Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Biomed Central

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Biomed Central Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition BioMed Central Research article Open Access The acute effects of the thermogenic supplement Meltdown on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and hemodynamic responses in young, healthy males Jean Jitomir1, Erika Nassar1, Julie Culbertson3, Jen Moreillon1, Thomas Buford1, Geoffrey Hudson1, Matt Cooke1, Richard Kreider3 and Darryn S Willoughby*1,2 Address: 1Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Box 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA, 2Institute for Biomedical Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 87898, USA and 3Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 78743, USA Email: Jean Jitomir - [email protected]; Erika Nassar - [email protected]; Julie Culbertson - [email protected]; Jen Moreillon - [email protected]; Thomas Buford - [email protected]; Geoffrey Hudson - [email protected]; Matt Cooke - [email protected]; Richard Kreider - [email protected]; Darryn S Willoughby* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 16 December 2008 Received: 5 November 2008 Accepted: 16 December 2008 Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2008, 5:23 doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-23 This article is available from: http://www.jissn.com/content/5/1/23 © 2008 Jitomir et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a thermogenic supplement, Meltdown, on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and hemodynamics before and after maximal treadmill exercise. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, 12 male participants underwent two testing sessions after consuming either the Meltdown or placebo supplement. While in a fasted state, participants rested for one hour, orally ingested either Meltdown or placebo and rested for another hour, performed a maximal treadmill exercise test, and then rested for another hour. Throughout the testing protocol, resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were assessed. In addition, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed before and after exercise. Meltdown increased REE significantly more than placebo at 45 min (1.44 ± 0.25 vs. 1.28 ± 0.23 kcal/min; p = 0.003), 60 min (1.49 ± 0.28 vs. 1.30 ± 0.22 kcal/min; p = 0.025), and 120 min (1.51 ± 0.26 vs. 1.33 ± 0.27 kcals/min; p = 0.014) post-ingestion. Meltdown significantly decreased RER at 30 min (0.84 ± 0.03 vs. 0.91 ± 0.04; p = 0.022) and 45 min post- ingestion (0.82 ± 0.04 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05; p = 0.042), and immediately post-exercise (0.83 ± 0.05 vs. 0.90 ± 0.07; p = 0.009). Furthermore, over the course of the evaluation period, area under the curve assessment demonstrated that REE was significantly increased with Meltdown compared to placebo (992.5 ± 133.1 vs. 895.1 ± 296.1 kcals; p = 0.043), while RER was significantly less than placebo (5.55 ± 0.61 vs. 5.89 ± 0.44; p = 0.002) following ingestion. HR and BP were not significantly affected prior to exercise with either supplement (p > 0.05) and the exercise-induced increases for HR and BP decreased into recovery and were not different between supplements (p > 0.05). These data suggest that Meltdown enhances REE and fat oxidation more than placebo for several hours after ingestion in fully rested and post-exercise states without any adverse hemodynamic responses associated with maximal exercise. Page 1 of 7 (page number not for citation purposes) Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2008, 5:23 http://www.jissn.com/content/5/1/23 Background response depends upon on the receptor subtype to which Despite a restructured food guide pyramid, ambitious the hormone binds [7]. Healthy People 2010 guidelines, and an explosion of weight loss products, there is an absence of systemic obes- Adrenergic analogues utilized in a thermogenic supple- ity relief. In fact, obesity is a growing concern and the ment are likely to enhance the activation of the SNS. For problem may be accelerating. According to the CDC and instance, the compound synephrine, which structurally results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Sys- resembles ephedrine, is primarily a sympathomimetic α1- tem (BRFSS) survey, obesity rates grew from 19.8% in AR agonist [8]. Typically, activation of the α1-AR mainly 2000 to 23.9% in 2005, which is an increase of about results in smooth muscle contraction, which causes vaso- 0.82% per year; obesity grew from 23.9% in 2005 to constriction in blood vessels of the skin, GI tract, kidney 25.6% in 2007, representing a 0.9% yearly increase [1]. and brain. Furthermore, one study revealed that syne- The ramifications of the escalating obesity epidemic phrine also has moderate non-selective β3-AR agonist include an increased incidence of chronic disease and activity in several cell lines [9]. As previously revealed by annual health care expenditure, as well as lost productiv- Weyer et al. [10], supplementation with a selective β3-AR ity [2]. agonist, specifically CL 316,243, stimulates lipolysis in healthy men. Therefore, if synephrine is a sufficiently Consumers often ingest diet products to bolster weight potent β3-AR