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Final Report SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT PLAN FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY SPSD II SPSD II SPSD II (2000-2005) SILICA RETENTION IN THE SCHELDT CONTINUUM AND ITS IMPACT ON COASTAL EUTROPHICATION (SISCO) L. CHOU, W. VYVERMAN, P. REGNIER BELGIAN SCIENCE POLICY HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ‘RESEARCH PROGRAMMES’: NICOLE HENRY (UNTIL SEPTEMBER 2007) DIRECTOR GENERAL ‘RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS’ : DOMINIQUE FONTEYN (FROM APRIL 2006) CONTACT PERSONS: DAVID COX ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY PART 2 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS GLOBAL CHANGE, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY AND BIODIVERSITY NORTH SEA ANTARCTICA BIODIVERSITY FOR MORE GENERAL INFORMATION: SECRETARIAT: VÉRONIQUE MICHIELS WETENSCHAPSSTRAAT 8, RUE DE LA SCIENCE B-1000 BRUSSELS ON COASTAL SILICA RETENTION IN THE SCHELDT CONTINUUM AND ITS IMPACT (SISCO) EUTROPHICATION TEL : +32 (0)2 238 36 13 FAX : +32 (0)2 230 59 12 EMAIL : [email protected] EV-17 SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT PLAN FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY (SPSD II) Part 2: Global change, Ecosystems and Biodiversity FINAL REPORT SILICA RETENTION IN THE SCHELDT CONTINUUM AND ITS IMPACT ON COASTAL EUTROPHICATION (SISCO) EV/17 Lei Chou1, Vincent Carbonnel1, Laura Rebreanu1, Jean-Pierre Vanderborght1, Nathalie Roevros1, Michael Tsagaris1, Claar van der Zee1 Marie Lionard2, Koenraad Muylaert2, Renaat Dasseville2, Wim Vyverman2 Sandra Arndt3, David Aguilera3, Pierre Regnier3 1Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Chimique et Géochimie des Eaux Campus Plaine – CP 208, Bd du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 2Universiteit Gent, Protistologie & Aquatische Ecologie Krijgslaan 281 - S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium 3Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry P.O. Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands D/2007/1191/53 Published in 2007 by the Belgian Science Policy Rue de la Science 8 Wetenschapsstraat 8 B-1000 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 11 – Fax: +32 (0)2 230 59 12 http://www.belspo.be Contact person: Mr David Cox Secretariat: +32 (0)2 238 36 13 Neither the Belgian Science Policy nor any person acting on behalf of the Belgian Science Policy is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The authors are responsible for the content. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without indicating the reference. Project EV/17 - “Silica retention in the scheldt continuum and its impact on coastal eutrophication - SISCO” TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... 5 2. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 9 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................ 13 3.1 Field study area : The Scheldt continuum river-estuary-coastal zone ........ 13 3.1.1 Sampling in the freshwater tidal estuary.......................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Sampling in the brackish estuary and the Belgian coastal zone ..................................... 15 3.1.2.1 Water column .............................................................................................................. 15 3.1.2.2 Sediments.................................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Laboratory studies...................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Incubation experiments of sediment cores ...................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Dissolution experiments................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Analytical.................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Phytoplankton .................................................................................................................. 18 3.3.2 Pigments.......................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.3 Particulate organic carbon............................................................................................... 19 3.3.4 DSi, SPM and BSi in the water column ........................................................................... 19 3.3.5 BSi in the sediment and DSi in pore waters .................................................................... 21 3.3.6 Si:C ratio in diatoms......................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Model description ....................................................................................... 22 3.4.1 Pelagic model .................................................................................................................. 22 3.4.2 Benthic model .................................................................................................................. 25 3.4.3 Benthic-pelagic coupling.................................................................................................. 25 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................... 27 4.1 Analysis of historical data........................................................................... 27 4.2 Phytoplankton dynamics ............................................................................ 29 4.2.1 The use of pigments as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and community composition in the upper Scheldt estuary........................................................................ 29 4.2.2 Phytoplankton dynamics in the Scheldt and Rupel basins and their tributaries in the year 2003................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.3 Phytoplankton zonation along the Scheldt continuum.................................................... 34 4.2.4 Phytoplankton seasonal succession in the Belgian coastal zone of the North Sea........ 36 4.2.5 Si-limited growth of Cyclotella meneghiniana strains isolated from the upper Scheldt estuary and other aquatic systems.................................................................................. 39 4.3 Pelagic silica dynamics of the upper estuary of the Scheldt continuum ..... 40 4.3.1 Temporal distribution of DSi and BSi in the upper Scheldt estuary................................. 40 4.3.2 Temporal evolution of DSi consumption and BSi production in the freshwater tidal estuary ............................................................................................................................. 42 4.3.3 Silica budget of the freshwater estuary during the productive period.............................. 43 4.3.4 Si:C ratio in living diatoms and in culture experiments.................................................... 45 4.3.5 Diatom mortality and resuspension after the productive period ...................................... 46 4.4 Pelagic silica dynamics of the brackish estuary towards the Belgian coastal zone................................................................................................ 48 4.4.1 Influence of freshwater discharge on DSi concentrations in the end-members .............. 48 4.4.2 Procedure for estimation of conservative transport......................................................... 53 SPSD II - Part 2 - Global change, Ecosystems and Biodiversity – North Sea 3 Project EV/17 - “Silica retention in the scheldt continuum and its impact on coastal eutrophication - SISCO” 4.4.3 Comparison between measured and simulated DSi – salinity profiles............................ 53 4.4.4 Longitudinal profiles of SPM and BSi .............................................................................. 57 4.5 Benthic fluxes and regeneration of silica in the sediments of the Scheldt continuum................................................................................................... 60 4.5.1 Distribution of BSi in surface sediments .......................................................................... 60 4.5.2 Vertical profiles of DSi and BSi in the sedimentary column ............................................ 61 4.5.3 Benthic fluxes of DSi across the sediment–water interface ............................................ 64 4.5.4 Regeneration of silica in the sediments........................................................................... 69 4.5.4.1 Influence of salinity...................................................................................................... 69 4.5.4.2 DSi released as a function of time – Variation with depth........................................... 70 4.5.4.3 Modelling of dissolution kinetics.................................................................................. 72 4.6 Modelling of silica input, reaction and transport in the Scheldt continuum . 74 4.6.1 Hydrodynamics, transport and SPM................................................................................ 74 4.6.2 Pelagic silica and diatom dynamics................................................................................. 75 4.6.3 Benthic silica dynamics.................................................................................................... 79 4.6.4 Benthic-pelagic coupling.................................................................................................
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