapo sie- vertige reste sans autre exemple, au point que Gilles Deleuze n'a pas craint 1. Gh rasim Luca, H ros-limite (1953), Jos Corti, 1985, p.20-21. En sanskrit, kha veut dire z ro, le chiffre du trou absolu ,selonLuca,maissignifieaussi trou, orifice . (2) GH RASIM LUCA(Teixeira) ― 177 ― de la pr senter comme la plus grande du si cle. UN PO™ETE APATRIDE, HORS LIMITES Tout commence et tout finit par le langage, mais tout reste dire et, de surcro t, tout reste vivre. tres de langage, nous sommes toujours dans le langage, pris dans le langage, qui a m me une fonction vitale, biologique, mais nous ne le transcendons pas, ne le dominons pas et le paradoxe est qu'il est extr mement difficile de parler du langage car nous n'avons pas de rapport direct avec lui ou du moins avec ce qui serait son essence suppos e, le langage tant aussi un mythe, une sorte de grand objet ext rieur , l' tincellement m me du dehors , comme disait Foucault. L'enjeu pour un crivain et particuli rement pour un po te est donc de penser l'ext riorit radicale au langage par le langage m me. Mais c'est au-del de toute gen se, imaginaire, comme de toute t l ologie, tyrannique, ces deux postures engendrant de phantasmatiques et ali nants processus d'appartenance, de domination et de servitude, que la litt rature, mue par la tentation de l'incr et une volont d'affranchissement, oscille, vacille, vrille et brille entre cr ation et destruction, mergence et voilement. Qu'elle s'enracine l'esp rance, s' puise en d sespoir, porte l'obscur ou l' clat au c ur des mots dont elle puise la possibilit ,l'criture vibre tel un fil tendu entre les ab mesdel'incertitudeetlescimesdelavrit , fragile entreprise dont l'horizon,enlignedemire,n'estplusl'ombremaispasencorelaproie.Ce pari du tout s'appuie sur cet cart lement, inapaisable. Vertige d'un pari entre tout et rien, o des passerelles sont jet es sur le n ant. La position de (3) ―178― l' crivainoudupotequirisquequelquechoseaveclelangageserait comparable celle de ces moines tao stes en m ditation au bord des pr cipices, face aux gouffres, en proie aux sortil gesduvide.Entrele silence souverain, muraille de plomb au seuil de l'interdit, et les clairs foudroyants du verbe, l' crivain s'engage dans un itin raire vivant, donc vuln rable, rendu vivable par le seul usage de la parole, sur le chemin de l'inconnu : telle est sa d raison d' tre , telle est sa peine de vivre et d' crire. Pourtant, et peut- tred'autantplusdansleno man's land qui semble caract riser ce qu'il en est de l'humain l' re du d senchantement contemporain, la litt rature en g n ral et la po sie en particulier se heurtent un impouvoir patent : la litt rature ne peut rien - ou ne peut que tr speu; condition toutefois qu'elle tente tout, au sens du pari pascalienoude la chance bataillienne. Dans ce jeu insens d' crire , il s'agit donc de rejouer le destin du langage, de le faire bouger, ce qui consiste aussi bien faire bouger les tres et les choses, la pens e et le corps, car la pens eseconstruitsurdela mati re ( L'esprit n'est que l' tat d'esprit des corps ,ditLuca),au-del des clivagesentreconceptsetaffects,l'alchimieverbale tant d'abord une physique verbale, la relation de l'homme l'univers (et la langue) tant de nature proprement physique, avant d' tre m taphysique. Le monde n'est plus clair par un foyer absolu , mythique, religieux ou politique, soleil central dont l' clatement renvoie les hommes une dialectique inapaisable entre savoir et non-savoir, chaque savoir engendrant sa propre ignorance. Au quotidien, le langage est rendu de plus en plus labile par l'obligation d'utilit faite au sens et la soumission ce que l'on appelle commun ment (4) GH RASIM LUCA(Teixeira) ― 179 ― communication , selon laquelle nous vivons largement dans des consen- sus, que nous prenons pour la v rit . Cet enracinement du discours commun dans une langue aussi doxique que toxique, la langue de la doxa, aplatit, anesth sie et cr eleconsensusdu pr t- -penser et de la pens e molle, dictant les mots de la conformit et de la soumission. Le langage se trouve donc gar , ayant perdu son ancrage dans les mythes de l'originel et de la parole sacr e, ayant perdu, comme le dit Richard Millet, l'illusion de son innocence : les langues ne disent plus que le d faut d'enchantement, particuli rement le fran ais qui a chu dans un langage d'esclaves (un esclavage consenti) et qui, apr slesgrandesn gations du XXe si cle dont la rh toriquepublicitairen'estpasladernire, a perdu toute innocence (n cessaire illusion, peut- tre, charge pour l' crivain de retrouver dans la langue, sans doute en vain, la figure de sa propre innocence, faute de pouvoir rendre aux mots une fra cheur qu'ils n'ont d'ailleurs eue que dans la mesure o lesgrandstextesnousdonnent r ver l'innocence du langage, laquelle n'est que le mouvement d'une d ception infinie) 2 .L'criture, surtout l' criture po tique, consiste suppl er ce d faut d'innocence, ce d faut d'origine des langues, toutes plus ou moins enlis es dans la terreur de Babel , laFossedeBabel , car elle porte en elle les germes d'une autre langue, incr e. Or, le po te habite d'abord une langue, davantage qu'un pays, et sa patrie n'est pas un lieu, mais l' criture, un lieu sans lieu ,une h t rotopie ou une utopie, un enfermement hors de soi , comme l' crivait Blanchot. C'est pourquoi l' crivain, comme l'artiste, est bien souvent un tre l' cart, un peu en dehors de la soci t ,d'o sa grandeur ou sa mis re, et l' criture a partie li e avec cette question de la solitude essentielle ,ce 2. Richard Millet, Place des Pens es, Sur Maurice Blanchot, Gallimard, 2007, p.15. (5) ―180― retrait absolu, du moins pour ceux, tels Montaigne, Sade, Nietzsche, Beckett, Michaux ou Blanchot, dont la vie se fait uvre et l' uvre le lieu o s'accomplit leur disparition.
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