T H E PILOT LIGHT

Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School ISSUE 01 Ignition IGNI TION

As a Year 10 scholar, my first introduction to this journal It has been an incredible experience to The symposia for the Lower and Upper have been a part of the curation of the first School Academic Scholars provided the was helping my Year 8 buddies. I thoroughly enjoyed edition of The Pilot Light; hopefully this opportunity for the Scholars to share their will be the only edition to be published in a thoughts on ‘ignition’ in the form of a speech discussing their ideas with them and then seeing how they national lockdown! The Academic Scholars’ to other Scholars, followed by questions from programme has expanded rapidly in the past their mentors. It was a pleasure to mentor explored them individually in their essays. Their ideas also year with now three Scholars' Symposia and two of the Upper School Scholars during influenced me in choosing what to write about. I loved this two separate journals. This journal is a clear the writing of their respective articles and testament to the hard work by the Lower and I was struck by the creativity, diligence and opportunity to explore areas outside the curriculum and Upper School Scholars, especially given these dedication shown which shines through in challenging times. every article. allow myself to travel far down ‘information rabbit holes’.

It was also fascinating to attend the two Scholars' Symposia At South Hampstead, something that all I hope you all enjoy reading through these students have in common is being passionate, essays and that they inspire and possibly and to see how all the other girls had interpreted the theme which is why the theme of ‘ignition’ was ignite your own passion to discover and of ‘ignition’ in such a variety of ways, really showcasing the so fitting. It has allowed the exploration of pursue! each scholar’s individual passion that had range and diversity of interests at South Hampstead. been ignited through their own research and personal experiences. This is shown through I hope you enjoy reading this journal and, hopefully, learn the broad nature and wide timeframe of the topics chosen, from 1900s fashion to the something new! future of stem cell medicine. No two articles are the same and each has their own unique AMELIE TODD take on the subject matter, demonstrating Lower Sixth, Chief Scholar their personal nature.

LILLIAN SPARKS Year 10 Academic Scholar

2 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 3 What ignited in Lin-Manuel Lin-Manuel in ignited What What ignited a new era era anew ignited What 08 06 18 16 14 12 10 Contents 4 To what extent will globalisation globalisation To will extent what How did WorldHow did War ignite? II ignite music How classical does interest an we ignite How can control ahorse. and How to ignite did the musical re-ignite wider wider re-ignite musical the did why and musical the Hamilton Miranda the idea to write idea towrite the Miranda people? ignite a new era in technology in in technology in era anew ignite in classical music within young young within music classical in interest in US history? in interest intelligence? military and espionage in the next decade? next the the brain? the

TALIA KLEIJNEN GADOWELEANOR GABBERT CAMILLE COKELISS CLARA SOPHIA CAMIÑA LOIS CAMERON LOWER LEWIS KARISSA The ignition of wildfires. of ignition The What ignited the protests in in protests the ignited What What ignited the Lavender Lavender the ignited What 32 34 30 24 22 20 28 26 Tutankhamen’s tomb ignite How music ignites sparks over sparks How ignites music How predictions have doomsday communication? developed camera the How has How do ignite? volcanoes of discovery the How did Hong Kong? Hong history? Scare? societal issues. societal people throughout in fear ignited interest in the Egyptian era? era? Egyptian the in interest to ignite a whole new means of awhole means new to ignite

ISABELLA MULLICK ISABELLA MARIELLA MICHAEL LOGIE JESSICA RACHEL XIANG KATIE WALTON KATIE SURTEES GABRIELLA CHIARA SADD MILLIE WHITMORE MILLIE

H IO IH SU 1 01 ISSUE LIGHT PILOT THE

Ignition 46 44 42 40 48 Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School High Hampstead South of Journal Scholars’ Academic School Upper and Lower Why are young people ignited by by people young ignited are Why What ignited the partition partition the ignited What 50 38 36 How World War ignited II How fourth-wave feminism has has feminism How fourth-wave How #MeToo anew ignited change? social ignite How literature does is research cell How stem Space pollution. pollution. Space feminism. in upsurge practical women's fashion. practical political radicalism? political ignited a new wave of theatre. wave anew of theatre. ignited igniting new possibilities in in possibilities new igniting between India and Pakistan? medicine.

SOPHIE CHRISTENSEN MARTHA CHARLES MANON GRAHAM AADYA GOENKA FOBEL CHARLOTTE DUTSONNYIKA VRINDA MAHTANI MAE MACADAM

“We didn’t start the fire” by Billy Billy by “We fire” the didn’t start 56 54 52 Joel: a timeless, lyrical metaphor metaphor lyrical atimeless, Joel: How exercise ignites the brain. the ignites How exercise helped Magic How General history. history. for the never-ending crises of crises for never-ending the ignite a new era in technology. in era anew ignite

LILLIAN SPARKS LILLIAN LUCY SCRIMGEOUR POTTER CRINAN UPPER 5 What ignited in Lin- reading, he felt a great affinity with The book, which was on the New York Manuel Miranda the idea Hamilton as they were both outsiders Times’ best seller list for three months in and immigrants, Hamilton from the 2006, returned in 2015, immediately after to write Hamilton the Caribbean and Miranda from Puerto the release of Miranda’s musical. The musical and why did the Rico. Both had to make their own book then stayed on this best seller list musical re-ignite wider way in new worlds and both began for over 100 weeks. with very little. Miranda had also interest in US history? lost a best friend while Hamilton The 2016 presidential election, combined was orphaned, so Miranda felt a with the musical, ignited a newfound connection of bereavement and BY LOIS CAMERON interest in American history and genuinely appreciated the struggles encouraged people to “look around”. “Look around, look around at how lucky that Hamilton had faced throughout his Trump’s arrival at the White House we are to be alive right now”. This is life. Miranda was struck by Hamilton’s made Americans remember the national a quote from the song, The Schuyler relentlessness, mental brilliance and values by which Hamilton lived. On Sisters, from the musical, Hamilton. linguistic dexterity, as well as his revisiting these values, Americans sought Opening on Broadway in 2015, after self-destructive stubbornness. These information about the foundations taking Lin-Manuel Miranda seven characteristics were, in Miranda’s of these values. In response to this years to write, Hamilton is now one mind, easily adaptable to develop a demand, museums started putting on of the biggest musicals in the world. compelling and iconic musical character. new exhibitions about Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton, the main character, his life. In 2018, the American Postal Museum put on an exhibition about him and at the National Museum of American “LOOK AROUND, LOOK AROUND AT History, an exhibition called the Eliza HOW LUCKY WE ARE TO BE ALIVE Project, about Hamilton’s wife, opened in 2016. Also, The Smithsonian National RIGHT NOW.” Museum of American History (SNMAH) was prompted to publish more of was a great statesman, politician, legal Hamilton the musical is all about Hamilton’s writing. That year, 4.1 million scholar, military commander, lawyer, personal values. Miranda greatly people visited the SNMAH. On Broadway, and, most importantly, one of the seven admired Hamilton’s beliefs and the hundreds of thousands went to watch founding fathers of America, as well as way in which he tried to teach his Hamilton. the creator of the Bank of the United children the idea that life can be hard States. The show boosted interest in and that you can’t always control what To quote Angelica Schulyer, Hamilton’s both Alexander Hamilton and American happens or determine how you may be best friend and sister-in-law: “History is history, in general. remembered, or how your story is told. happening”.

