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Notes Introduction 1. Gordon Stables, The Girl’s Own Book of Health and Beauty (London: Jarrold and Sons, 1891), preface. 2. Ibid., pp. 12–13. 3. Ibid., pp. 16–17. 4. See G.S. Woods, rev. Guy Arnold, ‘Stables, William Gordon (1837–1910)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter DNB): [http://0-www. oxforddnb.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/view/article/36229, accessed 27 January 2012]. 5. See, for example, Birgitte Søland, Becoming Modern: Young Women and the Reconstruction of Womanhood in the 1920s (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000), Chapter 2; Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Managing the Body: Beauty, Health, and Fitness in Britain, 1880–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), Chapter 6; David Fowler, Youth Culture in Modern Britain, c.1920–c.1970 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), Chapter 3; Adrian Bingham, Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004), Chapter 2. 6. Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Managing the Body, p. 109. 7. Sally Mitchell, The New Girl: Girls’ Culture in England 1880–1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 1. 8. Mary Anne Broome, Colonial Memories (London: Smith, Elder, 1904), pp. 293, 295, 300. Cited ibid., p. 3. 9. Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century (Penguin edn, 1973; first published Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1971), p. 201. 10. Barbara Harrison, Not Only the ‘Dangerous Trades’: Women’s Work and Health in Britain, 1880–1914 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1996), p. 5. 11. Mitchell, The New Girl, pp. 1, 7. 12. David Fowler dates the emergence of a distinctive teenage culture to the interwar years in The First Teenagers: The Lifestyle of Young Wage-Earners in Interwar Britain (London: Woburn Press, 1995), p. 1. 13. Stables, The Girl’s Own Book of Health and Beauty, p. 195. 14. Roberts, The Classic Slum, pp. 51, 53. 15. Elizabeth Roberts, A Woman’s Place: An Oral History of Working-Class Women 1890–1940 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), p. 39. 16. Claire Langhamer, Women’s Leisure in England, 1920–1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). 17. Mitchell, The New Girl,p.9. 18. E.J. Tilt, On the Preservation of the Health of Women at the Critical Periods of Life (London: John Churchill, 1851), pp. 36–7; George Black, The Young Wife’s Advice Book: A Guide for Mothers on Health and Self-Management,6th edn (London: Ward, Lock and Co., 1888), p. 5. 197 198 Notes 19. E.B. Duffey, What Women Should Know. A Woman’s Book about Women. Containing Practical Information for Wives and Mothers (Philadelphia, PA: J.M. Stoddart [1873]), p. 28; Lionel Weatherly, The Young Wife’s Own Book: A Manual of Personal and Family Hygiene (London: Griffith and Farran, 1882), p. 27. 20. Mary Hilton and Maria Nikolajeva, ‘Introduction: Time of Turmoil’, in idem (eds), Contemporary Adolescent Literature and Culture (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2012), pp. 1–16, on p. 2. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and the Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (New York: D. Appleton, 1904) and Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene (New York: D. Appleton, 1906). His ideas are explored more fully in Chapter 1. 21. Mary Scharlieb and F. Arthur Sibly, Youth and Sex: Dangers and Safeguards for Boys and Girls (London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1919), Part 1: ‘Girls’, by Mary Scharlieb, p. 7. 22. See Hilary Marland, ‘Women, Health and Medicine’, in Mark Jackson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 484–502. 23. Though for the US, see Joan Jacobs Brumberg, The Body Project: An Inti- mate History of American Girls (New York: Vintage Books, 1998) and Martha H. Verbrugge, Active Bodies: A History of Women’s Physical Education in Twentieth-Century America (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), especially Chapters 2 and 3. 24. See, for instance, Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988). 25. Patricia A. Vertinsky, The Eternally Wounded Woman: Women, Doctors, and Exercise in the Late Nineteenth Century (Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1994; first published Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), quote on p. 39. 26. Lorna Duffin, ‘The Conspicuous Consumptive: Woman as an Invalid’, in Sara Delamont and Lorna Duffin (eds), The Nineteenth-Century Woman: Her Cultural and Physical World (London: Croom Helm, 1978), pp. 26–55; Maria H. Frawley, Invalidism and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2004). See also Miriam Bailin, The Sickroom in Victorian Fiction: The Art of Being Ill (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 27. Duffin, ‘The Conspicuous Consumptive’, p. 32. 28. Michelle J. Smith, Empire in British Girls’ Literature and Culture: Imperial Girls, 1880–1915 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). 