Los Copépodos Cyclopoida De Diferentes Ambientes Acuáticos En La Concesión Para La Conservación Río Los Amigos, Madre De Dios, Perú

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Los Copépodos Cyclopoida De Diferentes Ambientes Acuáticos En La Concesión Para La Conservación Río Los Amigos, Madre De Dios, Perú UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E.A.P. DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Los copépodos cyclopoida de diferentes ambientes acuáticos en la concesión para la conservación Río Los Amigos, Madre de Dios, Perú TESIS Para optar al título profesional de Bióloga con mención en Hidrobiología y Pesquería AUTOR Diana Mabel López Paría ASESORA Iris Samanez Valer Lima – Perú 2015 Dedico esta Tesis a mi madre Rosa María, por darme la vida, por siempre apoyarme con su forma única de ser, a mi abuelita por cuidar a mi bebe durante la redacción. A mi asesora por la paciencia de todos los años pasados y a todos aquellos amigos y familiares que siempre me han impulsado a continuar y me han dado fuerzas. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi profesora, asesora y amiga Iris Samanez por haberme brindado la oportunidad de aprender y trabajar a su lado durante todos estos años. Sin su apoyo, cariño y comprensión hubiera sido impensable realizar esta tesis. A la Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica por haber considerado importante mi proyecto y otorgarme una beca en el año 2006, sin la cual hubiera sido imposible colectar las muestras en el corazón de Madre de Dios. Particularmente al Dr. Nigel Pitman por haber confiado y creído en lo necesario de mi investigación. A la respetable Dra. Janet Reid, investigadora asociada del National Museum of Natural History de Washington D.C., ahora retirada, que sin su amabilidad en enviarme publicaciones tanto físicas como digitales no hubiera podido avanzar con las identificaciones de los ciclopoides. Al Dr. Paulo Cogorsinho, quien me sugirió ir al Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA para usar sus laboratorios, microscopios, claves y ayuda profesional de dos investigadores que estudiaban copépodos durante esos años. Al respetable Dr. Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva, investigador titular del INPA por su gran confianza en recibirme con su familia en su hogar durante mi estadía en Manaos, y por su guía sin lo cual no hubiera podido concluir las identificaciones. Al Dr. Daniel Previatelli, docente de la Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, por su amistad y ayuda en la identificación de varias especies durante mi estadía en el Inpa A mis padres, que sin su cariño, compresión y paciencia no hubiera podido dedicarme a mi tesis desde un inicio. Y al amor de mi vida, mi hijo, por ser la luz e impulso que necesitaba. ÍNDICE GENERAL 1. INTRODUCCION………………………………………………………….......1 2. MARCO TEORICO…………………………………………………….….......3 3. HIPOTESIS……………………………………………………………………..6 4. OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………….6 5. MATERIALES Y METODOS……………………………………….…………7 5.1 Área de estudio………………………………………………..….…….....7 5.2 Diseño de estudio……………………………………………………......11 5.3 Caracterización físico-química del agua ……………………..…........13 5.4 Colecta de copépodos ciclopoides ………………………………........13 5.5 Tratamiento del material biológico en laboratorio…………...............13 5.6 Análisis de datos…………………………………………………….......17 6. RESULTADOS…………………………………………………………….....20 6.1 Caracterización físico-química del agua en las estaciones de colecta…………………………………….…………………………........20 6.2 Descripción de las estaciones de colecta…………………………..…21 6.3 Composición y Riqueza especifica de copépodos ciclopoides…….36 6.3.1 Composición y Riqueza específica en quebradas……………38 6.3.2 Composición y Riqueza específica en cochas………………..38 6.3.3 Composición y Riqueza específica en aguajales……….........39 6.4 Índice de Constancia de Dajoz…………………………………………40 6.4.1 Índice de Constancia de Dajoz en quebradas…………........42 6.4.2 Índice de Constancia de Dajoz en cochas……………….......42 6.4.3 Índice de Constancia de Dajoz en aguajales………………...43 6.5 Correlación simple de Pearson…………………………………………44 6.6 Análisis Multivariante…………………………………………………….47 6.6.1 Similitud de Simper………………………………………………47 6.6.2 Clasificación Jerárquica…………………………………………47 6.6.3 Análisis no paramétrico de ordenación nMDS...……………..48 7. DISCUSION…………………………………………………………………..50 8. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………....……53 9. RECOMENDACIONES…………………………………………………......54 10. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS……………………………………….55 11. ANEXOS………………………………………………………………………64 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Estaciones de colecta de muestras de plancton en el CICRA y alrededores………………………………………………………………….