Miranda was on holiday in 2008 The popularity of this musical started to Bibliography when he came across Ron Chernow’s arouse deeper curiosity and interest in • Chernow, R., Hamilton biography of Hamilton, which was Hamilton who, at that point, was fading • ‘Interview with Ron Chernow’, London Evening Standard • Miranda, L.M., Hamilton, An American Musical: Vocal published in 2004. As Miranda was into obscurity, according to Chernow. Selections • Best seller lists, New York Times

6 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 7 To what extent will an effect like that of the space race In terms of businesses, most of the In conclusion, globalisation can and globalisation ignite a new between the USA and the Soviet Union. time it makes sense for companies to will play a huge role in igniting a new era in technology in the If there is a race to create innovative expose their products to the global technological era in the next decade, technologies first, the new era will market. If a product is advertised across faster than ever before. This new era next decade? come about faster. Others argue that the world, it is being seen by more will pave the way for better standards people will feel morally inclined to potential customers. Generally, this of living where everyone has access spread ideas to developing countries, means more money for the business to everything they need through new BY SOPHIA CAMIÑA in order to help them develop at a in question. Some argue that this drone delivery services, or online In the past, globalisation has played faster pace. As a result, most people will cause problems such as local platforms that deliver medicines and a large role in aiding the spread of worldwide would have access to businesses not earning what they would clean water. The future will be a global, technologies throughout the world, similar technologies. Along the same otherwise, but this just enforces the connected world in which necessities but now globalisation is happening lines, if the whole world had access element of competitiveness and makes are easier to reach due to a new faster than ever before. With this new to a device, platform or technological businesses work faster. In addition, the technological era brought about by efficiency and speed, will a new era in service, more adaptations of that more money a business makes, the globalisation. technology develop during the 2020s? product would be manufactured, and more it must spend on developing new

Although new eras in technology have more new things would appear. The products and aiding the development Bibliography been partly ignited by globalisation in more technologies that people have of this new technological era. Also, • ‘Digital Globalization: The New Era and its Implications’, Sebastian Reiche the past, such as the spread of the car access to, the more people would anyone can access almost anyone else’s • ‘Globalization Helps Spread Knowledge and Technology or the iPhone, it has ceased to happen try to recreate existing ideas to help ideas and use them, along with others, Across Borders’, Aqib Aslam, Johannes Eugster, Giang Ho, Florence Jaumotte, Carolina Osorio-Buitron, and Roberto in the past decade. them and their communities. However, to create brand new things faster. Piazza, IMF Blog some communities may believe it is Technologies and products will be • ‘A History of Geography’, DK immoral, and even dangerous, to easier to think up and will be made up There are many arguments as to why expose themselves to the growing of combinations of other people’s ideas, and how this could take place. Many world of technology. And so, another as well as the manufacturer’s own ideas. reason that globalisation strengthens factor enters the debate: which is more In this way, large technology firms can competition between technology important, the preservation of tradition benefit from each other’s products. This firms, since they can know what other or technological innovation? Only those will drive global firms to sometimes companies are doing at a given time. affected can really decide. work together on projects not possible This element of competitiveness creates otherwise.

8 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead 9

THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition How to ignite and control to something being added to a horse’s up of the somatic nervous system - a horse. experience and the punishment which controls voluntary movements refers to decreasing the amount of an and the autonomic nervous system - unwanted behaviour. An example of which controls involuntary movements. BY CLARA COKELISS this is smacking a horse that has just The autonomic nervous system is Horse riding is a widely practised sport refused a jump. This is done in the hope made up of two branches, one controls and ranges from leisurely countryside that the horse will make a connection the fight or flight response and one hacking and western riding to between the refusal of the jump and controls the rest and digest response. competing internationally and horse the smacking, and therefore not refuse These responses are almost always racing. But what actually makes a horse a jump again. in opposition, one saying ‘get out of go? This article will explore how to here’ and the other saying ‘relax and control and ‘ignite’ a horse, looking into rest’. This means that in the wild, horses Negative punishment refers to training methods (the control aspect), have two states of being, one being the something being taken away from and the nervous system (the ignition response to fear (fight/flight) and one the horse (that they want) in order to aspect). being the relaxation (rest/digest). When decrease the amount of an unwanted horses are ridden, they develop a third behaviour. This is probably the hardest state of being. In this state, they are For the control aspect of this project, quadrant to understand. A way you neither ready to fight/flee or resting/ there are four main training methods could use this type of punishment is digesting. They are active and working for horses: positive reinforcement, not giving a horse a reward if they do but not fleeing a predator; in other negative reinforcement, positive not display the correct behaviour. This POSITIVEwords they are relaxed and active. punishment and negative punishment. works because the horse expects the Positive reinforcement is when reward, and therefore not giving them a something pleasant is added to a reward is like taking it away from them. In conclusion while fear ignites a horse’s experience that increases the The horse then makes a connection horse, the horse must be relaxed and amount of a desired behaviour. For between not getting the reward and unfearful for the rider to be able to example, giving the horse a treat or not displaying the required behaviour, control it. Therefore, for riding we patREINFORCEMENT every time he/she does something and therefore displays the required train horses to respond to various correctly. This is often used with all behaviour to get the reward. movements and they learn to ‘ignite’ in animals as it is effective and easy to a way they would never do in the wild. do. Negative reinforcement is when Finally, what makes horses go? Horses something unpleasant is taken away have a very strong ‘fight or flight Bibliography from a horse’s experience to increase • ‘How do horses respond to cues?’ Good Horse response’. However, they don’t often the quantity of a desired behaviour. This • ‘Horse Behaviour’ Wikipedia use the ‘fight’ response as they are • Micklem, W., complete horse-riding manual, is used very often in the equestrian built to flee rather than fight. Therefore, • Wanless, M., ride with your mind essentials world - almost all methods of training their physiological response to fear is involve negative reinforcement. still to flee, meaning that fear ignites horses. The horse’s nervous system is Positive punishment is probably the anatomically made up of the central most controversial and misunderstood nervous system and the peripheral quadrant. Again, the positive refers nervous system; functionally it is made

10 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 11 being made to make classical music music to make classical made being efforts many are There complicated. and old supposedly is music classical because interest take an will teenagers, many not especially and children, many not enthusiasts, music of classical part the on effort without is, it a chance? As music classical give actually do people that young we ensure can how So not. that it’s find will you achance, it give and listen really you once but, boring and old is that it of assumptions abarrier behind placed is it society modern in because is This notes. to the listen to actually pages, the to open daunting be can it however revered, and respected outside, the on beautiful also is music Classical have never I would known. impression, my first on based but, book good avery truly It was vocabulary. its in rich and phrased beautifully prose, interesting most the with filled were pages creamy its behold, lo and and, to so, Igave do atry it only student the However, it. read perhaps being to want make me didn’t which old and complicated appeared it bound, was way it the in beautiful was it although at because, to look uninspiring quite was question in book The library. the in researching while across I came to abook similar very is music Classical GABBERT BY CAMILLE people? young within music classical in interest an How we can ignite 12

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Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School High Hampstead South of Journal Scholars’ Academic School Upper and Lower level and become more immersed. immersed. more become level and adeeper to on it connect that can you hear, you what with Ithink to along go astory is there When performances. live their with along stories telling experiences, offermusical inspiring they where concerts” “discovery hold Orchestra of Enlightenment Age the the London Symphony Orchestra and Both with. to connect easier music the making as well as interest more spark to help pieces the with along stories telling advise musicians Many music. to the listen we actually when children, younger for particularly Secondly, imagination comes in, friends that classical music isn’t cool! isn’t music that classical friends likely told less by to their are be and music the with connections form they that so possible as young involved as them getting probably is important most the Ithink music. classical in interested more people young to get ways definitely are there In conclusion, • • • • Bibliography ‘The importance of classical music in a modern world’, world’, amodern in music classical of importance ‘The Stew the Threw Beethoven Why S., Isserlis, Era Baroque the in Music M., Bukofzer, podcast Musical Marvellous Walliams’ David Minutes School Fur Elise, by Ludwig van Beethoven van Ludwig by Elise, Fur 13 What ignited a new era information securely has only been could be used against a ruler or made possible because of computers. monarch, to assassinate or overthrow in espionage and military them. Now, information can be stolen intelligence? Security agencies have been known to purely for the purpose of bringing it hack the phones and email accounts of to the public’s attention, to embarrass potential terrorists or spies. A modern or expose someone, or to further BY ELEANOR GADOW comparison shows just how much someone’s own cause. This has been We are living in the Information Age. things have changed in the past 50 made much easier by computers, as Information is the ‘Stone’ of the Stone years. In late 1960s and early 1970s, hacking into systems, copying data, Age, the ‘Iron’ of the Iron Age. We rely on it. The correct information, at the “This way of exchanging information correct time and put to the right use, has always been useful, but the new securely has only been made possible Information Age has changed the world of intelligence and espionage. This because of computers.” essay will explore what caused these changes and what causes it to keep Daniel Ellsberg stole 7000 pages and sending it to news organisations changing. of classified documents from the is relatively easy. It can all be done Pentagon. There were so many pages in seconds on the same device. This The Information Age has changed the that his family helped him to photocopy scenario is more realistic today than in world of espionage dramatically, owing them! He then leaked the papers to the past eras. to the invention of computers, smart press and they became known as the devices and other advanced technology. ‘Pentagon Papers’. By contrast in 2013, Computers have completely This revolution has caused rapid Edward Snowden, a CIA employee, revolutionised the world of espionage advances in the information we can saved highly classified documents to and intelligence and have changed the obtain, how we use it and its format. a USB stick and then leaked them to ways in which we do many things. We Spies used to send letters, normally journalists, before he escaped to Russia. now keep intelligence safe by using encoded, and a response would be in The fact that Ellsberg had to go to the multiple passwords, instead of keeping letter form. A very famous letter of this trouble of photocopying thousands it in a safe or locked filing cabinet. We type was sent to Anthony Babington of pages of documents, and needed now hack emails and phones, rather from Mary Queen of Scots. The letter the help of his family was a major (and than intercept letters and messengers. outlined a plot to kill Queen Elizabeth more perilous) endeavour. Snowden The world of espionage and intelligence I, and became known as the ‘Babington could just walk out of his CIA office with is forever changing. As our technology Plot’. Today, an agent might receive a raft of documents slipped into his is forever changing the ways we do a text or an email and, rather than pocket on a simple USB stick. things will too. writing a letter in response, she or he would probably text or email back. The Another way in which the world of Bibliography • Andrew C. The Secret World military intelligence and espionage agent would not encode it, as it would • The Babington Plot, National Archives be protected by a secure end-to-end has changed so dramatically is • Edward Snowden, Wikipedia encryption system and be password because of how we use and manipulate protected. This way of exchanging information. In the past, information INFORMATION AGE

