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Corn Oil CONTENTS Member Companies and Pland Locations Corn Oil CONTENTS Member Companies and Pland Locations .................................... 2 Foreword ............................................................................................. 3 Introduction ....................................................................................... 4 The Corn Wet Milling Industry ....................................................... 5 General Manufacturing System ....................................................... 6 CONTENTS Corn Oil Manufacturing Process .................................................... 9 Packaging, Transport and Storage ................................................ 13 Physical and Chemical Properties ................................................. 14 Nutritional Properties ..................................................................... 16 Production and Commercial Uses ................................................ 19 Analytical Examination of Corn Oil ............................................ 22 TABLES 1. Proximate Analysis of Yell Dent Corn Grain .......................... 6 2. Comparative Composition of Crude & Refined Corn Oil ....... 12 3. Approximate Composition of Refined Corn Oil: Nutrient Values ............................................................................ 14 4. Food Chemicals Codex Specifications for Refined Corn Oil ... 15 5. Typical Chemical and Physical Data for Refined Corn Oil ....... 15 6. Vegetable Oil Production, 2004 ................................................ 19 FIGURES 1. A Kernel of Corn ......................................................................... 6 2. The Corn Wet Milling Process .................................................... 7 3. Corn Oil Refining........................................................................ 11 4. Nutritional Labeling of Corn Oil ............................................. 16 Corn Refiners Association 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006-5805 202-331-1634 Fax: 202-331-2054 www.corn.org 1 5th Edition Copyright 2006 MEMBER COMPANIES PLANT LOCATIONS Archer Daniels Midland Company Plants: P.O. Box 1470 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404 Decatur, Illinois 62525 Clinton, Iowa 52732 Columbus, Nebraska 68601 Decatur, Illinois 62525 Marshall, Minnesota 56258-2744 Cargill, Incorporated Plants: P.O. Box 5662/MS62 Blair, Nebraska 68008-2649 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440-5662 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-2638 Dayton, Ohio 45413-8001 Eddyville, Iowa 52553-5000 Hammond, Indiana 46320-1094 Memphis, Tennessee 38113-0368 Wahpeton, North Dakota 58075 Corn Products International, Inc. Plants: 5 Westbrook Corporate Center Bedford Park, Illinois 60501-1933 Westchester, Illinois 60154 Stockton, California 95206-0129 Winton-Salem, North Carolina 27107 National Starch and Chemical Company Plants: 10 Finderne Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 46221 Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807-0500 North Kansas City, Missouri 64116 Penford Products Co. Plant: (A company of Penford Corporation) Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404-2175 P.O. Box 428 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-0428 Roquette America, Inc. Plant: 1417 Exchange Street Keokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Keokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. Plants: (A subsidiary of Tate & Lyle, PLC ) Decatur, Illinois 62521 P.O. Box 151 Lafayette, Indiana 47902 Decatur, Illinois 62521 Lafayette, Indiana 47905 Loudon, Tennessee 37774 2 Golden corn oil sitting on the pantry shelf often serves as the most visible sign of the corn refining industry to most Ameri- cans. Although corn oil represents a relatively modest amount of all food ingredients produced by corn refiners, its household use reminds consumers of the vast array of food and industrial products derived from our most abundant crop. FOREWORD Long the preferred food oil for discerning consumers, corn oil was limited in supply until recent years. The growth of corn refining over the last twenty years, has led to greater supplies of corn oil being available for domestic consumption while also contributing to the U.S. balance of trade through exports. The modern corn refining process creates various food and industrial starches, sweeteners, alcohols, oil, feed ingredients and bioproducts. Each offers an excellent example of the way we can add value to raw agricultural commodities. By doing so, we expand markets for U.S. farmers, increase employment through processing and provide a wide array of useful products to American industry and consumers. We hope you will find this booklet about corn oil useful. Please contact the Corn Refiners Association, if you would like more information on corn refining and its products. Audrae Erickson President Corn Refiners Association Readers are advised that the information and suggestions contained herein are general in nature and that specific technical questions should be referred to the Association or its member companies. Questions as to the price and/ or availability of products described should be directed to individual Asso- ciation members. 