agonist, the compound may promote fat loss efforts. Formerly, ephedrine and ephedra were inte- and weight loss in humans through enhanced lipolysis in gral components in weight loss supplements. Since the adipose tissue. most substantial effect of ephedrine use is enhanced sym- pathetic nervous system (SNS) activity via increased nore- Caffeine is also a popular addition to thermogenic com- pinephrine (NE) release from the nerve terminal, the drug pounds, and two of the effects of caffeine are particularly has an impact on all adrenergic receptors (AR). Moreover, relevant. Specifically, caffeine serves as an antagonist to the ephedrine compound also has β-AR agonist and α-AR adenosine in the neurons, via competitive inhibition, antagonist activity in circulation [3]. Previous investiga- which stimulates the SNS [11]. Therefore, NE, dopamine tions indicate that supplemental weight loss products and GABA secretion are increased in the brain, which containing a combination of ephedra (ma huang) or ephe- prompts a greater release of catecholamines into the sys- drine and caffeine increase resting energy expenditure temic circulation. Furthermore, since caffeine is also a (REE) and loss of fat mass [4-6]. Therefore, prudent sup- known non-selective inhibitor of the enzyme cAMP-phos- plementation with ephedra-containing products, in com- phodiesterase (PDE), which converts cAMP to its inactive, bination with a sensible diet and exercise plan, has the non-cyclic form, the compound amplifies the signal of potential to accelerate weight loss. cAMP through inhibition of PDE [12]. By promoting high concentrations of cAMP, caffeine intensifies and prolongs On April 12, 2004, however, ephedra-containing products the effects of E and NE, as well as other stimulatory AR were condemned by the FDA in response to safety con- agonists, such as synephrine and octopamine. The ther- cerns; therefore, manufacturers of nutrition supplements mogenic additive phenylethylamine also inhibits the sought to formulate alternative thermogenic weight loss reuptake of NE from the synaptic cleft [13]. Finally, products with comparable effectiveness. As such, supple- yohimbine acts as a α2-AR antagonist [14]. Since α2-AR ments containing caffeine and β-agonist compounds sim- exist on the adrenal medulla as a negative feedback system ilar to ephedra began to appear on the market. Therefore, for catecholamine release, a α2-AR antagonist may be of the Citrus aurantium-derived alkaloids synephrine and benefit in a weight loss supplement as a permissive pro- octapamine have gained popularity. Meltdown is a ther- moter of NE and E release and signaling [15]. Finally, mogenic product that combines synephrine, caffeine, hordenine, like ephedrine, may have non-specific effects phenylethylamine, yohimbine, hordenine and other on AR by stimulating the release of NE [16], though compounds to stimulate the β-AR, thereby activating human data is lacking. cyclic AMP (cAMP), while also inhibiting the α-AR that illicit an inhibitory response. When these compounds are combined in supplement form, they may work synergistically to enhance weight Activation of the SNS neurons stimulates the release of loss. Initially, phenylethylamine, caffeine, and hordenine two primary catecholamine signaling molecules, epine- may stimulate the SNS in a non-specific manner. Once phrine (E) and NE. After NE acts as an SNS stimulatory SNS stimulation is initiated, N and NE circulate in higher neurotransmitter (NT) in the brain, the adrenal medulla is than normal amounts, which activate AR throughout the prompted to release NE into blood. E or NE binding to an body. Simultaneously, the inhibitory effects of the α2-AR AR will produce a range of responses, the nature of the are blocked by yohimbine. Furthermore, stimulatory SNS responses are enhanced by synephrine, which promotes Page 2 of 7 (page number not for citation purposes) Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2008, 5:23 http://www.jissn.com/content/5/1/23 the activity of Gs and subsequent cAMP signaling
Recommended publications
  • Tyler's Herbs of Choice: the Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals Category
    Tyler’s Herbs of Choice The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals Third Edition © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Tyler’s Herbs of Choice The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals Third Edition Dennis V.C. Awang Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7890-2809-9 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