14 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 15 How does classical music A Stanford study found that “music and intuition. This allows pianists, for ignite the brain? moves the brain to pay attention.” example, to translate notes on a sheet Researchers played musical to the keys their fingers hit to produce compositions from the 1800s in music, and playing instruments such as BY TALIA KLEIJNEN their study and found that “music the piano can really develop this area. In this article, I will explain what engages the areas of the brain scientists have discovered about involved with paying attention, making A further study showed that a patient the effects of classical music on the predictions and updating the event in suffering Alzheimer’s could re-learn brain and describe the effects on memory.” These areas are called the to play the piano if they learnt it to me of playing the piano. In order to Hippocampus and the Cerebellum. They a high enough level when they were explain these scientific discoveries, it also found out that listening to Mozart, young. Although some of the other is necessary to introduce some of the Bach and Beethoven, some of the most areas of their brain had deteriorated, parts of the brain. The brain has many well-known Classical composers, can the Cerebellum, the part of the brain different parts - the Frontal Lobe, the help students categorise information, that stores physical memory, still Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, the which is an influential asset to studying. remembered playing the piano because Cerebellum and the Amygdala to name This is due to their music’s rhythmical of the muscle memory. This suggests just a few. All of these different parts flow, and the logical musical sequences that learning to play the piano to a have different purposes, and music has and ornaments that are commonly high level profoundly affects the brain. an effect on many of them. found in Classical Music. Scientists think that this could lead to a way of stopping Alzheimer’s Disease.

“LISTENING TO MUSIC CAUSES THE Listening to music calms me down and playing classical music especially AMYGDALA TO PRODUCE OXYTOCIN, affects my emotions. When I play THE HORMONE THAT AFFECTS HOW the piano, I automatically find myself focusing on the music that I am playing WE BOND SOCIALLY.” rather than on the world around me and I get lost in the music. A surprising For example, scientists have found Scientists have found that it is not just point is that playing the piano improves that listening to music causes the listening to music that can improve my concentration and my capacity to Amygdala to produce oxytocin, the your brain’s structure. Playing music, remember factual information. This hormone that affects how we bond especially when both hands are is why I’m so glad that music is an socially. It can leave you feeling tranquil playing together, such as the piano, important part of my life. and loving, helping your path to sleep. greatly improves the structure of

Listening to music also develops two your Callosum. The Callosum is the Bibliography areas of your brain linked to language part of your brain which enables the • ‘Music and the mind’, Anthony Storr and communication. We analyse music right and left sides of your brain to • ‘Your Brain on Music’, University of Central Florida • ‘Music and health’, Harvard Medical School in one of these areas, and listening communicate, making your body move • ‘Four Health Benefits of listening to Classical Music’, to music improves your ability to in a coordinated way. It also links the Welsh National Opera • ‘The Benefits of studying with Music’, Florida National communicate in the other. parts of your brain that deal with logic University

16 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 17 COUNTRIES 0 5 How did World War II left economically depressed and expand the Japanese empire and unify ignite? the country’s mood, grim. Two years the whole of Asia. This was further later, the Nazi Party emerged, with intensified by Japan invading French Adolf Hitler at its helm. To Germany, Indochina in 1940, in the hope of BY KARISSA LEWIS Hitler was their newfound hope, as embargoing all imports to China. This after World War I, Germans felt as if triggered the USA to embargo all oil World War II was the bloodiest, they were unfairly punished and Hitler supplies; because Japan did not have deadliest and most destructive conflict was an ambitious and patriotic leader much domestic oil production, this in the whole of modern human history. ashamed of the country’s defeat of would hugely disadvantage Japan Over 50 countries participated in it World War I, ready to ‘Make Germany in war. Japan believed the only way and it claimed an estimated total of Great Again’. The Great Depression of obtaining oil was by force, so they 75 million lives. World War II was the also had a big impact on Hitler’s rise decided to bomb Pearl Harbour. perfect breeding ground for atrocities to power. The economic hardships led Americans retaliated by declaring war like the Holocaust, The Blitz, and the to an increase in extremism on both on Japan. atomic bombing of Hiroshima and sides of the political spectrum – the Nagasaki, as it was a time of disarray, Communist party and the Nazi party In conclusion, World War II was not anarchy and chaos. The war was fought both grew in size due to the Great an extension of World War I; instead, between two major groups of nations: Depression and the widespread fear of World War I was a cause of World War the Axis and the Allies. The major communism meant that the left side II. If the Treaty of Versailles was less powers in the Allies were Britain, France, did not unite against Hitler. the USSR (now known as Russia) and harsh, Germans would have had little the USA. The major Axis powers were need to support Hitler, as their country Germany, Italy and Japan. Breaching the Munich Agreement, would not have been in ruins. Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia on 15th March 1939. On the 31st March 1939, After Germany lost World War I in 1918, Bibliography Britain issued a statement supporting • ‘World War II’, Encyclopaedia Britannica they were made to pay reparations Poland’s independence, meaning • ‘German Economy in the 1920s’, Marcuse History worth $33 billion, reparations that they that in the case of Germany invading • ‘How did WWI affect Germany’, Quora simply could not afford, especially in the • ‘Hitler comes to power’, Encyclopedia Poland, Britain would aid Poland. On • ‘Nazi Germany timeline’, History on the net aftermath of a defeated war. Germany 1st September 1939, Germany invaded also lost land and population to other Poland therefore Britain and France countries in Europe; the German army declared war on Germany. was reduced75 100,000 men and the navy just six battleships and no submarines. An air force was not allowed, the There were a few events crucial in Rhineland was to be demilitarised and the ignition of America declaring war Germany was not allowed to unite on Japan and entering World War II with Austria. The Treaty of Versailles in December 1941. The invasion of also includedMILLION a war guilt clause, which Manchuria, China (an ally of America), LIVES blamed Germany for the First World by Japan in 1931, created animosity War. This made the German population between Japan and America. Japan very angry and bitter. Germany was invaded China in an attempt to

18 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 19 How did the discovery because he was only a boy when he beliefs and their personal lives. It has Bibliography • ‘Treasures of the golden pharaoh’, 2019 Saachi Gallery of Tutankhamen’s tomb stepped up to the throne. But this time sparked questions and answers, given Exhibition of erasure was not to last. Eventually us huge amounts of knowledge and • www.nationalgeographic.co.uk ignite interest in the • ‘Tutankhamen: The Truth Uncovered’, BBC One Tutankhamen became the most well- informed us all about the ancient Documentary Egyptian era? known Egyptian king of all time, due to Egyptian era. It will forever remain one Howard Carter’s discovery. of the greatest discoveries of all time.

