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Perceptions of Women's Teams Coaches Regarding Gender Equity and Title IX Compliance in Community Colleges University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Fall 12-20-2013 Perceptions of Women's Teams Coaches Regarding Gender Equity and Title IX Compliance in Community Colleges Cynthia A. Kenney University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Community College Leadership Commons Recommended Citation Kenney, Cynthia A., "Perceptions of Women's Teams Coaches Regarding Gender Equity and Title IX Compliance in Community Colleges" (2013). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 1744. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1744 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Perceptions of Women’s Teams Coaches Regarding Gender Equity and Title IX Compliance in Community Colleges A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Educational Leadership, Counseling, and Foundations by Cynthia A. Kenney BS, Spring Hill College, 1983 M.Ed., University of New Orleans 1993 December 2013 Copyright 2013, Cynthia A. Kenney ii Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter One .........................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Statement of the Problem ................................................................1 Secondary and Postsecondary Enrollment .................................................................3 Athletics Participation ................................................................................................5 Scholarships, Recruiting Budget and Operating Expenses ........................................6 Litigation Related to Title IX Compliance ...............................................................13 Overview of Methodology .......................................................................................15 Research Questions ..................................................................................................15 Significance ..............................................................................................................17 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................................17 Conclusion ................................................................................................................19 Organization of Study ..............................................................................................19 Chapter Two.......................................................................................................................21 Review of Literature .................................................................................................21 Historical Perspective ..........................................................................................21 Higher Education for Women ........................................................................21 Collegiate Athletics ........................................................................................22 Women’s Athletics and Women’s College Athletics .....................................24 Modern Sports Era .........................................................................................26 Higher Education Act of 1965 and Title IX of the Education Amendments .27 Summary of the Historical Perspective ...............................................................28 History of the NCAA and NJCAA in Relation to Women’s Athletics ...............29 Title IX in the Collegiate Setting ........................................................................32 Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act .................................................................32 Commission on Opportunity in Athletics .......................................................37 Coaches and Perceptions of Equity .....................................................................39 Gender Equity and Litigation in Women’s Athletics ..........................................44 Benefits of Participation in Collegiate Athletics .................................................54 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................57 Theory of Social Equity .................................................................................57 Social Equity and Athletics ............................................................................59 Summary ............................................................................................................63 Chapter Three.....................................................................................................................65 Methodology ............................................................................................................65 Introduction .........................................................................................................65 Research Questions .............................................................................................65 Research Design .......................................................................................................67 Population and Sample .............................................................................................67 Population ............................................................................................................67 Participant Selection ............................................................................................68 Contacting Participants .......................................................................................68 iii Data Collection .........................................................................................................69 Instrument Selection and Design .........................................................................69 Survey Administration ........................................................................................70 Response Rate .....................................................................................................71 Variables ...................................................................................................................71 Dependent Variables ...........................................................................................71 Independent Variables .........................................................................................72 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................73 Coding and Entering Data ...................................................................................73 Descriptive Statistics ...........................................................................................76 Reliability ............................................................................................................80 Analysis of Variance ...........................................................................................81 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................83 Chapter Four ......................................................................................................................84 Results ......................................................................................................................84 Research Questions ..................................................................................................84 Research Question One .......................................................................................84 Research Question Two ......................................................................................85 Research Question Three ....................................................................................86 Research Question Four ......................................................................................87 Research Question Five .......................................................................................89 Research Question Six ........................................................................................89 Research Question Seven ....................................................................................93 Research Question Eight
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