“SECRET WOMEN’S BUSINESS”: INDIGENOUS RIGHTS, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND THE BRIDGE CONTROVERSY

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 What makes something a secret?  What is worth keeping secret?  Should secrets be revealed?

2 The Setting for a Dispute  Goolwa, South , & Hindmarsh Island

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4  the area “is crucial for the reproduction of the people and the cosmos which supports their existence. The waters are a life force to the Ngarrindjeri women, whether past or present, and should anything cover these waters, then the strength there will be taken from the Ngarrindjeri women and they will become very ill”.  Native Title  Aboriginality, gender, secrecy, the judicial system, colonial history, economic development, cultural conflict—anthropology

5 Secret Women’s Business  opposing Aboriginal views  The Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission  Prime Minister , the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act (1997), bridge completed in March of 2001.  Dr. Deane Fergie, anthropologist at the University of

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 Confidential: to be read by women only

 Rod Lucas  Neil Draper

7 The Roots of Aboriginal Dissent  Aboriginal women who claimed that secret women’s business was a hoax  ignorant of the origins and nature of Ngarrindjeri beliefs  knowledge selectively distributed within a community  “no point in reliving the past”  Christian converts Anthropologists at War over the Truth  male anthropologists  ethics  a feminist agenda?

8 Anthropology and the Culture Wars  2010, Government of : “secret women’s business” was real and authentic.  Tom Trevorrow: “We may use the bridge to access our land and waters but culturally and morally we cannot come to terms with this bridge”.

9  Australia’s culture wars  political correctness run amok  “the willingness of white people to believe the Aboriginal women, marked the high-water mark of politically correct soft-headedness and sentimentality” (Simons, 2003)  Ron Brunton and Roger Sandall

 Roger Sandall: The Culture Cult  “designer tribalism” & “romantic primitivism”  fantasies held by “spoiled white urbanites”.

10  the “invented traditions” approach  Eric Hobsbawm, Richard Handler, etc.  James Clifton’s The Invented Indian: Cultural Fictions and Government Policies

11 Secret White Business  Margaret Simons:

“Aboriginal culture is periodically attacked for being nepotistic, secretive and not accountable. I believe the story of the Hindmarsh Island affair makes it clear that the similarities between cultures are often more interesting than the differences….the story of the Hindmarsh Island bridge shows that, in both Aboriginal culture and in our own, information follows the lines of power, and secrets are the inevitable accompaniment to power.”

12 References ABC. (2010). “Ngarrindjeri in symbolic walk across Hindmarsh Island bridge”. ABC News (Australia), July 6. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-07-06/ngarrindjeri-in-symbolic-walk-across-hindmarsh/894792

Brunton, Ron. (1996). “The Hindmarsh Island Bridge: And the Credibility of Australian Anthropology”. Anthropology Today, 12(4), 2–7. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/2783506

Clifton, James A. (Ed.). (2017 [1990]) The Invented Indian: Cultural Fictions and Government Policies. New York: Routledge.

Green Left. (1996). “Hindmarsh Island dispute: what was ‘fabricated’?” Green Left Weekly, January 31. https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/hindmarsh-island-dispute-what-was-fabricated

Peace, Adrian. (2003). “Hindmarsh Island and the Politics of Anthropology”. Anthropology Today, 19(5), 1–2. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/3695297

Roger Sandall: Ideas and Argument http://www.rogersandall.com/

Rowse, Tim. (2000). “Review: Hindmarsh Revisited: Review Article—Reviewed Works: Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin: A World That Is, Was, and Will Be by Diane Bell; The Cost of Crossing Bridges by Dulcie Wilson”. Oceania, 70(3), 252–262. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/40331748

Sandall, Roger. (2001). The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

13 Simons, Margaret. (2003). “Hindmarsh: where lies the truth?”. The Age, May 9. https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/08/1052280376344.html

Tonkinson, Robert. (1997). “Anthropology and Aboriginal Tradition: The Hindmarsh Island Bridge Affair and the Politics of Interpretation”. Oceania, 68(1), 1–26. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/40332119

Weiner, James F. (1995). “Anthropologists, Historians and the Secret of Social Knowledge”. Anthropology Today, 11(5), 3–7. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/2783183

————— . (1997). “‘Bad Aboriginal’ Anthropology: A Reply to Ron Brunton”. Anthropology Today, 13(4), 5–8. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/2783419

————— . (1999). “Culture in a Sealed Envelope: The Concealment of Australian Aboriginal Heritage and Tradition in the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Affair”. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5(2), 193–210. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/2660693

————— . (2004). “Australian Anthropology and Hindmarsh Island Bridge: A Response to Peace, AT19(5)”. Anthropology Today, 20(3), 24. http://0-www.jstor.org.mercury.concordia.ca/stable/3695123

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