BY JESSICA LOGIE Carter began searching for the tomb The ancient Egyptians believed in two in 1915 and was being funded by Lord deaths. First in the normal life, then Carnarvon. He had found a small blue when the last person to say your name pot with Tutankhamen engraved on it, dies. Today, Tutankhamen is the most which was enough to convince him he famous pharaoh of all, the immortal was buried in the Valley of the Kings, king. But it hasn’t always been this where the pot was found. In 1922, way. There was a period of time where after years of expensive searching, Tutankhamen wasn’t only forgotten, a water boy stumbled upon a step… but erased from history. and then another, and then another. It was a staircase leading to the In 1335 BC, Akhenaten (Tutankhamen’s tomb. The tomb held unbelievable father) dies. This makes Tutankhamen artefacts and treasures, now on King. The first problem was he was display in museums worldwide. It only 9 years old at the time. But who has uncovered many answers about else was fit to rule? He began his reign his life and family, including how he as pharaoh and did well. However, this had 2 stillborn daughters. It has also time was short and he died at only 19. sparked questions, one of the biggest being how he died. Some say it was an accident, as there were broken bones He was mummified and placed in a found. Others believe it was because decadent tomb, like any other pharaoh of genetic defects including a club would be, meaning it wasn’t until foot and multiple diseases which could later that King Tut was forgotten and have resulted from the fact that his removed from history itself. His name parents were brother and sister. This was erased from all Sanskrit writings was a tradition at the time. In fact, and from the morning prayers, in which Tutankhamen married his half-sister. they mention every dead pharaoh so they will never be forgotten. But why? Well, to this day, we still do not know. Just by this one discovery, we have such Perhaps it was because Tutankhamen’s a better understanding of the Egyptians father, Akhenaten, was a controversial than we did before. So much more has king and removed all the Gods except been learnt about their civilisation. Aton, the sun god. Or maybe it was We have learnt about their traditions,

20 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 21 The ignition of wildfires. David Attenborough warning that it is “palpable nonsense” to suggest that Australia’s bushfire crisis has nothing to “THE GIANT SEQUOIA, A TREE NATIVE BY MARIELLA MICHAEL do with climate change, and that this is TO CALIFORNIA, RELIES ON FIRE TO Wildfires are large, destructive fires that the arrival of the “moment of crisis”. spread quickly over woodland or brush. RELEASE ITS SEEDS.” As demonstrated in California and One negative impact of wildfires is Australia over the past months, they the loss of biodiversity that they can definitely live up to their description. In cause: many animals, birds, reptiles and California, relies on fire to release its Overall, whilst wildfires are terribly New South Wales, Australia, wildfires insects burn to death, whilst others seeds, to expose bare mineral soil which damaging, they possess some beauty to have been incredibly catastrophic, with die due to starvation or stress. In the helps their seedlings to grow, and to them. They can destroy and yet create lots of habitats destroyed and almost 2019 Arizona fires, only 35 of 252 of open holes in the forest canopy through new life. However, as climate change 30% of koala bears wiped out. In this the endangered red squirrel survived. which sunlight reaches the seedlings gets worse, action needs to be taken article, I will explain how wildfires start, Daniella Texiera, a PhD student at the and enables them to photosynthesise. to reduce the number of wildfires. As their effects and both their negative University of Queensland stated, “On In the aftermath of the fires, this Sir David Attenborough has said, “the and positive impacts. Kangaroo Island, 59% of its feeding encouraging of new growth is extremely consequences will be great” if we do habitat has been burnt.” important, as it provides food for many not alter our ways. different animal species. “85% of wildfires are caused by humans.” Bibliography • ‘Spread of wildfires’, The Times • ‘The facts and figures of wildfires’, The Guardian

There are two different kinds of A further negative impact is the impact wildfires - fires ignited naturally and on the economy. All the damage fires ignited by humans. Natural caused is very expensive to rebuild and fires are often started by lightning, replace. The recent Californian wildfires with around 2% percent started by have amounted to costs of up to $163 spontaneous combustion of natural million (£125 million) and the ongoing materials like sawdust and leaves. Australian wildfires are set to exceed However, wildfires started by humans $4.4 billion (£3.4 million). This means are caused by a plethora of reasons: there is much less money to spend on from a campfire spiralling out of other necessities, such as healthcare. control, an engine overheating and setting fire to nearby shrub, to a rogue However, in times of despair, it is cigarette not being put out. Shockingly, essential to remember that there are 85% of wildfires are caused by humans, positive sides to wildfires too. The but that figure is most likely larger, as fires heat the soil, cracking seed coats fires caused by weather are sometimes and activating germination. For some due to the changes caused by climate trees and plants, wildfires are essential change. The fires in Australia have to their germination. For example, been put down to natural causes, the Giant Sequoia, a tree native to but many experts disagree, with Sir

22 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 23 How do volcanoes ignite? Geological Survey states that “an To conclude, volcanoes ignite when eruption depends on the composition magma rises through cracks in the of the magma.” This is because if the Earth’s crust. They can be seen all over BY ISABELLA MULLICK magma is thin, it contains less gas the world, particularly on the Pacific The first volcanic eruption to be and slowly flows out of the volcano. Rim, where they are known as ‘The Ring recorded was the fateful eruption of However, if the magma is thicker or of Fire’. Due to their unpredictability, Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, resulting more viscous, gases escape less easily volcanos can be extremely dangerous in the destruction of Pompeii and and so pressure continues building until and destructive. However, they can Herculaneum. Lava spilled out from the finally it releases the gases and violently also benefit the environment around top of the volcano and smoke and ash erupts out of the volcano. These are them and create materials that we rose high into the air. It was recorded called effusive and explosive eruptions. use in our everyday lives. The National by Pliny the Younger from his uncle’s Geographic states that: “Volcanos are Earth’s geologic architects... laying house in Misenum, as “a dense black There are two main types of volcanoes: the foundation that has allowed life cloud [that] was coming up behind us, shield and composite. Shield volcanoes to thrive” and I think that this is a spreading over the earth like a flood.” are formed by lava with low viscosity, key feature of volcanos that often is However, even though his description of and therefore their sides are low, wide, overlooked. events was accurate, his reasons behind and gently sloping and eruptions are it were not. Like Pliny the Younger, mild. Shield volcanos are found on many Romans and Greeks thought that constructive plate margins, where two these eruptions were the work of the plates move away from one another. Gods, specifically Vulcan, the god of Composite volcanos are found on “A dense black cloud fire. But how do volcanoes ignite, and destructive plate margins, where the can they be beneficial? oceanic crust subducts beneath the was coming up behind continental crust. They are made up us, spreading over the Volcanoes ignite when the Earth’s of alternating layers of ash and lava, mantle, the layer underneath the and have steep sides. Eruptions from earth like a flood.” Earth’s crust, melts and forms magma. composite volcanoes are infrequent but Magma is a thick, flowing substance violent. made out of molten volcanic rock. It is lighter than the solid rock surrounding But are volcanoes all bad? Even though it, and so it rises up and eventually they tend to be known only for their forms magma chambers just beneath chaotic nature, volcanoes also have a Bibliography the crust. Magma contains dissolved positive impact on the environment • ‘Magma’, National Geographic gases such as water vapour, carbon surrounding them. The volcanic rock • ‘Volcanoes’, BBC Bitesize • ‘Why do volcanoes erupt’, USGS dioxide and sulphur, and these gases created by hardened magma contains produce bubbles that expand and exert many nutrients and minerals that, large amounts of pressure. Eventually, when released, create very fertile soil. this pressure melts and cracks the As well as this, when magma cools and rock around the magma, allowing it to crystallises it can create precious gems rise up through fissures in the Earth’s and stones such as topaz, zircon and surface, causing an eruption. The US tourmaline.

24 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 25 What ignited the true beginning to the Lavender Scare So, what happened in this three-year After all, without it, the persecution Lavender Scare? was prior to the Wheeling Speech. This window that caused the government of homosexuals could never have was immediately following the era in to change its mind? The most major been justified, even though the logic which most American citizens became event happening at the time was the was twisted. Additionally, I believe BY CHIARA SADD aware of homosexuality, so why was Cold War, so perhaps it was the rising prejudice influenced the explicit America so opposed to something it tension within the population that targeting of homosexuals rather From the 1950s until the 1970s, the had only just begun to discover? allowed such statements to be made. In than drunkards or dissidents; as the persecution of homosexuals was 1947, the Cold War was just beginning, acknowledgement of homosexuality standard American government policy. but as it progressed, America may have was so new, it seemed wrong to It resulted in around 5,000 people Records show that in 1947, on the onset begun to feel its effects in everyday many. This atrocity should never fired or forced to resign from their of the Cold War, Republican members life. Such effects, and the growing be repeated, as society takes new jobs due to threatening intimidation. of Congress were concerned about fear of communists – and nuclear war strides towards equality and respect This period of time was swamped by homosexuals, and on 1st October, US – may have meant that citizens were to all in a new age. media and Congress officials accusing park keepers inaugurated the Pervert happy to allow homosexuals to take homosexuals of being security risks, Elimination Campaign. It mandated the blame. The government itself was reasoning that homosexuals could the harassment and arrest of those Bibliography happy to go along with this public belief • “These people are frightened to death”, National be blackmailed into cooperating with in known homosexual cruising areas; Archives as homosexuals were numerous and communists - though there are no hundreds were arrested and charged • The Lavender Scare, David. K. Johnson vulnerable. • Statement of Facts, Florida State Archives records of this. Named the Lavender because of it. Though the aims of this • Interview Transcripts, Florida State Archives campaign were essentially the same Scare, the government tried to • ‘The Lavender Scare’ [Documentary], Josh Howard erase it from the history books, yet as those of the Lavender Scare – to Altogether, the Lavender Scare was [Director] despite their efforts it has come to frighten and eliminate homosexuals a violation of human rights, and light. Scarring many members of the – the Pervert Elimination Campaign personally I attribute it to the Cold War. LGBTQ+ community, it is an era to be was not public until after McCarthy’s remembered – but what started it? speech.