29. See, for example, out of the vast literature on maternal and infant welfare, Jane Lewis, The Politics of Motherhood: Child and Maternal Welfare in England 1900–1939 (London: Croom Helm, 1980); Deborah Dwork, War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children: A History of the Infant and Child Welfare Move- ment in England 1898–1918 (London and New York: Tavistock, 1987); Anna Davin, ‘Imperialism and Motherhood’, History Workshop Journal, 5 (1978), 9–66; Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland (eds), Women and Chil- dren First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870–1945 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (eds), Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and Notes 199 London: Routledge, 1993); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane (eds), Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s–1950s (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), and for the US, Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden (eds), Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1997). For women and occupa- tional health, see Harrison, Not only the ‘Dangerous Trades’; Carolyn Malone, Women’s Bodies and Dangerous Trades in England, 1880–1914 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003). 30. Barbara Harrison, ‘Women and Health’, in June Purvis (ed.), Women’s His- tory: Britain, 1850–1945 (London: UCL Press, 1995), pp. 157–92, quotes on p. 182. 31. John Pickstone, ‘Production, Community and Consumption: The Politi- cal Economy of Twentieth-Century Medicine’, in Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds), Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century (London: Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 1–20. 32. And has been questioned in Vicky Long and Hilary Marland, ‘From Danger and Motherhood to Health and Beauty: Health Advice for the Factory Girl in Early Twentieth-Century Britain’, Twentieth Century British History, 20 (2009), 454–81. 33. Dorothy Porter, ‘The Healthy Body’, in Cooter and Pickstone (eds), Compan- ion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century, pp. 201–16, on p. 204. 34. See, for example, Helen Jones, Health and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain (London and New York: Longman, 1994), pp. 11–17; Jane Lewis, Women in England 1870–1950: Sexual Divisions and Social Change (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1984), pp. 23–44, and for middle-class women Patricia Branca, Silent Sisterhood: Middle-Class Women in the Victorian Home (London: Croom Helm, 1975), Part II. 35. Barbara Brookes, ‘Women and Reproduction c.1860-1919’, in Jane Lewis (ed.), Labour and Love: Women’s Experience of Home and Family 1850–1940 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), pp. 149–71, quote on pp. 149–50. For the extension of sexual knowledge and contraception, see Roy Porter and Lesley Hall (eds), The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowl- edge in Britain, 1650–1950 (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1995); Angus McLaren, Birth Control in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Croom Helm, 1978); Hera Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception 1800–1975 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). 36. For example, Roberts, A Woman’s Place; Lucinda McCray Beier, For Their Own Good: The Transformation of English Working-Class Health Culture, 1880–1970 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2008); Kate Fisher, Birth Con- trol, Sex, and Marriage in Britain, 1918–1960 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). 37. For example, Ellen Jordan, ‘ “Making Good Wives and Mothers”? The Trans- formation of Middle-Class Girls’ Education in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, History of Education Quarterly, 31 (1991), 439–62 and Carol Dyhouse, ‘Good Wives and Little Mothers: Social Anxieties and the Schoolgirl’s Curriculum, 1890–1920’, Oxford Review of Education, 3 (1977), 21–35. 38. Carol Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981). 200 Notes 39. Iris Dove, ‘Sisterhood or Surveillance? The Development of Working Girls’ Clubs in London 1880–1939’, unpublished University of Greenwich PhD thesis, 1996; M.C. Martin, ‘Gender, Religion and Recreation: Flora Lucy Freeman and Female Adolescence 1890–1925’, in R. Gilchrest, T. Jeffs and J. Spence (eds), Drawing on the Past: Studies in the History of Community Youth Work (Leicester: The National Youth Agency, 2006), pp. 61–77. 40. Ellen Ross, Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870–1918 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 154. 41. George R. Sims, ‘At the Front Door’, in idem (ed.), Living London,1(London: Cassell, 1901–2), p. 31. Cited in Anna Davin, Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street in London 1870–1914 (London: Rivers Oram Press, 1996), p. 88. 42. Penny Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing Up in England 1920–1950 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1995), pp. 13–20. 43. Ibid., p. 20. Chapter 4 explores the often poor health status of the schoolgirl and Chapter 5 health problems confronting working girls.
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