    US 20130289061A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/0289061 A1 Bhide et al. (43) Pub. Date: Oct. 31, 2013 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO Publication Classi?cation PREVENT ADDICTION (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicant: The General Hospital Corporation, A61K 31/485 (2006-01) Boston’ MA (Us) A61K 31/4458 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventors: Pradeep G. Bhide; Peabody, MA (US); CPC """"" " A61K31/485 (201301); ‘4161223011? Jmm‘“ Zhu’ Ansm’ MA. (Us); USPC ......... .. 514/282; 514/317; 514/654; 514/618; Thomas J. Spencer; Carhsle; MA (US); 514/279 Joseph Biederman; Brookline; MA (Us) (57) ABSTRACT Disclosed herein is a method of reducing or preventing the development of aversion to a CNS stimulant in a subject (21) App1_ NO_; 13/924,815 comprising; administering a therapeutic amount of the neu rological stimulant and administering an antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor; to thereby reduce or prevent the devel - . opment of aversion to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Also (22) Flled' Jun‘ 24’ 2013 disclosed is a method of reducing or preventing the develop ment of addiction to a CNS stimulant in a subj ect; comprising; _ _ administering the CNS stimulant and administering a mu Related U‘s‘ Apphcatlon Data opioid receptor antagonist to thereby reduce or prevent the (63) Continuation of application NO 13/389,959, ?led on development of addiction to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Apt 27’ 2012’ ?led as application NO_ PCT/US2010/ Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising 045486 on Aug' 13 2010' a central nervous system stimulant and an opioid receptor ’ antagonist.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Objectives
    2/26/2019 To help ensure the integrity of competition for Dirty Dozen: High Risk athletes, sports organizations and fans Sport Supplement worldwide. Ingredients Lara Gray, MS, RD, CSSD Senior Director of Education, Board Certified Sports Dietitian 1 Welcome! Learning Objectives Things to note: At the end of the presentation, attendees will 1. It is required by the BOC for Certified Athletic Trainers that you are actively be better able to: present in the live event AND complete the post-webinar survey in order to • Identify dietary ingredients that pose a threat to drug tested athletes. receive your CEU certificate. • Explain how high risk dietary ingredients are being used in sports 2. CEU Statements of Credit (if applicable) supplements. will be emailed to attendees no later than Friday, March 1st. • Analyze sports supplements for high risk dietary ingredients. 3. Please use the “Questions” box in GoToWebinar. Questions will be reviewed by the moderator and answered at the Drug Free Sport International (BOC AP# P8729) is approved by the Board of Certification, Inc. to end. provide continuing education to Athletic Trainers. This program is eligible for a maximum of 1 Category A hour/CEU. ATs should claim only those hours actually spent in the educational program. 4. Download today’s handouts from the “Handouts” tab. 1 2/26/2019 Today: An In-Depth Look 40% - 100% ATHLETES USE SUPPLEMENTS • Type of sport • Level of competition • Definition of supplements Garthe, Ina, and Ronald J. Maughan. "Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives." International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 28.2 (2018): 126‐138.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas A. Ban: Neuropsychopharmacology in Historical Perspective Collated 25
    Thomas A. Ban: Neuropsychopharmacology in Historical Perspective Collated 25 Joseph Knoll: The Discovery of the Enhancer Regulation in the Mammalian Brain and the Development of the Synthetic Enhancer Substances Knoll February 4, 2016 Review Warnes May 19, 2016 Comment Knoll February 16, 2017 Reply 1 to Warnes comment Knoll July 14, 2016 Reply 2 to Warnes´ comment Warnes August 24, 2017 Response 1 to Knoll’s replies (1 & 2) Knoll October 19, 2017 Response 1 to Warnes’ response 1 Warnes January 4, 2018 Response 2 to Knoll’s response 1 Knoll January 25, 2018 Response 2 to Warnes’ response 2 Warnes April 26, 2018 Response 3 to Knoll’s response 2 Knoll May 3, 2018 Additional response 2 to Warnes’ response 2 Warnes August 30, 2018 Final response 4 to Knoll’s additional response 2 Joseph Knoll: The Discovery of the Enhancer Regulation in the Mammalian Brain and the Development of the Synthetic Enhancer Substances A chance to significantly improve the quality and prolong the duration of human life 2 Content Introduction PART 1 Indications of the key role of (-) deprenyl (DEP) in the discovery of the enhancer regulation in the mammalian 1.1 The origin of the “enhancer-regulation” concept 1.2. Development of (-)-deprenyl (DEP) the first selective inhibitor of B-type monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and the first catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) substance 1.3. Congruous data conforming to the concept that quality and duration of mammalian life rests primarily upon the inborn efficiency of the catecholaminergic neurons, “the engine of the brain” 1.4. Positive proof by DEP that a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) regulation works in the catecholaminergic neuron 1.5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficacy and Safety of Six-Weeks of Pre-Workout Supplementation in Resistance Trained Rats
