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The Physical Enviroment and Feeding Habits of the Hatchetfish Sternoptyx Diaphana Hermann in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

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The Physical Enviroment and Feeding Habits of the Hatchetfish Sternoptyx Diaphana Hermann in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean The physical environment and feeding habits of the hatchetfish Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Amesbury, Steven S. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 22:10:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318124 ■ ■ i . THE PHYSICAL ENVIROMENT AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE HATCHETFISH STERNOPTYX DIAPHANA HERMANN IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN by Steven Stewart Amesbury CStfifC}«<lr!7f.'S»MatW45Ki'u*t->05£3oi<BJ;citt.T*»TOv 'isaK< tSiUftbSBM A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN ZOOLOGY • ’ • In the Graduate College. THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library» Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission^ provided that accurate acknowl­ edgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however9 permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNEDs APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The specimens used in-this analysis were collected during Stanford Oceanographic Expedition 20^ with support from NSF Grants GB6870 and GB6S71» 1 received much encouragement and valuable advice from the Senior Scientific personnel of S»0,E6 20, Drse Ee H» Wheeler, John S. Pearse, and Jack Littlepagee All of the members of the scientific party and the officers and crew of the R/V nTe Vega" deserve credit for the success of the trawling operations,. In particular, I would like to thank M r s Bruce H 0 Robison for his help in the collection of the midwater fishese I owe much to Dr. D. A. Thomson for his support and encouragement throughout this project. His help went far beyond his duties as Thesis Director. Dr. John S. Carlson helped in the id ent if ic at ion of the stomach contents of the fish, and both he and Dr. John R, Hendrickson have given me valuable advice on the preparation of this manuscript. I would like to express my appreciation to Mr. Charles Lehner for his encouragement and the many hours of discussion we have had regarding my research. Especial thanks to my wife Judy for her help in the preparation of this manuscript. iii . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi LISi Oi XASLhfS oQO©o©o©eo©oe©«o©oo vii S XjR, AO X o 1 o o © © « g © © © © e L © g o o e o © o © © viii Xr$ fROOUOTZQM © o © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS * * * © , * * * , , * * * * * * 9 OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC © © © © 16 C 2ju C 1,11 X 033- 0 O © e ■ © 6 0 © 6 6 Cr € O 6 © © O © © . 16 WS.t» ©liT MS,S S © S © © © o.e e o © a © e © © © . © e 0 0 19 DISTRIBUTION OF STEBNOPTYX DMPHANA . 6 e . , . 25 Geographical Distribution and Abundance <,<.*»<> 25 Depth Distribution and Vertical Migration ««,«<, 27 Physical Factors and Depth Distribution 29 Physical Factors and Geographical Distribution , 31 FOOD OF STERNOPTYX D1APHANA 34 Food and Abundance of et2W»Bses=siSbeCTs?aRsBd5ic»E3=a<5ia»iSM«-Sternoptyx diaphana ea-eaaaaosrt^SMeraseBsae-ciMieixjc* 34 Food and Size-Distribution of Sternoptyx diaphana 35 Geographical Variation in Diet „ e e « 35 Food and Vertical Migration of Sternoptyx jl&SB&SE * .* ♦ * 6 0 0 ■.0 • • • 6 « ° e 8 e 8 38 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OOObOOOOOCOO 39 APPENDIX 1 Distribution of Temperature with Depth ■ at the. Major Sampling Areas Our mg S o 0 o E e 20 » » » » @ @ » a » » APPENDIX 2 Distribution of Salinity with Depth at the Major Sampling Areas During S o 0 o E o 20 9 a - o o' o e o a a a a a a a a APPENDIX 3 • Distribution of Oxygen with Depth at the Major Sampling Areas During S o G o & o 20 oooaoooeoooaoao APPENDIX 4 Length 9 Weight9 Sex, and Stomach Contents of Sterneofyx diaphana Collected During ^ Q 0 o o 20 , 0 O O O <? <3 0 O O 0 t? O <> <5 O REFERENCES aoooooOoooooooooooooo LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1« Cruise Track and Midwater Sampling Areas of .Stanford Oceanographic Expedition 20 6 „ « 0 12 2, Circulation of the .Eastern' Tropical P ao rx xo Ocean eo.eoc6©G©6.o<>6e oo* 17 3o Surface Water Masses of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.Ocean ceoeseeeeeoe 20 4. Water Masses of the Eastern.Tropical Pacific Ocean and Depths of Midwafer Trawl Stations During Stanford ... Oceanographic Expedition 20. , e «„.«..