Macrocriminalidad Con Licencia Legal – Uraba-Darien – 1980-2014

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Macrocriminalidad Con Licencia Legal – Uraba-Darien – 1980-2014 Macrocriminalidad con licencia legal Urabá-Darién 1980-2014 Autores Yamile Salinas Abdala César Molinares Dueñas Ricardo Cruz Instituto de Estudios para el Con el apoyo del Centro Desarrollo y la Paz, Indepaz Internacional para la Justicia Camilo González Posso, Presidente 7UDQVLFLRQDO ,&7- 2ÀFLQDHQ Colombia ISBN: 978-958-8397-25-2 Primera edición: Noviembre de 2020 Número de páginas: 260 Formato: 17 x 24,5 Edición general María Victoria Duque López Corrección de estilo Martha J. Espejo Barrios Diseño y diagramación Andrea Carolina Lugo Linares Fotografía de portada Álvaro Avendaño Alba Fotografía de solapa Álvaro Avendaño Alba Impresión xxxxxx Impreso en Colombia. Printed in Colombia Queda hecho depósito legal. Cómo citar: Indepaz (2020), Macrocriminalidad con licencia legal Urabá-Darién 1980-2014, Bogotá. Este informe es de carácter público. Puede ser reproducido, copiado, distribuido y divulgado, siempre y cuando no se altere su contenido, se cite la fuente o, en cualquier caso, se disponga la autorización de Indepaz como titular de los derechos morales y patrimoniales de esta publicación. Contenido Introducción ......................................................................................... 7 I. Urabá-Darién (Bajo Atrato) .............................................................. 12 Golfo de Urabá .................................................................................................. 12 La lucha por el uso y tenencia de la tierra ..................................................... 17 Concesiones de baldíos ............................................................................... 18 Reformas agrarias incompletas y estigmatizadas ..................................... 19 Grupos armados ilegales ....................................................................... 20 II. La llegada del paramilitarismo al Urabá cordobés y antioqueño 1980-1988 .....................................................................26 9RUDFLGDGGHQDUFRWUDÀFDQWHVSDUDPLOLWDUHV\JXHUULOOHURV ......................... 27 Fuerza pública y estructuras paramilitares ................................................ 29 $OLDQ]DV\GHVHQFXHQWURVHQWUHPDÀRVRV ................................................. 36 Formación para matar ....................................................................................... 38 “Venganza capitalista” ..................................................................................... 40 III.‘Reformas agrarias’ de Fidel Castaño Gil 1989-1996 .......................44 ‘Operación avispa’ ............................................................................................. 44 ‘Desarme’ de los Tangueros o Mochacabezas ............................................... 48 Financiamiento de la Casa Castaño ................................................................ 50 ‘Retoma de Urabá’ ............................................................................................ 58 Guerra entre las FARC y los Comandos Populares ..................................... 60 ‘Reformas agrarias’ de Fidel Castaño .............................................................. 63 ‘Reforma agraria’ en Córdoba .......................................................................... 63 ‘Reforma agraria’ en el resguardo Tanela .......................................................... 70 ‘Reforma agraria’ en San Pedro de Urabá: entre la vida y la muerte .................. 71 IV. Alianzas múltiples para desterrar masivamente a comunidades campesinas y negras 1997-2004 ........................................................ 76 1DUFRWUiÀFR\FUHDFLyQGHODV$8& .............................................................. 79 Financiamiento de la expansión de las AUC ................................................. 83 La barbarie del contubernio organismos de seguridad, empresarios y narcoparamilitares ............................................................................................ 85 Operación Cacarica y Operación Génesis ........................................................... 91 Agenda para la competitividad .......................................................................... 92 Despojo para el lavado de activos ................................................................... 99 Macrocriminalidad con licencia legal Urabá-Darién 1980-2014 ‘Contrarreforma agraria’ en Córdoba ................................................................ 100 Tulapas: el laboratorio del despojo ..................................................................... 104 “Venganza capitalista” en Riosucio y Turbo ................................................. 112 Despojo de predios y territorios étnicos en Riosucio ............................................. 