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Contesting Citizenship and Faith: Muslim Claims-Making in Canada and the United States, 2001-2008 Sara Nuzhat Amin Department Of

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Contesting Citizenship and Faith: Muslim Claims-Making in Canada and the United States, 2001-2008 Sara Nuzhat Amin Department Of Contesting Citizenship and Faith: Muslim claims-making in Canada and the United States, 2001-2008 Sara Nuzhat Amin Department of Sociology McGill University, Montreal July 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of PhD in Sociology Copyright © Sara Nuzhat Amin 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1: CONTESTING CITIZENSHIP AND FAITH: RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, DESIGN AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................. 9 1.1 GOALS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................. 13 1.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AND THE ROLE OF POLITICAL CONTEXT, COMPETING DISCOURSES, AND BIOGRAPHY IN ITS CONSTRUCTION .............................................. 16 1.2.1 Collective Identity Processes ............................................................................ 17 1.2.2 Citizenship as collective identity: political context and competing discourses 20 1.3 COMPETING DISCOURSES FACED BY MUSLIM ACTORS REGARDING FAITH AND CITIZENSHIP ........ 24 1.3.1 Competing Discourses in Liberal Democratic Citizenship ................................. 25 1.3.1.1 Rights: Individual vs. Collective Rights ...................................................... 27 1.3.1.2 Practice: The place of faith and religion in the practice of citizenship ..... 32 1.3.1.3 Identity: Sources of citizenship identity .................................................... 38 1.3.1.4 Identity: The challenge of transnationality ............................................... 43 1.3.2 Competing discourses in Islam regarding difference, diversity, change and secularism ................................................................................................................. 46 1.3.2.1 Discourses in the Modernist Movement in Islam: Modernism, Fundamentalism and Traditionalism .................................................................... 47 1.3.2.2 Relationship between Religion and the State ........................................... 50 1.3.2.3 Change and Interpretation ........................................................................ 52 1.3.2.4 Source of religious authority ..................................................................... 56 1.4 METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN .......................................................................... 60 1.4.1 Sample of Muslim actors in this study ............................................................. 61 1.4.3 Qualitative Methodological Strategy ............................................................... 62 1.4.3.1 Interviews .................................................................................................. 63 1.4.3.2 Non-Participant Observation .................................................................... 63 1.4.3.3 Primary Documentation ............................................................................ 64 1.4.4 Comparative Framework .................................................................................. 64 1.5 OVERVIEW OF FOLLOWING CHAPTERS .............................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 2: CHOOSING TO BECOME CITIZENS AND TRANSFORMING FAITH INTO CITIZENSHIP PRIOR TO 9/11 ....................................................................................... 68 2.1 A GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF MUSLIMS IN NORTH AMERICA .............................. 69 2.2 WAVES OF MUSLIM IMMIGRATION AND VARIATIONS IN CITIZENSHIP AND RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS ...................................................................................................................................... 77 2.3 AFRICAN-AMERICAN MUSLIMS, CONVERTS AND SECOND-GENERATION MUSLIM CITIZENS: NATIONALIZING FAITH ........................................................................................................ 86 2.4 FIQH OF MINORITIES: USING FAITH TO JUSTIFY THE PRACTICE OF POLITICAL CITIZENSHIP ......... 94 2.5 THE EXAMPLE OF MUSLIM OTHERS: LOCALIZING FAITH OR EXPANDING CITIZENSHIP? ........... 105 2.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 108 2 CHAPTER 3: DISSENT AND NEW DIVERSITIES IN MUSLIM IDENTITY DISCOURSES IN THE WAKE OF 9/11 ......................................................................................................... 122 3.1 NEW DIVERSITIES OF “MODERATE MUSLIMS” TO CONTEND WITH: PROGRESSIVE, LIBERAL AND SECULAR ........................................................................................................................ 130 3.1.1 Progressive Muslims ....................................................................................... 133 3.1.2 Liberal Muslims .............................................................................................. 142 3.1.3 Secular Muslims. ............................................................................................ 146 3.1.4 Progressive Muslims Union of North America: An untenably large tent ....... 152 3.2 THE PROBLEM OF AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY OF THE “NEW” MUSLIM ACTIVISTS ............... 161 3.3 RESPONSE FROM THE MAINSTREAM MUSLIM LEADERSHIP SINCE 9/11 ............................... 167 3.4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 179 CHAPTER 4: CITIZENSHIP AND FAITH CLUSTERS AFTER 9-11 IN NORTH AMERICAN MUSLIM DISCOURSES .............................................................................................. 180 4.1 NORTH AMERICAN MUSLIM MAPPINGS OF CITIZENSHIP AND FAITH ................................... 184 4.1.1 Individual vs. Collective Rights ....................................................................... 184 4.1.2 Practice and the Place of Religion in the Public Sphere ................................. 190 4.1.3 Identity: civic, political and national citizenship identities ............................. 196 4.1.4 Location of Religious Authority and Roots to Reform .................................... 205 4.2 MEANS OF NEGOTIATING CITIZENSHIP AND FAITH AND OBLIGATION TO NATION .................. 211 4.3 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 215 CHAPTER 5: COMPARING AMERICAN AND CANADIAN MUSLIM IDENTITY DISCOURSES AND ACTOR DYNAMICS ........................................................................................... 216 5.1 COMPARING POLARIZATION AND NATIONALIZATION IN THE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICAN MUSLIM IDENTITY DISCOURSES .......................................................................... 217 5.1.1 Polarization .................................................................................................... 217 5.1.2 Nationalization ............................................................................................... 225 5.2 INSTITUTIONS OF DIVERSITY: CITIZENSHIP, MULTICULTURALISM, SECULARISM ..................... 228 5.2.1 Citizenship ...................................................................................................... 232 5.2.2 Multiculturalism ............................................................................................. 237 5.2.3 Secularism ...................................................................................................... 243 5.2.4 Proximate and Dynamic Dimensions of Political Context .............................. 249 5.3 IMPACT OF DIFFERENTIATED INSTITUTIONS ON RELATIONS BETWEEN MUSLIM ACTORS AND THE CONTENT OF MUSLIM IDENTITY DISCOURSES IN CANADA VS. THE UNITED STATES ...................... 250 5.3.1 Polarization .................................................................................................... 255 5.3.2 Nationalization ............................................................................................... 258 5.4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 259 CHAPTER 6: THE IMPACT OF IDENTITY POLITICS AND TRANSNATIONALISM IN SHAPING IDENTITY DISCOURSES ............................................................................................. 261 6.1 IDENTITY POLITICS ...................................................................................................... 262 3 6.1.1 Multiplicities of Exclusions to Include into the National Imaginar .............. 267 6.2 TRANSNATIONALISM .................................................................................................. 278 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 287 THE ARGUMENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................... 287 FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH ..................................................................................... 295 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................. 299 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................. 300 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................
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