Many think that Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Wheeling Speech, a pivotal moment in American history, “THE GROWING FEAR OF COMMUNISTS was the beginning of the Lavender Scare. Within this speech, McCarthy claimed there were 205 cases of - AND NUCLEAR WAR - MAY HAVE card- carrying communists within the state department, and these MEANT THAT CITIZENS WERE HAPPY allegations started off a chain reaction in the media, which propagated this TO ALLOW HOMOSEXUALS TO TAKE theory, despite a lack of evidence and McCarthy constantly changing his facts - including the numbers. However, THE BLAME.” there were no protests in the street towards the sanctioned threatening of homosexuals, which suggests that the

26 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 27 How has the camera different outcomes. Many people have developed to ignite a used it positively: to spread awareness about certain causes and also point out “In our technological age, when industry whole new means of the positive things in different scenarios. is always trying to create new needs, the communication? Unfortunately, however, some people have used it negatively, for example photographic industry has expanded through cyber bullying and exclusion. BY GABRIELLA SURTEES enormously because the photograph meets The camera may well be one of the Due to social media, people can also modern man's pressing need to express his most life-changing inventions of all become isolated and lonely as they do time. It was invented in 1880 and has not meet up with friends and family own individuality.” since led to both positive and negative regularly. Ever since the creation of technological advances. Sadly, it has the iPhone (in which the camera was a get jobs, creating a stronger economy. While many people fail to take in the led to isolation, as people resort to major part,) people have relied on their Finally, it is better for the environment, real world due to watching it through their phones to communicate and phones as a means of communication as people don’t travel as much. film, it is obvious that photography is forget to take in the world around instead of face to face interaction. In incredibly important. In the words of them. However, it has also led to a survey in 2007 of 5000 American the photographer Gisèle Freund, “In positive changes such as better and teenagers, it was found that 3 out of The camera has not just advanced our technological age, when industry is easier communication, as well as 4 owned a smartphone. As so many social media, though. Photography, for always trying to create new needs, the documenting our lives and keeping people own a smartphone, this problem obvious reasons, is also very dependent photographic industry has expanded important and special memories alive. becomes wider because they can on the camera! There are all sorts enormously because the photograph Finally, it has led to the creation of contact almost all friends and family of photography techniques such as meets modern man’s pressing need to social media, which simply wouldn’t be through their phone. Since people can panoramic, high speed and many express his own individuality”. As our the same without the camera. It is safe see pictures of one another, they feel other varieties, which have enabled key race develops and becomes able to to say that the camera is an invention no need to meet up in person regularly. historical events to be photographed. communicate in more advanced ways, that truly shapes how we live our lives This becomes a major factor of anti- In addition, because of photography, the camera will play a more important today. social behaviour and even depression. the art of film-making has developed. role than ever in our society. Can you imagine a world without any movies? This just goes to show that we often take the camera for granted. Bibliography “Without the camera there would be no • theatlantic.com - Have smartphones destroyed a generation? pictures and without pictures, no social • smashingmagazine.com - 50 Incredible Photography In conclusion, it is clear that the camera Techniques and Photo Tutorials media.” has had a massive influence on the way • Photography & Society by Gisèle Freund we communicate with one another.

Although few people think about it, the However, there are also positive camera is a key part of social media. outcomes. Many people with relatives Without the camera there would be no in different countries can contact pictures and without pictures, no social them easily, without a long, expensive media. Social media has produced many journey. It is also easier for people to

28 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 29 twist: at the end of the 13th Bak’tun, of unusual events taking place in the calendar would reset to zero again. December 2012.” The claims that Nibiru The Mayans considered this the start of would collide with Earth were based a new period of time, but people came on Ancient Sumerian writings, however to interpret it as a doomsday prophecy. no unknown objects were detected in There is only one written reference the months, weeks or days before 21st to the Bak’tun 13, a stone tablet on December. Monument 6. Unfortunately, it has been damaged, leaving the glyphs virtually As we look back at these doomsday unreadable. Many experts have tried predictions, we may wonder how to translate it, eventually deciphering anyone could have believed this would that a “god will descend” at the end of happen. But the truth is, many people the long run calendar. This has been are believing in another prediction. discarded by scholars, who claim the Greta Thunberg says the world only Mayan people were merely speaking has a decade left to deal with climate poetically. change before it becomes irreversible. However, history shows us that Ultimately, the only reason people hundreds of similar predictions were believed the 2012 prophecy was never fulfilled. So the question is, How have doomsday more possible for articles (accurate because it coincided with another should we believe Greta Thunberg and predictions ignited fear or not) to be published and publicised. doomsday prediction. In 1995, a her supporters, or is she just a modern Doomsday predictions can be Wisconsin-born woman named Nancy day Nancy Lieder? One thing is certain: in people throughout fabricated from someone’s imagination, Lieder put forward the idea of a any doomsday prediction that is given history? and sent to millions of people across disastrous collision between planets. enough media coverage will ignite the globe in milliseconds, causing It was originally predicted for May fear in people throughout the world, worldwide panic and hysteria. 2003, but when it wasn’t fulfilled, regardless of how preposterous it may BY KATIE WALTON Lieder shifted the date to December be. For centuries, people have been making One such example of this was the 2012 2012, connecting it to the end of the 13th Bak’tun. She claimed Earth predictions about when the world will doomsday prediction, with the world’s Bibliography: end. They say the world will explode, demise set for 21st December. This would collide with either a planet or • NASA Website, www.nasa.gov planets will collide and ultimately the date was chosen due to the end of a asteroid, often referred to as Nibiru • Live Science, www.livescience.com or Planet X. Lieder believed that she • National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com human race will cease to exist. But what long run cycle of the Ancient Mayan • History (TV channel), www.history.com spreads these predictions from person calendar. The Mayans, who lived in was ‘chosen’ to warn mankind about • Bad Astronomy Blog, www.badastronomy.com/index. html to person so quickly? The answer lies South America from 2000 BC onwards, the crash, and gained extensive media in the psychology of fear - and how had a so-called “long run” calendar coverage. Her supporters believed that contagious it can be. that was made up of Bak’tuns - periods on 21st December, the Earth would of time that span roughly 400 years. reverse its rotation and shift its poles. The 21st December 2012 marked the Many scientists pointed out that this Since the recent surge in the popularity end of the 13th Bak’tun, an event the was impossible. A NASA spokesperson of social media, news can circulate the Mayans would have considered to be said, “There is no credible evidence for world in moments, making it all the highly exciting. However, there was a any of the assertions made in support

