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Human Rights & Foreign Investment Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Human rights and foreign investment Author(s) Curtis, Joshua Publication Date 2015-03-27 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/4932 Downloaded 2021-09-24T11:37:52Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Human Rights & Foreign Investment Joshua Curtis Doctoral Thesis Irish Centre for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway, eptember 2014 No. 05116821 upervisor: ,rofessor -inodh Jaichand HUMAN RIGHTS & FOREIGN INVESTMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................. i LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................... iii 1 – INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1 1.1 – ECONOMICS AND HUMAN RIGHTS ........................................... 12 1.1.1 – Mutual Irr l vanc or S paration by D sign* .............. 12 1.1.2 – G tting Clos r: Rapproch m nt or Con.lict* ................ 23 1.2 – STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY .................................................... 20 2 – FDI AS THE ‘ENGINE’ OF DEVELOPMENT ........................... 31 2.1 – THE CONTE2T OF THE NEO3LIBERAL DE4ELO5MENT 5ARADIGM .. 37 2.2 – THE EFFECTS ON THE SYSTEM OF FINANCING FOR DE4ELO5MENT .................................................................................................. 77 2.3 – BENEFITS AND COSTS OF FDI FOR DE4ELO5MENT .................... 77 2.1 – IN WHOSE INTEREST E2ACTLY* .............................................. 82 2.7 – HOW THE 5OTENTIAL BENEFITS OF FDI ARE SYSTEMATICALLY REMO4ED ................................................................................... 88 2.7.1 – Th E.. cts o. Comp tition......................................... 102 2.7.2 – Th Natur o. th N o3lib ral FDI R gim .................. 112 3 – THE INVESTMENT REGIME ................................................ 120 3.1 – THE HISTORY OF IN4ESTMENT REGULATION ........................... 121 3.1.1 – Custom ..................................................................... 123 3.1.2 – Tr aty ........................................................................ 137 3.2 – CURRENT STRUCTURE OF THE IN4ESTMENT REGIME ............... 112 3.2.1 – Substantiv 5rovisions .............................................. 112 3.2.2 – 5roc dural 5rovisions ................................................ 171 3.3 3 IM5ACT OF THE IN4ESTMENT REGIME ON THE DOMESTIC 5RO4ISION OF SOCIO3ECONOMIC RIGHTS ...................................................... 167 3.3.1 – Syst mic E.. cts ........................................................ 167 3.3.2 – Instrum ntal Rights o. Ass mbly and Expr ssion ...... 170 3.3.3 – Land R .orm and R distribution ............................... 171 3.3.1 – Th Right to H alth ................................................... 171 3.3.7 – 5ositiv Discrimination .............................................. 176 3.1 – THE AUTO3ENHANCED 5OWER OF TRIBUNALS ........................ 101 3.1.1 – Financial D rivativ s, Sov r ign Bonds and Mass Claims ............................................................................................. 101 3.1.2 – Cr ping Un.air Tr atm nt ........................................ 106 HUMAN RIGHTS & FOREIGN INVESTMENT 3.1.3 – 5rovisional M asur s ................................................ 108 3.7 – BACKLASH ......................................................................... 181 4 – HUMAN RIGHTS IN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION .............. 202 1.1 – THEORY ............................................................................ 201 1.1.1 – Rippl s> ................................................................... 207 1.1.2 – Troubl d Wat rs> ..................................................... 211 1.1.3 – A Storm Br wing> .................................................... 228 1.2 – REALITY 5ART I – 4ARIOUS CASES......................................... 230 1.3 – REALITY 5ART II – RE4ISITING ARGENTINA AS E2EM5LAR ......... 213 1.3.1 – An Ex mplary N olib ral 5upil .................................. 211 1.3.2 – Economic Crisis and th Avoidanc o. a Compl t M ltdown .............................................................................. 271 1.3.3 – 5aying Twic .or th Crisis ........................................ 261 1.3.1 – Su z – 5 opl and 5ro.it Com H ad to H ad ............ 267 THE NEED FOR A HOLISTIC SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ... 206 5 – THE OBLIGATION TO COOPERATE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW ................................................................................................... 208 7.1 – FROM COE2ISTENCE TO COO5ERATION .................................. 