112 Acaparamiento de tierras en el municipio portuario ........................................... 114 Despojo masivo en territorios étnicos .......................................................... 117 Empresarios ‘probos’ en territorios colectivos ...................................................... 118 'LYHUVLÀFDFLyQGHODLQGXVWULDEDQDQHUDHQWLHUUDVGHFRPXQLGDGHVQHJUDV .......... 122 Expolio por narcoparamilitares ........................................................................ 129 Financiamiento en la usurpación de territorios étnicos 134 Preámbulo de los agronegocios de los hermanos Rendón Herrera ....................... 135 Comunidad negra de Puerto Girón en zona portuaria ................................ 141 V. ‘Legalizando’ el despojo en medio de la desmovilización y la restitución de tierras y territorios étnicos 2005-2014........................ 146 Desmovilización parcial de las estructuras armadas del paramilitarismo . 148 &RQWLQXLGDGGHODFRQÀDQ]DLQYHUVLRQLVWD .................................................... 154 Aprovechamiento económico en predios y territorios expoliados ............ 166 Consolidación de la contrarreforma agraria en la región de Tulapas .................... 166 Megaproyectos en territorios étnicos ............................................................. 173 Agronegocios de los hermanos Rendón Herrera .................................................. 173 Financiamiento de agronegocios en Jiguamiandó y Curvaradó ............................ 175 Proyectos productivos en Córdoba................................................................. 176 Restitución del Consejo Comunitario de Puerto Girón ............................. 177 Impunidad vs garantías de no repetición ....................................................... 188 Impunidad de la macrocriminalidad ................................................................. 188 Sin garantías de no repetición ........................................................................... 200 Anexos .................................................................................................................... 207 Referencias............................................................................................ 220 6 Introducción Introducción Con el presente texto el Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz (Indepaz), con el apoyo del Centro Internacional para la Justicia Transicional (ICTJ, por sus siglas en inglés), aspira a aportar a la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (JEP) y a la Comisión de Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No repetición (Comisión) en sus funciones de garantizar los derechos de las víctimas de Urabá-Darién a la verdad, la justicia, la reparación integral y la QRUHSHWLFLyQ&RQHVHÀQVHSUHVHQWDXQUHODWRGHORVXFHGLGRHQHVDUHJLyQ integrada por diecisiete municipios que pertenecen a los departamentos de Antioquia (11), Chocó (4) y Córdoba (2), entre 1980 y 2014. En particular, se alude al plan criminal de despojo, legalización y lavado de activos de la Casa Castaño, entendida como la conjunción de intereses de terratenientes, empresarios, políticos, servidores públicos civiles, militares, narcoparamilitares y otros, para imponer el proyecto político económico, militar y social del paramilitarismo. Inicialmente, el rostro visible de esa macroalianza fue Fidel, Rambo Castaño Gil. A su muerte lo sucedió Carlos, Fantasma o Alekos y Vicente, el Profe, que, junto con Salvatore Mancuso Gómez, Triple Cero, y Carlos Mauricio García Fernández, Doblecero, Doble Cero o Rodrigo, los comandantes políticos y militares, conformaron las Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá (ACCU). Años después, bajo el liderazgo de Hernán Iñigo de Jesús Gómez Hernández, Vicente Castaño Gil, Iván Roberto Duque y el heredero de Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, el Patrón, Diego Fernando Murillo Bejarano, el Ñato, Don Berna o Adolfo Paz, se gestaron las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC). El arribo de la Casa Castaño al Urabá-Darién se relaciona con: i) las revelaciones de la Procuraduría General de la Nación (Procuraduría) sobre la connivencia de militares activos y retirados con el Movimiento Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS), creado por los carteles de Medellín y del Valle, y ii) la ambición de los hermanos Castaño Gil y sus aliados legales e ilegales de apoderarse de haciendas, rutas, pistas y laboratorios de sus otrora colegas en Urabá-Darién. Es así, como desde la década de 1980, la tenencia, ocupación y uso de la tierra se transformó radicalmente a favor de la puesta en marcha del plan criminal de despojo, legalización y blanqueo de dineros calientes. Con HVH ÀQ ORV KHUPDQRV &DVWDxR *LO UHSOLFDURQ HO PRGHOR GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ 7 Macrocriminalidad con licencia legal Urabá-Darién 1980-2014 de Campesinos y Ganaderos del Magdalena Medio
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