30 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 31 What ignited the protests would be part of China but would have between the police and the protesters. time and the protests allowed people in Hong Kong? a separate political and legal system. Protesters blocked roads and the to tell the government this. It is This means that Hong Kong has police fought back by firing tear uncertain what will happen to Hong freedoms such as freedom of speech, gas and rubber bullets. During this Kong in the future. Could the recent BY MILLIE WHITMORE unlike mainland China. The people clash 80 people were injured. On 4th coronavirus have an impact on the of Hong Kong feel as if this is being September, Carrie Lam announced demonstrations? This unrest may The Hong Kong protests are a series of ignored. An example of this was in that the bill was officially withdrawn cause an economic crisis for Hong anti-government demonstrations by July 2003, when there was an attempt and it was hoped that this would end Kong. What will the future of Hong young people which began peacefully to introduce Article 23, an ‘anti- the protests. However, this did not Kong be after 2047 when the ‘one in February 2019. The protesters were subversion’ law which many people and protesters told the Government country, two systems’ agreement demonstrating against a proposed feared would restrict free speech. that they wanted “nothing less than ends and will Hong Kong become fully Extradition bill which would allow However, this was withdrawn as there democracy.” The Extradition bill had part of mainland China? criminals in Hong Kong to be sent to were protests in Hong Kong. Xi Jinping ignited small protests which became mainland China for punishment. After took power of China in 2012 and The aggressive, general pro-democracy Bibliography Carrie Lam withdrew the extradition Economist says that the people of demonstrations. • The Economist Magazine, various articles bill, the protests continued and Hong Kong have watched him “chip • Cambridge dictionary, ‘https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ dictionary/english-chinese-simplified/ignite?q=Ignite’ became general pro-democracy away at Hong Kong’s freedoms.” This In conclusion, I think that the most • National Geographic Website, ‘https://www. demonstrations. The protests were has made the protesters angry over a nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/hong- significant trigger of the protests is kong-history-visualized/’ ignited by many different factors. The long period of time. • Time magazine, ‘https://time.com/5784258/hong-kong- long-term triggers, for example the the Chinese government abusing the democracy-separatism-coronavirus-covid-19/’ ‘one country two systems agreement.’ • South China Morning Post, ‘https://www.scmp.com ‘one country, two systems’ agreement topics/hong-kong-protests’ being ignored, are problems that built The proposed extradition bill, This has caused anger to build up up in Hong Kong over a long period announced in February 2019, was the in Hong Kong over a long period of of time. The short-term triggers are short-term ignition of these protests. problems which have started recently The Extradition bill would allow and helped ignite the protests. suspects in Hong Kong to be sent to mainland China for trial. Critics of

“There was an attempt to introduce Article 23, an 'anti-subversion' law which many people feared would restrict free speech.”

One of the main long-term triggers the bill claimed that it could threaten of the Hong Kong anti-government Hong Kong’s independence from demonstrations was China abusing China and Extradition might allow the ‘one country, two systems China to silence their opponents. agreement’. The ‘one country, two This ignited peaceful protests which systems’ agreement of 1997, when millions of people from Hong Kong Hong Kong was passed from British took part in. On 12th July, peaceful to Chinese rule, said that Hong Kong protests turned into violent clashes

32 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 33 How music ignites sparks highlights one of the more modern rock”, which means, gradually the issues of today’s world: social media. “MUSIC ALLOWS TO CONVEY ARTISTS common men will take over the corrupt over societal issues. TO OPENLYAFRAID ABOUT.” TALK A MESSAGE THAT MAY THEY BE TOO Today, social media is everywhere. The government, and when they do, the problem is, even though it has brought Prime Minister will be shocked. BY RACHEL XIANG us new ways to communicate and reach out to people, it has also had a Through my research, I have realised Music and society have always been negative effect on our lives, which is that music has had a great impact related. In a world still full of oppression what the song describes. Nowadays, on shaping lives and the way people and distrust, many find it hard to our generation is too obsessed with express themselves today. It has been express their feelings and emotions. how we look and how we should display a driving force of society from the Music allows artists to convey a ourselves online because of these beginning of civilisation. It is a way message that they may be too afraid to Instagram models, these influencers. It of uniting people from all around the openly talk about. Jamila Jones, a civil lowers our self-esteem, causes self- world in their expressions of love, rights activist, once said, “Here these doubt and we become more conscious passion and despair. Like the great people had all the guns, the billy clubs, of our appearance. the power, we thought. And he was philosopher Pluto once said, “Music asking me, with a shake, if I would not gives a soul to the universe, wing to the sing so loud. And it was that time that ‘Janta Rocks’ is a renowned Bollywood mind, flight to the imagination and life I really understood the power of our song. It was part of the original to everything.” music.” soundtrack of the political thriller ‘Satyagraha’ in 2013, but has since Bibliography been used throughout the country as a • ‘Influences: Music and Society’, Joshua Hanes Take Billie Holiday’s ‘Strange Fruit’ • ‘Music and Society’, Sound Studies Class Podcasts song for protest. It highlights the social Episode 3 from 1939 - probably one of the first issues persisting in India, talking about • ‘Between music and medicine’, TED talk by Robert Gupta • ‘Say It Loud: How Music Changes Society’ songs to enlighten society and speak the hardships in the day-to-day life of an out against racism and segregation. In • ‘What Kind of Impact Does Our Music Really Make on ordinary citizen. Corruption is another Society’ the late 1930s, racism was still a huge issue; a 2017 report states that at least • ‘Effects of Music on Society’ part of America, and even the biggest 50% of Indians have received bribes artists, such as Louis Armstrong, were using money or contracts. This upset separated because of their skin colour many residents so this song is a way to when performing. However, this song voice their opinion about these recent was crucial in the beginning of the Civil scandals. The song uses random objects Rights Movement as it resonated with to depict politicians, the government - many. Taking after Billie, more and anything and everything they may be more activists came out and voiced too scared to discuss out in the open. their own opinions. One of the first lines translates as: “The One of the newer examples of a chairs will shake and the reign will be song reflecting the problems in hit.” The chairs stand for the positions our society, ‘selfie’, was written by given to the important members the Chainsmokers in 2014 when of government; the reign indicates the term was fairly new. Whilst it is the government. The following line both a celebration and a mockery, it goes: “Step by step, the people will

34 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 35 How fourth-wave of Shakespeare’s sonnets. She even up for what’s right. This is all enhanced In conclusion, I hope this has given feminism has ignited a has a character named after her in by fourth-wave feminism as it allows you an insight into how fourth-wave Othello. Interestingly, a scene from Emilia’s story to be told as it deserves feminism has had an impact on theatre new wave of theatre. Othello is in Emilia and shows her being to be. The play is written for an all- and has mirrored the progressions mocked for having feminist views female cast by an all-female creative of wider society. In my opinion, it is while the ‘real life’ Emilia watches team. This means that both the women amazing to see the portrayal of a BY MARTHA CHARLES and occasionally interjects, gradually and the men are played by women, greater variety of women and I hope we Firstly, let me clarify what fourth-wave becoming angrier with Shakespeare for which I think perfectly opposes how can see more of this, not just in theatre. feminism is because there has been negatively portraying her progressive Shakespeare’s plays were performed by After all, who runs the world? a lot of debate about when it started views through someone who was seen an all-male cast and this highlights how and what it represents. It is thought as a naïve character. This scene among far theatre has come in its portrayal of to have begun in the 2000s, alongside many others demonstrates how Emilia women. the introduction of modern technology was ahead of her time. and social media platforms. This is Another show which I feel displays important because one of the key Now, you may be wondering why it how far theatre has come is Waitress dividers between third and fourth- has taken so long for her story to be the musical. Like Emilia, it has an wave feminism is that a lot of the told and why she isn’t a bigger name in all-female creative team who have action happens online. This ranges feminist history. Well, I think this quote created eye-opening content for a from the organisation of a march or from Vinette Robinson, who played modern audience. A good example is protest to a new trending hashtag such Emilia II when the play first opened the song ‘The Negative’ which is about as #metoo or #timesup. Something at the Globe Theatre, perfectly sums the main character taking a pregnancy key to point out is, thanks to first and up an answer. She said ‘it’s almost like test, which I highly doubt has ever been second-wave feminists, women now [Emilia’s] spirit has risen to be heard done before Waitress on a West End have fundamental human rights such now, at this particular time, when or Broadway stage! Something else I as the right to vote. Instead nowadays, women and minorities are more a part find refreshing about this show is that we fight against more casual, everyday Bibliography of the conversation than they have there’s no major focus on physical sexism which is harder to pinpoint • ‘The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over been previously.’ Personally, I agree beauty or attraction. This shouldn’t them, explained’, Vox and arguably harder to fix. Now I will • Malcolm, M.L., Emilia script and think it’s extremely important seem like a big deal but usually in explain how fourth-wave feminism is • Bareilles, S., Waitress the Musical for Emilia’s story to be told now, in a musicals, female characters aren’t having a positive impact on something time where women have much more important unless they are physically very close to my heart – theatre. representation and a larger role within attractive or in a relationship with a society. man. While Waitress doesn’t have I’m going to start with the play as obvious of a feminist storyline as Emilia. For those who don’t know, it Emilia does, I think that in a way it is There is so much we can learn from her is an inspirational story about Emilia more important to include these small story, not just about the past, but also Bassano and the struggles she faced details in new shows, which will aid in where we could take feminism in the as a mixed-race feminist in Elizabethan the removal of the stigma surrounding future. Furthermore, I think it is vital England. She was a poet who wrote certain feminine topics such as to tell her story now when we can truly one of the first published collections pregnancy. understand and appreciate the need of poetry by a woman and is also for women to stand together and stand thought to have been the ‘dark lady’