208 7.2 – THE UN CHARTER .............................................................. 281 7.3 – THE CO4ENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 303 7.3.1 – Th Dra.ting o. Articl 2A1) ........................................ 312 7.3.2 – Th Committ .......................................................... 318 7.3.3 – Th Utility o. th Optional 5rotocol ............................ 332 7.1 – FURTHER THEORETICAL DE4ELO5MENT ................................. 312 7.7 – THE MAASTRICHT 5RINCI5LES .............................................. 362 7.6 – A 5RO4ISIONAL FORMULATION .............................................. 366 6 – RENEGOTIATING THE INVESTMENT REGIME ................... 370 6.1 – A55LYING COO5ERATION TO THE CURRENT IN4ESTMENT REGIME ................................................................................................ 372 6.2 – IN4ESTMENT NEGOTIATIONS ................................................. 383 6.3 – THE NATURE AND 5UR5OSE OF AN INTERNATIONAL IN4ESTMENT REGIME ..................................................................................... 107 6.3.1 – Constitutional CritiCu .............................................. 106 6.3.2 – Global Administrativ Law CritiCu ........................... 100 6.3.3 – H g monic Law CritiCu ............................................ 111 6.3.1 – 5ublicD5rivat CritiCu .............................................. 116 6.3.7 – Sustainability CritiCu .............................................. 110 6.3.6 – Th Inv stm nt R gim as a D v lopm nt 5artn rship ............................................................................................. 121 HUMAN RIGHTS & FOREIGN INVESTMENT 6.1 – 5ARTICI5ATION, THE IM5ORTANCE OF MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS AND THE CHOICE OF FORUM ................................... 120 6.7 – THE EILLEGALITYF OF CERTAIN NEGOTIATING 5OSITIONS AND A 5RE3 NEGOTIATION 5HASE ................................................................... 137 6.6 – HUMAN RIGHTS IM5ACT ASSESSMENTS .................................. 116 6.6.1 – Fram work ................................................................ 118 6.6.2 – 5r c d nt .................................................................. 170 6.6.3 – ObH ctions ................................................................. 161 6.7 – SUBSTANTI4E ISSUES .......................................................... 168 7 – THE PROCESS OF FINANCING FOR DEVELOPMENT ......... 173 7.1 – THE 5ROCESS OF FINANCING FOR DE4ELO5MENT ................... 177 7.2 – CORE CONCERNS THAT ARE MARGINALISED ........................... 103 7.2.1 – N t Financial Flows .rom South to North ................... 103 7.2.2 – Dom stic R sourc s .................................................. 108 7.3 – HUMAN RIGHTS AND HETERODO2 CON4ERGENCE IN FINANCING FOR DE4ELO5MENT ..................................................................... 700 7.3.1 – G n ral Application o. Coop rativ Obligations ......... 713 7.1 – LE4ERAGING .................................................................... 727 7.1.1 – H t rodox Analysis .................................................... 720 7.1.2 – Human Rights ........................................................... 711 – CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 771 0.1 – 5OWER AND CHANGE .......................................................... 762 0.2 – 5OWER AND HUMAN RIGHTS ................................................ 700 BIBLIOGRA5HY .......................................................................... 602 I, th Candidate, c rti.y that th Th sis is all my own work and that I hav not obtain d a d gr in this Univ rsity or ls wh r on th basis o. any o. this work. Sign d: _____________________________ Dat : _________________ HUMAN RIGHTS & FOREIGN INVESTMENT | i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My acknowledgements start with my supervisor, Vinodh Jaichand, who in his kindness and generosity agreed to support an Amnesty campaign that I was involved in years ago. He encouraged me to take up the study of human rights, providing a nudge at a critical juncture that has (eventually) led to the present result. Over the years this encouragement and support has never flagged, and I am deeply indebted for his efforts to shape my approach and help me structure my ideas. Although I must reserve exclusive ownership of all errors herein, this thesis is truly a mutual achievement, thanks to a good friend. For providing a true institutional and collegial home at the Irish Centre for Human Rights I am very grateful to Bill Schabas, Ray Murphy, Kathleen Cavanaugh, Joshua Castellino, Noam Lubell, Annyssa Bellal, Karen Da Costa, Michael O’Flaherty, and especially Shane Darcy for being a preeminent role model, co5author and friend.
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