Insights from the Process of Institutionalization of Social Enterprise in Vietnam

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Insights from the Process of Institutionalization of Social Enterprise in Vietnam HEC MONTRÉAL École affiliée à l’Université de Montréal Power in contextual bridging: Insights from the process of institutionalization of social enterprise in Vietnam par Thu Trang Tran Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Ph. D. en administration (option Management) Juin 2017 © Thu Trang Tran, 2017 HEC MONTRÉAL École affiliée à l’Université de Montréal Cette thèse intitulée : Power in contextual bridging: Insights from the process of institutionalization of social enterprise in Vietnam Présentée par : Thu Trang Tran a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Taïeb Hafsi HEC Montréal Président-rapporteur Luciano Barin-Cruz HEC Montréal Directeur de recherche Paola Perez-Aleman McGill University Membre du jury Ignasi Martí EMLYON Business School Examinateur externe Mai Thi Thanh Thai HEC Montréal Représentante du directeur de HEC Montréal RÉSUMÉ Les recherches sur le processus de contextualisation (contextual bridging) sont indispensables pour comprendre comment les idées « circulent » d’un contexte à un autre. En particulier, les chercheurs ont étudié comment les idées ou pratiques diffusent et en même temps subissent des modifications quand elles sont mises en place dans différents milieux. Bien que quelques modèles théoriques de contextualisation soient développés, peu de recherche est réalisée pour identifier et théoriser les pratiques qui sous-tendent le processus de contextualisation. Cette thèse vise à dévoiler ces pratiques. Nous mobilisons trois courants de recherche: « contextual bridging », travail institutionnel, et « brokerage » pour examiner une question de recherche globale : « Comment les acteurs s’engagent dans le travail institutionnel pour contextualiser une nouvelle forme organisationnelle? » Pour répondre à cette question, nous réalisons une étude de cas longitudinale de l’institutionnalisation de l’entreprise sociale au Vietnam de 2009 à 2014. En utilisant les entretiens semi-dirigés, la documentation, et l’observation des événements importants dans ce champ, nous suivons le processus par lequel les acteurs ont transmis et adapté la forme d’entreprise sociale à ce contexte. En particulier, nous nous attardons aux types de travail institutionnel et aux facteurs qui permettent aux acteurs d’effectuer ces types de travail institutionnel pour intégrer la forme d’entreprise sociale dans le contexte local. Les principaux résultats de recherche comprennent l’identification de neuf types de travail institutionnel menés par les différents acteurs dans le processus de contextualisation – le financement de l’expérimentation, la formation des réseaux, le renforcement des capacités, le financement de l’élaboration de la loi, la facilitation des connexions, la provision des informations, la sensibilisation des décideurs politiques, la création de la loi et la persuasion des décideurs politiques. Ces activités appartiennent à trois grandes catégories de travail institutionnel (le travail de matérialisation, le travail d’approvisionnement des ressources et le travail de légitimisation) qui sous-tendent le processus de contextualisation. Plus important encore, notre étude démontre que le pouvoir joue un rôle essentiel dans ce processus. Le pouvoir comprend trois dimensions – des ressources, des processus, et des symboles – qui sont développées et exercées à travers des formes de travail institutionnel. En mobilisant les trois dimensions du pouvoir, les acteurs sont capables de contextualiser la nouvelle forme organisationnelle au contexte local. Ces résultats nous aident non seulement à comprendre comment le processus de contextualisation s’est déroulé mais aussi à révéler les mécanismes qui ont favorisé ce processus. Notre étude apporte trois contributions à la littérature de contextual bridging (et plus largement à la théorie institutionnelle). Premièrement, notre étude contribue à cette littérature en exposant les pratiques spécifiques utilisées par de multiples acteurs pour transférer une nouvelle forme organisationnelle d’un pays à l’autre. Deuxièmement, notre étude met l’accent sur le rôle important des intermédiaires (brokers) dans le processus de contextualisation. Finalement, nous révélons le pouvoir et ses dynamiques dans ce processus. Mots clés : contextualisation, travail institutionnel, acteur intermédiaire, pouvoir, entreprise sociale Méthodes de recherche : recherche qualitative, étude de cas longitudinale iv ABSTRACT The study of the process of contextual bridging has proven invaluable for our understanding of how ideas “travel” from one context to another. In particular, researchers have examined how ideas or practices diffuse but at the same time undergo modifications as they are implemented in different settings. Although a number of theoretical models of contextual bridging have been developed, little research has been done to identify and theorize the practices underlying the process of contextual bridging. This thesis represents a focused study to uncover such practices. We build on three research streams: contextual bridging, institutional work, and brokerage to examine an overarching research question: “How do actors engage in institutional work to contextually bridge a new organizational form?” To answer this question, we conduct a longitudinal case study of the institutionalization of social enterprise in Vietnam from 2009 to 2014. Using semi-structured interviews, documentation, and observation of important events in the field, we trace the process by which actors transfer and adapt the social enterprise form to this context. In particular, we focus on the types of institutional work and the factors that allow actors to carry out such types of institutional work to embed the social enterprise form in the local setting. Key findings of our study include the identification of nine types of institutional work, which were undertaken by different actors in the process of contextual bridging – funding experimentation, constructing networks, building capacities, funding policy making, brokering relationships, providing information, sensitizing policy makers, shaping legislation, and persuading policy makers. These activities belong to three broad categories of institutional work (materializing, resourcing, and legitimizing) that underpin the process of contextual bridging. More importantly, our study shows that power played a critical role in the process. Power consists of three dimensions – resources, processes, and meaning, which were developed and exercised through diverse types of institutional work. By mobilizing three dimensions of power, actors were able to bridge the new organizational form to the local context. These findings not only v provide an in-depth understanding of how the process of contextual bridging occurs, but also the key mechanism to enable the process. The study findings contribute to research on contextual bridging (and more broadly to institutional theory) by: (1) revealing the specific practices employed by multiple actors to transfer organizational forms across national contexts; (2) highlighting the important role of brokers in contextual bridging; and (3) shedding light on power and its dynamics in the process. Keywords : contextual bridging, institutional work, brokers, power, social enterprise Research Methods : qualitative research, longitudinal case study vi TABLE OF CONTENTS RÉSUMÉ.........................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................xiii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURES ...................................... 6 1.1. Contextual bridging ................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1. Definition of contextual bridging..................................................................... 6 1.1.2. Prior approaches to contextual bridging ........................................................ 7 Cultural view: Contextual bridging as ideational adaptation ................................ 7 Socio-technical view: Contextual bridging as socio-material adaptation............ 10 Integrated view: Contextual bridging as “contextualization work” .................... 12 Summary........................................................................................................................13 1.2. Institutional work................................................................................................... 18 1.2.1. Definition of institutional work...................................................................... 19 1.2.2. Major themes and research approaches ....................................................... 20 Types of institutional work....................................................................................
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