3 As the corn refining industry clearly from other edible veg- expanded its product portfo- etable oils. About 95 percent lio and processed more corn, of domestically produced the quantity of corn oil avail- corn oil is from the corn wet able increased dramatically. milling industry, and all but a INTRODUCTION Corn oil has become an im- small fraction is used in one portant item in the mix of form or another as food. products manufactured from America’s most important This booklet presents a brief crop, and is no longer thought history and current descrip- of as simply another co-prod- tion of the corn wet milling uct of starch manufacture. industry and products; a de- scription of the corn oil Annual production of crude manufacturing process; com- corn oil currently exceeds 2.4 position, physical and chemi- billion pounds. Nearly all of cal properties of corn oil; commercial uses and end it is refined into high-quality products utilizing corn oil; oil for the food industry and nutritional considerations; and direct use by consumers. In a listing of methods for iden- the 1950s, medical researchers tification and analysis of corn found that corn oil was effec- oil. It is the fourth in a series tive in reducing serum choles- of booklets describing prod- terol in humans. This re- ucts from corn. Subjects of search gave rise to an other volumes are: corn increased demand for corn oil starch; nutritive sweeteners that continues today. from corn; and corn wet milled feed products. Corn refiners invested in re- search and development that The growth of corn oil in the has resulted in production of marketplace is based on its edible oils of consistently high functionality, economy, and quality. Concurrently, devel- acceptability in relation to opment of new and improved other fats or oils. Among products using corn oil, many these factors, functionality is of them conceived in re- foremost. For health reasons, sponse to health-related re- corn oil has replaced a signifi- search in foods and nutrition, cant amount of saturated fat has given this oil a market and is also a top choice for identity that is widely recog- trans fat reduction in numer- nized and differentiates it ous food products. 4 BACKGROUND hydrate — which became a The origins of the American commercial product within corn wet milling industry can a few years. In the 1950s, be traced back to 1842, when syrups in a range of con- Thomas Kingsford began the trolled levels of sweetness commercial manufacture of approaching that of pure THE CORN WET dextrose entered the mar- starch from corn. Previously, MILLING INDUSTRY starch was made from wheat ket. In 1967, enzymatic and potatoes, starting as a transformation of glucose cottage industry in the colo- to fructose was introduced, nial period. The first starch leading to production of factory had been established high fructose corn syrup. in New England in 1802 to Since the late 1980s, sweet- provide potato starch for cot- eners derived from corn ton cloth mills. By 1860, a have supplied the majority substantial amount of corn- of the U.S. nutritive sweet- starch was being produced in ener market. A wide vari- many small plants scattered ety of starches and starch about the country. U.S. con- derivatives are now pro- sumption of cornstarch duced to fill the needs of reached about 210 million many different industries. pounds in the 1880s, but there Additionally, corn refiners was significant overproduc- are branching out to pro- tion and many of the small duce a wide variety of spe- plants closed. After 1900, cialty food and feed addi- there was a steady increase in tives through other consumption and most of the fermentation processes. small plants were replaced by Co-products from corn a small number of large refining make important plants. By this time, corn had contributions to livestock succeeded wheat and potatoes feeds. Production of high- as the principal source of quality corn oil increases in starch. Thereafter the indus- direct proportion to the try enjoyed continuing growth growing volume of corn while it began to diversify into going to starch, sweetener, the complex processing indus- ethanol and bioproduct try that corn refining is today. production, and the oil has found a unique and special Corn syrups became a well- place among edible oils. known article of commerce and household use in the lat- The current growth and ter part of the nineteenth development of corn refin- century. By 1921, research led ing, characterized by ad- to a pure sugar from corn vanced technology, the syrup — crystalline
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