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2017 The Efficacy and Safety of Six-Weeks of Pre-Workout Supplementation in Resistance Trained Rats Justin P. Canakis College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Exercise Science Commons, Laboratory and Basic Science Research Commons, and the Other Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Canakis, Justin P., "The Efficacy and Safety of Six-Weeks of Pre-Workout Supplementation in Resistance Trained Rats" (2017). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1128. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1128 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 2 Title Page……………………………………………………………………………………...…..1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………....5 Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………….………..6 Background.………………………………………………………………………..……………...7 DSEHA and its Effect on the VMS Industry………………...……………………………7 History of Adverse Side Effects from Pre-Workout Supplements ………….……………8 Ingredient Analysis ………………………………………..……………….……………..……....9 2.5g Beta-Alanine…………………………..……………………………………………..9 1g Creatine Nitrate……………………………...……………………………………..…12 500mg L-Leucine……………………………………………………………………...…16 500mg Agmatine Sulfate……………………….………………………………..………18
    [Show full text]
  • Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-25-2018 Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006565 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Seither, Joshua Zolton, "Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3823. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3823 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida APPLICATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION OF NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMISTRY by Joshua Zolton Seither 2018 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education This dissertation, written by Joshua Zolton Seither, and entitled Application of High- Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Piero Gardinali _______________________________________ Bruce McCord _______________________________________ DeEtta Mills _______________________________________ Stanislaw Wnuk _______________________________________ Anthony DeCaprio, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 25, 2018 The dissertation of Joshua Zolton Seither is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphetamine-Like Compounds in Pre-Workout Supplements
    Bond University MASTER'S THESIS Amphetamine-like compounds in pre-workout supplements Koh, Andy Award date: 2017 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. May. 2019 Amphetamine-like Compounds in Pre-Workout Supplements By Andy Hsien Wei Koh Submitted in total fulfilment of requirements of the degree of Masters of Science by Research (Health Sciences) January 2017 Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University, Queensland, Australia Assistant Professor Anna Lohning and Professor Russ Chess-Williams Thesis Summary Pre-workout supplements (PWS), like most nutritional supplements, are classified by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia as complementary medicines and are therefore subject to much less stringent regulation compared to pharmaceuticals. Complementary medicines (also known as 'traditional' or 'alternative' medicines) include vitamin, mineral, herbal, aromatherapy and homoeopathic products. PWS comprise a group of sports supplements purported to provide consumers with a boost in athletic performance facilitated by the inclusion of stimulatory compounds usually of plant origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluorescence of Catechol Amines and Related Compounds Condensed with Formaldehyde””
    Brain Research Bulkfin, Vol. 9, pp. xi-xv, 1982. Printed in the U.S.A. Fluorescence of Catechol Amines and Related Compounds Condensed With Formaldehyde”” B. FALCK, N.-A. HILLARP, G. THIEME AND A. TORP Department of Histology, University of Lund, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Giiteborg, Sweden Received for publication August 28, 1961 The noradrenaline cells in the adrenal medulla become a) An amount of the amine hydrochloride corresponding fluorescent when briefly fixed in formalin [6,71, but the na- to 25 mg of base was dissolved in 4.5 ml 0.1 N H,SO, (or ture of the reaction has not been elucidated. Recently HCl). After addition of 0.5 ml 35% formaldehyde the solution Eranko [8] and Falck and Tot-p [lo] found that a very intense was heated at 100°C for 20-30 minutes, then cooled and neu- fluorescence develops in the noradrenaline cells when tralized to about pH 5 with K,C03. freeze-dried sections are exposed to formaldehyde vapour. b) The amine hydrochloride was dissolved in water As a great need exists for highly sensitive histochemical and-where necessary-neutralized to about pH 5 with methods for demonstration of mono-amines--i.a. for lo- K,CO,. Formaldehyde (about pH 6) was added and the solu- calization of the brain catechol amines-it was thought tion heated at 50°C for 20 minutes. worth while to study the reaction between formaldehyde and The reaction mixture was transferred to a cation ex- catechol amines in model systems and to isolate and examine change column (Amberlite XE-64, 22x0.55 cm, equilibrated the reaction products.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study. Wastewater to Monitor New Psychoactive Substances