……….11 Tabla 2. Parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua de las 15 estaciones de colecta..............................................................................................................20 Tabla 3. Especies registradas en las 15 estaciones de colecta………………..37 Tabla 4. Especies registradas en las 7 estaciones de quebradas……………..38 Tabla 5. Especies registradas en las 4 estaciones de cochas…………………39 Tabla 6. Especies registradas en las 4 estaciones de aguajal…………………40 Tabla 7. Índices de constancia de ciclopoides en las 15 estaciones………….41 Tabla 8. Índices de constancia de ciclopoides en quebradas………………….42 Tabla 9. Índices de constancia de ciclopoides en cochas………………………43 Tabla 10. Índices de constancia de ciclopoides en aguajales………………….44 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1. Ubicación de la Concesión para la Conservación del río Los Amigos ………….……………………………………………………………………………...10 FIGURA 2. Ubicación de las 15 estaciones de colecta…………………….……12 FIGURA 3. Limpieza de muestras colectadas y separación de especímenes de copépodos ciclopoides……………………………..……………………………….15 FIGURA 4. Disección e identificación de especies de copépodos ciclopoides.16 FIGURA 5. Tratamiento adicional en el INPA particularmente para especímenes de Mesocyclops……………………………..………...…………..17 FIGURA 6. Vista de quebrada en la trocha carretera……………………………21 FIGURA 7. Vista de quebrada en la trocha Daniela…………………….….…..22 FIGURA 8. Vista de quebrada en la trocha Mirador 2………………………....23 FIGURA 9. Vista de quebrada en la trocha Mirador 1…………………………..24 FIGURA 10. Vista de quebrada en la trocha Carrizo…….….…….………..…...25 FIGURA 11. Vista de quebrada en la trocha Playa.…….…………….…..……..26 FIGURA 12. Vista de quebrada en la trocha Musmuqui……………………….27 FIGURA 13. Vista de cocha Endara.………………………………….……..…..28 FIGURA 14. Vista de cocha Raya……………………………….………….…….29 FIGURA 15. Vista de cocha Collpa……………………………….……….……...30 FIGURA 16. Vista de Cocha Lobo………………………………….……..………31 FIGURA 17. Vista de Aguajal Aeródromo………………………….….…………32 FIGURA 18. Vista de Aguajal Carrizo…………………………….….…….……..33 FIGURA 19. Vista de Aguajal Plataforma………………………….………..……34 FIGURA 20. Vista de Aguajal 13-15……………………………………………….35 FIGURA 21. Regresión lineal de Pearson entre altitud y riqueza especifica….44 FIGURA 22. Regresión lineal de Pearson entre temperatura y riqueza especifica……………………………………………………..………………………45 FIGURA 23. Regresión lineal de Pearson entre pH y riqueza especifica……..45 FIGURA 24. Regresión lineal de Pearson entre Oxigeno disuelto y riqueza especifica……………………………………………………………………………...46 FIGURA 25. Regresión lineal de Pearson entre Dióxido de carbono y riqueza especifica……………………………………………………………………………...46 FIGURA 26. Cluster de las 15 estaciones de colecta en relación a la composición de especies……………………………………………………………48 FIGURA 27. MDS de las 15 estaciones de colecta en relación a la similaridad ranqueada del cluster………………………………………………………………..49 RESUMEN Existe un completo desconocimiento de la riqueza de copépodos ciclopoides en los cuerpos de agua de la amazonía peruana y particularmente en Madre de Dios. En este departamento, la actividad minera es la principal estrategia de subsistencia y de desarrollo económico, y la intensidad con que se realiza ha conllevado a prácticas ambientalmente irresponsables que están afectando todo el ecosistema y, por ende, la riqueza de componentes planctónicos, como los copépodos ciclopoides, que aún no han sido estudiados. La Concesión para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica (ACCA) en el río Los Amigos ubicada entre la intersección de las cuencas del río Madre de Dios y Los Amigos, es zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Manu. Esta área posee una gran diversidad de ambientes acuáticos, (quebradas, cochas y aguajales), de tipo de agua negra y blanca. En el 2006 se colectaron muestras de plancton para identificar y determinar los taxa de ciclopoides, tipificar los ambientes según la composición de especies e índice de constancia, relacionar parámetros de oxigeno disuelto, temperatura, pH y dióxido de carbono con la riqueza y determinar si existe similaridad entre las quebradas, cochas y aguajales. Se registraron por primera vez 34 especies para Madre de Dios y la Amazonia peruana; y 4 géneros para el Perú. Considerando los registros publicados para los Andes en 1989, se incrementó con este estudio 28 especies, siendo el total actual de 49 especies de ciclopoides para el Perú. La única especie constante en los tres ambientes acuaticos fue Ectocyclops herbsti, a nivel de composición si se identificaron especies que no se presentaban en uno u otro ambiente y cuando se intento relacionar con parámetros físico-químicos no se halló relación con la riqueza. Las especies características para las quebradas, fueron Ectocyclops herbsti, Macrocyclops albidus albidus y Tropocyclops schubarti, para las cochas, Microcyclops ceibaensis, M. finitimus y E. herbsti, y para los aguajales, Ectocyclops herbsti y Tropocyclops schubarti. No se observó una agrupación de composición de especies entre quebradas, cochas y aguajales; sin embargo, fue evidente un patrón espacial de especies coincidente con la distribución de las estaciones relacionado probablemente con el origen y conexión del agua que llega a esos ambientes. Palabras clave: ciclopoides, agua
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