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Chapter 23 Notes Chapter 23 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1: French Revolution Begins ` The Old Order 1st Estate: Clergy, own 10% of land, pay only 2% in taxes 2nd Estate: Rich Nobles, 2% of population, own 20% of land, pay almost no taxes 3rd Estate: Has three groups. Make up 97% of people 1. Middle class 2. Workers 3. Peasants Enlightenment Ideas Chapter 22 covered how the enlightenment changed to way people thought. The 3rd estate in France wanted change and power. They began to question the long standing ideas Economic crisis Heavy taxes made it impossible to do business Bad weather causes crop failures which causes the price of bread to increase Extravagant spending of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette caused the government to go deep into debt Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Weak Leadership Louis was indecisive and spent all the money Marie bought lavish gowns, jewels and gambled The National Assembly Estates-General - was a meeting of all three estates. Under medieval rules each estate met in a different room and voted. The two privileged estates would always out vote the 3rd estate. The 3rd estate wanted change The 3rd estate lead by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes decided to name itself the National Assembly This marked the end of Absolute Monarchy Tennis Court Oath The 3rd estate were barred from the meeting because of their actions. They stormed the Tennis court door and refused to leave until a new constitution was created. Louis stationed Swiss guards around Versailles Storming the Bastille: Rumors flew in Paris that the King was going to use force to stop the National Assembly. Mobs began to gather weapons and stormed the Bastille of a Paris prison to get weapons. First war event in revolution Great Fear Peasant were scared by the rumors of armed nobles terrorizing peasants. They began to break into nobles home and burned legal tax papers. Women marched on the palace at Versailles killing guards and demanding a reduction in the price of bread. They demanded that Louis and Marie return to Paris. They did and this signaled the change of power and radical reform Section 1 Question Why were the members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime? Section 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man. Guarantees liberty, property, security, free speech, justice and resistance to oppression National Assembly reforms status of church (took over church land and said priests should be elected and paid). Peasants oppose many of the church reforms because they were devout Catholics National Assembly hands power to Legislative Assembly Political factions: radicals - left side, opposed the monarchy, wanted sweeping changes moderates - center, wanted some change conservatives - right side, wanted a limited monarchy and few changes War and Execution European monarchs fear what was happening in France would spread to their countries France went to war with Prussia and Austria. The war was going bad and a Prussian commander threatened to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed. This enraged Parisians and on Aug. 10 they captured the royal family. September Massacres Mobs killed 1,000 prisoners (nobles) Effects: legislature gave up the idea of a limited monarchy, King was deposed and the Jacobins take control King was executed Maximilian Robespierre leader of the Jacobins and creates the Committee of Public Safety created their own calendar with no Sundays closed churches aim was to build a “republic of virtue” starts the Reign of Terror - enemies of the state were guillotined guillotine Robespierre is executed Ends the Reign of Terror Consequences of the Reign of Terror All classes grew weary of terror shifted the country from radical left to the conservative right Groups of French Revolution emigres - nobles of the extreme right, conservation side. Wanted to restore the old ways sans cullottes - wage earners, shop keepers, from the center. Wanted greater voice in government Jacobins - radical group that killed many people Section 2 Question What similarities and differences do you see between the political factions in the Legislative Assembly and those in the U.S. government today? Section 3 and 4: Napoleon Forges and Empire Napoleon Seizes Power Was the hero of the hour when he defended delegates of the National Convention called the savior of the French republic 1796 became leader of the French army against Austria forces, won a series of remarkable victories Coup d’Etat - 1799 Napoleon’s troops surrounded legislature and drove out most of the members. The ones that were left dissolve the Directory and created a consul. Napoleon Rules France New constitution gave all the real power to Napoleon Kept the changes and worked to get the economy back. Created a efficient tax collection system created a government run public schools Created the Napoleonic Code gave a uniform set of laws Crowned Emperor in 1804 Napoleon Creates an Empire wanted to control Europe idea failed in America so he sold the Louisiana Territory to the US turned his attention to Europe by 1812 only Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire were not under his control Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Mistakes created a blockade to prevent trade with Great Britain. failed b/c they secretly traded with Britain and Britain did a blockade of their own Made brother king of Spain and the people fought against France to help Britain mistakes continued 1812 he invaded Russia even though Alexander I was his ally. He did this b/c they were trading with Britain As Napoleon moved into Russia they practiced the scorched earth policy. They burned the land and food before they retreated. Lack of food and winter caused Napoleon to retreat and many soldiers deserted the army. Napoleon’s Downfall After Russia his power was shattered and he was defeated in Germany in 1813. He gave up his throne and was sent away. In March of 1815 he boldly returned to France and took control but by June he lost the Battle of Waterloo which ended the 100 Days war and was sent to an island where he died Section 3 and 4 Question Do you think that Napoleon was a great leader? Explain.
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