* „ * «> 21 5» Number of Sternoptyx diaohana Collected Per hour of Traveling Below 430 m .. with . Tucker Trawl 26 6C Time of Day, Depth of Trawling, and Ntsaber of Sternoptyx diaohana Collected During Stanford Oceanographic ■Expedition 20 „ „ e e 6 28 7o Standard Length of Sternoptyx.diaohana Collected During Stanford "Oceanographic Expeoxt** xon 20 ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©oo© 30 8. Temperature'”Salinity Relationships at Major Sampling Areas During Stanford Oceanographic Expedition 20 # e •••23.• . •«'• o vx LIST OF TABLES Table Station. Data and Number of Sfcernoptyx diaphana Collected During Stanford Oceanographic Expedition 20 * Percentages of Food Items in Diet of Large and Small Specimens of Sternoptyx d%.ap h . a © o © © © ©.© © © © © © © © © © Percentages of Food Items in Diet of Sternoptyx diaphana at the Major Sampling /ureas ©©©©©©©©©©©©© ABSTRACT An analysis was made of the distribution and feeding habits of the hatchetfish Stegnoptyx diaphana Hermann collected in the Eastern Tropical Pacific during Stanford Oceanographic Expedition 20. This species was most abundant near the equator, becoming less prevalent to the north. Collections of Se diaphana fall into two groups with respect to depth: one group being found at 500 m s occupying the Equatorial Subsurface Water, and the other group being found below 900 m in the Intermediate and Pacific Deep Water. The shallower-living group is made up of smaller larval and juvenile forms, whereas the deeper- living group consists predominantly of adults. Day vs. night catches do not .indicate upward migration at night. S. diaphana feeds on zooplankton, with calanoid copepods being the main food source. None of the fish found near 500 m had food in their stomachs, another indication that these fish do not migrate upward to feed. Smaller fish had a somewhat different diet than the larger fish, because of their selection of smaller prey. Geographical differences in diet are due to differences in size composition of hatchet- fish catches and plankton distribution.. The presence of food in the stomachs of fish collected during daytime and nighttime, indicates that feeding takes place throughout the day and night. - ' vili INTRODUCTION As an.environment for marine life, the midwater zone of the oceans is comparatively poorly understood„ As recently as 1880, Alexander. Agassiz wrote n6 „ e the surface fauna of the seas is. really limited to a compar­ atively narrow belt in depth, and 0 „ '« there is no inter­ mediate belt of animal life between those living on the bottom,, and the surface pelagic fauna81 (Harrisson, 1967), Since that time, and even before (the Challenger expedition 1872 to .1876), midwater trawling operations have demons­ trated that not only does life exists in the midwaters, but that it is a diverse and highly adapted biota. One of the most conspicuous components of the life of the midwater zone is the fishes. The first step in the study of midwater fishes was the describing and naming of new species (e„ge, Gilbert, 1890, 1915; Beebe, 1929b, 1932; Parr, 1929; Paxton, 1963; etc,). Subsequent studies involved trawling surveys in various areas to find out what fishes lived where (eeg,, Beebe, 1929a, 1937; Clemens, 1.955; Best and Smith, 1965), and, using these data,t what were the ranges of the various species (Bruun, 1958; Haffner, 1952; Haedrich and Craddock, 1968), ' Improved trawling techniques and the use of opening and closing nets and trawls led to discoveries about the 1 2 "ecology and behavior of midwater fishes„ Murray and Hjort (1912) noted that the midwater gonostomatid Cyelothone microdon was usually found at deeper levels in the sea . than the geographically sympatrie species Cyelothone sIgnata. Haffner (1952) concluded that the viperfish Chauliodus s_0 sloa.nl has a wider vertical range when it occurs in the presence of other Chauliodus species. These and other studies indicate that ranges of midwater fishes are limited vertically as well as horizontally. The vertical distribution of a particular midwater species may be different at different stages of its life history, Hjort, in regard to depth distribution of certain midwater fishes, wrote, "If we next examine the size® distribution at the different depths, we shall see that it is perfectly clear that the smaller sizes are met with much higher up than the larger ones * e •'* (Murray and Hjort, 1912), Gibbs and Hurwitz (1967) found adult Chauliodus pammelas at depths of 500 to 750 m, but the smaller, younger specimens were collected in the upper 300 m of the water column, Ebeling (1962) and Ebeling and Weed (1963) noted this same phenomenon of shallower- living larvae, and juveniles and deeper-living adults among various species of Melamphaidae, Related to this is the phenomenon of diurnal vertical migration.
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