36 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 37 How World War II ignited were about presentation and looking During the war, textiles that were smart as much as they were about skills. available for the fashion industry practical women's fashion. An important part of their jobs was show became scarce and much of the cloth and display. These roles were not manual in this country was being used in the labour and therefore did not require any war for uniforms. This meant that after BY SOPHIE CHRISTENSEN specialist clothing. During this period, the war women could have more items Unbelievably, it took a major world event men wore the trousers. of clothing in their wardrobes and they such as World War II for women to break could enjoy a variety of pieces. Fashion free of organ crushing corsets. Although became more colourful, patterned A Vogue cover from 1939 shows a woman the process had already started in World and playful because there were more wearing an orange blouse, a headscarf War I, it was not until the Second World resources available for the fashion and trousers. The trousers seem very War that the trend for practical women’s industry. Clothes that were worn during masculine and this was clearly a step fashion really ignited. Women moved wartime were adopted into everyday life. towards practical clothing for women, away from femininity and towards Although after the war women started even in the fashion industry. This date practicality as societal expectations to wear more feminine clothing again, coincides with the start of the war. All changed. Their husbands, brothers, trousers were still popular. For summer, of a sudden women found themselves fathers, and sons were fighting in the war in particular, women wore cigarette stepping into the shoes, trousers and or involved in the war one way or another. trousers with a colourful blouse that BREAKjobs of men who were away at war. FREE OF This left women to run the factories, usually had a large collar. After the war Austrian-American actress Hedy Lamarr plough the fields, and replace men's jobs celebrities such as Katherine Hepburn was a fashion icon for women during where necessary. adopted trousers into their daily fashion. this period. The clothes she wore were This helped the popularity of trousers glamorous and luxurious, although she and suits for women to increase and also Before the war, women were expected was also pictured many times wearing made it normal and less frowned upon. It toORGAN wear corsets and long skirts to give long coats, blazers and trousers. LamarrCRUSHING was clear that World War II had affected them the appearance of a tiny waist. invented a device that prevented signals fashion trends in the 1950s. Women were Looking at Vogue magazine covers from transmitted over the radio from being no longer expected to work, however the 1930s, women on the cover were intercepted by the enemy and this many of them still did. Even though poised and dainty with tiny waists. The invention was an essential foundation the 1950s was a relatively conservative glamorous style of female celebrity in of the Bluetooth and Wifi technology CORSETSperiod, the roles the women played and the 1930s appealed to the everyday we use today. Propaganda was used the clothes they wore showed them what woman. Actresses such as Joan Crawford to encourage women to take on more they were missing and later fuelled what wore long, slim dresses that were seen as diverse jobs. For example, the fictional became the feminist movement in the feminine. She influenced a lot of women character Rosie the Riveter was a symbol 1960s and 70s. because she was seen in many movies for working women: she worked in a and shows. Before 1939 the role of factory and wore overalls. Even the most middle-class women in America and the aristocratic started wearing practical and Bibliography • ‘How the first world war changed women’s fashion’, The UK was to be mothers and wives. They appropriate clothing. Queen Elizabeth II Guardian were expected to look after children, was a mechanic and truck driver during • ‘Fashion on the Ration: How World War II finally let women wear the trousers’, The Telegraph cook, clean and sit around looking pretty. the second world war and there are • ‘When did women start wearing pants’, Brittanica.com The women who did have jobs tended to many pictures of her wearing trousers • ‘The World Wars: An Intrudction to the First and Second World Wars’, Usborne be secretaries, assistants, receptionists and overalls. • ‘World War II’, DK Eyewitness or department store workers. These jobs

38 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 39 How stem cell research is reduce the size of the organ transplant animals’ motor function showed could have been used for research igniting new possibilities waiting list. This could diminish the dramatic improvements. Cells damaged instead of going to waste. need for donors and the risk of the by cancer could also be replaced in in medicine. organ being rejected because the this way and help the body recover In conclusion, stem cell research is organs are grown using stem cells faster from chemotherapy or radiation an incredible field with numerous from the patient so they have identical treatments. BY NYIKA DUTSON possibilities. Most scientists agree that genetic information. Some scientists it will transform modern medicine by Fifty years ago, if you told someone believe that in as little as 10 years, Alternatively, cells could be extracted changing the way we view diseases and that stem cells could be used to create organs made using stem cells could from a patient with a disease which organ transplants and revolutionising organs and cure diseases, they would be used worldwide as transplant causes a mutation and force them the ways we test drugs. However, it think you had lost your mind. Today, alternatives. to turn into stem cells in a lab, so remains to be seen if opposition will scientific breakthroughs are making this the mutation can then be corrected. stand in the way or if stem cell research a reality and bringing enormous hope In the meantime, these organoids are Although this idea is still theoretical will be allowed to continue testing, to the future of medicine. But what are useful in testing the effects of new and heavy testing and research is yet developing and changing lives. stem cells and what is it about them drugs, which reduces the number to be done, if this technique could that is so promising? of animals that are being testing be perfected then it is possible that Bibliography on and eliminates the ethical issues corrected stem cells could be grown • Bellomo, M., The Stem Cell Divide Stem cells are undifferentiated cells surrounding animal testing. Organoids into tissue and be reinserted into the • ‘Stem cells: What they are and what they do’, Mayo Clinic • ‘The power of stem cells’, CIRM (California institute for with the ability to specialise into other can also be programmed to acquire patient. This would provide them with regenerative medicine) bodily cells. They can replicate and self- the properties of the illness targeted functional tissue without the disease. • ‘Immorality and invention: The “great stem cell debate”’, University of Cambridge renew by a process of cell division called by a specific drug. This increases the mitosis. Stem cells are crucial in the reliability of tests as the subjects are POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTHowever, testing on stem cells carries growth of foetuses as they differentiate better models of real disease and so an ethical dilemma which has resulted into specialised cells to form tissues can show the effect that the drug would in some political opposition and and organs. On top of this, stem cells in have on humans. consequentially financial challenges. adults act as the body’s own repair kit Similar to the issues that surrounded and replace damaged cells. Stem cells also have the potential IVF over 35 years ago, stem cell to cure diseases through two main research brings to light questions There are a wide variety of stem cell possible ways. Firstly, by using regarding whether it is right to kill live uses but three key ones include: in embryonic stem cells which are found embryos for research. Much like the regenerative medicine to create new in early embryos since they could issue of abortion, some people believe organs; treating cancer and other form specialised cells which can that it is wrong to harvest and destroy diseases; and testing new drugs. replace cells killed by disease. For human embryos, despite them being Scientists in the University of California example, Parkinson’s patients have the best source of true stem cells, as have managed to coax stem cells to their dopamine-making nerve cells they are alive and innocent and it can organise themselves into simplified, affected which results in movement and be perceived as murder. In 2001, this miniature versions of a human kidney, speech problems, so stem cells can be debate led President Bush to stop known as an ‘organoid’ which has the engineered to behave like these brain federal funding for stem cell research potential to be scaled up to represent cells and replace them. This technique in the United States. On the other hand, a real kidney. Organs grown in this way has been attempted on rodents with fertility clinics have thrown away nearly could then be used for transplants and a Parkinson’s-like disorder and the 1.7 million embryos since 2000 which