    Wastewater to monitor new psychoactive substances Dr David M Wood Consultant Physician and Clinical Toxicologist Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK COST is supported by the ESF provides the EU Framework COST Office through Programme Horizon 2020 an EC contract Epidemiology of drug use Population Sub-population Self-Reported Use Variable content of drugs ‘Ecstasy’ Variable content of drugs Novel Drugs Could we samples from portable urinals? . Portable urinals widely used in city centres across Europe . Self-collecting or direct sewer emptying . Self-collecting systems - Urine discarded when urinals picked up - Potential to collect this discarded urine for analysis - Take sampling closer to point of elimination Could we samples from portable urinals? . Participation anonymous and voluntary . Individuals can use study urinals or standard toilets . Not a true (sub) population sample – Males “only” Approvals process . London Metropolitan Police permission . Discussed with Ethics Committee – Formal ethical approval not required . UK Human Tissue Act exempt Archer JR, Wood DM, Hudson S, Dargan PI. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 2013 In Press Studies from our network since 2011 . July 2011: – Urinal in South East London nightclub July 2011 . March 2012 onwards: – 12x urinals in central London . July 2012 onwards: – Urinal in North West England music festival . December 2012: – Urinal at an Oslo, Norway music festival . April 2014: – Pan-London urinal study Archer JR JSU 2012; Archer JR CLin Tox 2012, Archer JR QJM 2013; Dargan PI Clin Tox 2012; Wood DM Clin Tox 2013; Archer JR Clin Tox 2013; Heyerdal F Clin Tox 2013 City Centre Studies Urinal Pilot Study – Summer 2011 Sampling site .
    [Show full text]
  • World of Cognitive Enhancers
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 September 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796 The Psychonauts’ World of Cognitive Enhancers Flavia Napoletano 1,2, Fabrizio Schifano 2*, John Martin Corkery 2, Amira Guirguis 2,3, Davide Arillotta 2,4, Caroline Zangani 2,5 and Alessandro Vento 6,7,8 1 Department of Mental Health, Homerton University Hospital, East London Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 2 Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom, 3 Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 4 Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, 5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 6 Department of Mental Health, Addictions’ Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy, 7 Department of Mental Health, Guglielmo Marconi” University, Rome, Italy, 8 Department of Mental Health, ASL Roma 2, Rome, Italy Background: There is growing availability of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), including cognitive enhancers (CEs) which can be used in the treatment of certain mental health disorders. While treating cognitive deficit symptoms in neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders using CEs might have significant benefits for patients, the increasing recreational use of these substances by healthy individuals raises many clinical, medico-legal, and ethical issues. Moreover, it has become very challenging for clinicians to Edited by: keep up-to-date with CEs currently available as comprehensive official lists do not exist. Simona Pichini, Methods: Using a web crawler (NPSfinder®), the present study aimed at assessing National Institute of Health (ISS), Italy Reviewed by: psychonaut fora/platforms to better understand the online situation regarding CEs.
    [Show full text]
  • Tyler's Herbs of Choice: the Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals Category
    Tyler’s Herbs of Choice The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals Third Edition © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Tyler’s Herbs of Choice The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals Third Edition Dennis V.C. Awang Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7890-2809-9 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Stimulant Analytical Standards
    Stimulant Analytical Standards Stimulants belong to a diverse group of psychoactive drugs whose function exerts a constant contribution to hyperactivity and impulse control. Illegal stimulant derivatives including amphetamines, arylcyclohexylamines, cathinones, cocaine/tropanes, phenethylamines, and piperazines are among the most widely abused across the US and Europe. However, the popularity of each substance, particularly in party culture settings, is frequently changing. Cayman offers more than 700 analytical standards for the identification of stimulants and is dedicated to working with the forensic community to quickly make reference standards available for new psychoactive substances (NPS). A library of mass spectral data containing many of Cayman’s emerging stimulant standards is freely available for download at www.caymanchem.com/CSL. More than 700 Stimulant Standards Available for · Amphetamines · Indanes · Arylcyclohexylamines · Phenethylamines · Cathinones · Piperazines · Cocaine & Tropanes · And More Tools to Rapidly Screen for Major Controlled Stimulants Cocaine/Heroin/Methamphetamine Mixture (CRM) Item No. 9002662 A CRM mixture of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine (1 mg/ml of each) GC-MS Drug Standard Mixture 4 Item No. 24632 A mixture of common stimulants, opioids, and Representative chromatogram of the compounds steroids as well as a synthetic cannabinoid and a included in the GC-MS Drug Standard Mixture 4 benzodiazepine (250 μg/ml of each) Peak order from left to right: α-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone, α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone,
    [Show full text]