40 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 41 Why are young people stable future. And they weren’t entirely young people’s issues and their future. Young people feel that not only do their wrong, currently millennials have the The increased polarisation of debate has countries need to change economically, ignited by political highest amount of debt for generations, been evident in America where Climate but also morally. The Black Lives Matter radicalism? and are colloquially known as ‘generation Change is seen as a radical issue, which movement has done for racism and rent’. As well as this, in 2011 youth has been inflamed by the patronising police brutality what the Occupy Wall unemployment had risen to 8.1% and rhetoric spoken by many right-wing Street movement in 2011 did for financial BY CHARLOTTE FOBEL by 2014, 18% of 18-24 year olds were commentators or politicians who just markets — not discover a new problem, unemployed. but rather expose a long standing Since the Financial Crisis of 2008, refuse to listen to young people. This moral injustice. And now we are seeing there has been an increase in political became clear when Alexandria Ocasio- a political shift in US thinking with the radical movements, many of which have One of the alternatives to the political Cortez, a young Democrat, launched her increased popularity of Bernie Sanders. attracted the support of young people, status quo, that young people have found ‘Green New Deal’, which was ridiculed Young Democrats love his political some of whom are not even old enough is populism. Populism is the belief that and quickly defeated in the Senate. In integrity as an outsider who opposed a to vote. Is this a new phenomenon? What the establishment or elite groups don’t fact, Republican Utah senator Mike Lee corrupt system for decades, an example has caused this increased activism? Does care about ordinary people. It attracts derided her plan by showing pictures of mainstream populism. Whether he it matter? young people because it seeks to change of dinosaurs, cartoon characters and succeeds or not, it is symbolic of a shift the political dynamic that they feel babies, when talking about it. Young towards young activism and influence. betrayed by. Americans feel as though the issues that Firstly, is this a new phenomenon? are important to them are not being There are many examples throughout taken seriously by the very politicians Millennials are one the largest history where young people were moved Older people, on the other hand, are who are supposed to represent their generations in history and one of the to challenge society. The civil rights more inclined to support political parties views. most liberal generations ever. Young movement in the US in the 1960s was that seek to maintain stability, as they people today represent the ideals of the driven by young protestors, the main still have a fundamental belief in the future and the re-ignition of political protesters at Tiananmen Square were ability of governments and institutions Lastly, what effect has young people’s radicalism that will have lasting effects students, and recently the momentum to effectively solve problems. This growing involvement in political for decades to come. behind Extinction Rebellion is driven was evident in the Brexit referendum radicalism had on the current political by 17 year old Greta Thunberg. The where 60% of older voters voted to climate? There is no doubt that young radicalism of youth is captured in a Leave, seeking to take the UK back to people lean to the left. Even young, Bibliography white men and women are more liberal • ‘How the Great Recession Influenced Today’s Populist famous quote by a French historian, an era of protected borders and UK Movements’, Stanford Business who said, “If you’re not a socialist before sovereignty, while 73% of younger than their parents, particularly on issues • ‘Green New Deal’, The Guardian you’re twenty-five, you have no heart; if voters overwhelmingly voted to Remain, such as gay rights and immigration. • ‘Can Radical Politics Work?’, Royal Society of Arts you are a socialist after twenty-five, you embracing change, integration, diversity have no head.” and globalisation.

Many believe that one of the main The discontent amongst young people reasons for the recent increase in is evident in the Extinction Rebellion activism amongst young people is the movement, which ultimately stems from 2008 Financial Crisis. Following the young people feeling as though the recession, young voters looked for an government has not done enough to stop alternative to the economic and political climate change, and is not helped by a establishment that, at least in their eyes, perception of governments being full of destroyed their hope of a financially old, white men who do not care about

42 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 43 Space pollution. The service module contained oxygen, 2009 two satellites collided at a speed Japan’s space agency is testing an water and electrical power which of a shocking 22,300 miles per hour, electrodynamic tether that stretches supplied the Command Module. It bursting into a cloud of debris posing over six football fields long and when BY AADYA GOENKA also contained the rocket engine that a catastrophic ending just over Siberia. deployed, it will shove debris out This was a disturbing reminder of the of the orbit and send it into Earth’s What is space? From the perspective powered the spacecraft and delivered increasing problem of space junk. Small atmosphere to burn up. We must find of a small earthling like us, space is it into lunar orbit and later boosted it pieces of debris cause risk to objects a way tackle this increasingly large an endless vacuum containing many back to Earth. such as satellites and telescopes. For problem before it becomes a threat quite scary things such as black holes, The Command Module Columbia example, in 2006 a small piece of debris to mankind. This is the only way we asteroids and debris and not to forget carried the astronauts of Apollo 11 to hit the international space station can reduce the growing cloud of the lack of oxygen. Putting it simply, and from the moon. The widest end causing a chip to be removed from the debris suffocating our planet and our space is dangerous. But that is not the of the spacecraft had a blunt design heavily reinforced window. existence. only reason why humans are so afraid which had layers of a special material of it. We fear it because outer space is that were designed to purposely burn Scientists are trying to reduce this full of surprises and we humans are just away during re-entry to help disperse space junk although, we are becoming hardwired to hate uncertainty. A slight the high temperatures when moving extremely reliant on satellites; they human error can bring about massive between atmospheres. are used invaluably for navigation, destruction if we aren’t careful enough. communication and weather forecasting purposes. Not to mention “Insert Quote” the significance they have in discovering scientific breakthroughs. We cannot suddenly halt all future space launches but there are other methods we can use to reduce the impact of space junk.

Although, Space X (a commercial space company owned by Elon Musk) has However, there have been many The Lunar Module Eagle was used to designed rockets that won’t burn up successful space missions where descend the astronauts to the moon’s in re-entry unlike standard rockets, humans have exceeded what we surface, and it was used as a base while but can also return to a launch pad perceived as our maximum capability. the astronauts were on the moon. vertically, providing them the occasion to be re used for another space mission Apollo 11 was the first manned mission Lunar Modules were designed to fly SpaceX's reusable Falcon 9 to land on the moon on July 20th, only in space due to the vacuumed again. Space X believes that this 1969. The first artificial satellite that conditions; they did not have to be essential breakthrough will significantly Bibliography reduce the costs of their company. Musk • Howell, E. (2017) ‘What is space?’ entered the mars orbit was shortly streamlined like an aircraft. As a result • ‘Apollo to the moon, about the spacecraft.’ Smithsonian after on May 30th, 1971. There were of this, once launched, lunar modules believes that the reduction in costs for National Air and Space Museum. his company will be at least 30% as • Grush, E. (2018) ‘SpaceX’s last Falcon 9 update could three spacecrafts that paved the way were not able to return to earth. finally make reusable rockets cost-effective. each rocket could be used at a minimum to success for mankind, they were the • Reusability.’ Space X. This space junk and waste from space of 10 times possibly even 100. • ‘Space junk is a huge problem-and it’s only getting Command Module Columbia, Lunar bigger.’ National Geographic. Module Eagle and the Service Module. missions including the lunar module, Each of these played a vital role in can impact space travel and we humans making the mission successful. have witnessed this in the past. In

44 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 45 How does literature ignite influence them throughout their life. social change? While literature may have only small impacts on people’s thoughts, reading “It can also allow the reader to see parts of frequently ensures these build up, themselves in another character, perhaps BY MANON GRAHAM shaping who we are and how we think. shifting their perspective on a group of One of the first things taught in school is reading. From a young age, we are Secondly, it has been suggested by people or experience.” expected to learn our alphabet and studies done at York University and then, slowly, read stories. This means, the University of Toronto that deep from an extremely young age, we’re reading can increase empathy levels. taught that reading is important. Due to the fact that reading is ‘mental in a trend of people being much more widespread influence over English Studies have shown that reading has exercise’, it is very immersive, as proven charitable that Christmas. In fact, society. Each one of Austen’s novels lasting neurological effects, such as in my first paragraph. Not only that, most of Dicken’s work addresses social pieces together a picture of the increasing the volume of white matter but the reader is often put in a different injustice. Nicholas Nickleby criticizes struggles and gender politics women in the language area of the brain perspective. This forces them to engage corruption and cruelty in schools of that time had to navigate. She often and increasing logical thinking. This with thought patterns different to their and Oliver Twist highlights a lack of satirises the situation, using characters occurs due to the fact that stories own, and be a spectator to someone or appropriate legislation regarding such as Mrs Bennet, who act as a are structured to have a beginning, something else’s experiences. This can workhouses. And, given Dickens’ constant reminder that women should middle, and end, encouraging the cause increased open-mindedness and immense popularity, these works are simply aim to marry well, and perhaps, brain to think in sequence, which helps also allow the reader to understand likely to have sparked conversations at a stretch, play the pianoforte. This develop the ideas of cause and effect others different to themselves in a which lead to long term change. tactic forces people to see some of and argumentation, both necessary to way that simply talking to someone the more ridiculous sides of Georgian create social change. else would not do. It can also allow society and, in turn, question them. Her However, literature has been causing the reader to see parts of themselves work is particularly effective because social change since much before in another character, perhaps shifting of its good humoured, gentle style; it Additionally, reading influences our Dickens’ time. The earliest key example their perspective on a group of people doesn’t invite confrontation. Therefore, opinions throughout our lives in two being Martin Luther and the publication or experience. For example, a person of she seen as reasonable and has more ways. Firstly, it has been proven that of his 95 theses in 1517. His writings privilege may not be aware of, or may impact as a result. reading stimulates the same areas have been shielded from, the struggles resulted in a huge shift in perspective of our brains as experiencing events that others face. As a result, reading can in terms of Catholicism throughout do. In other words, the brain cannot open people’s eyes to the world around Europe. Even though it contained no In conclusion, while we may not have emotionally differentiate between them. story, people internalised every word noticed, literature has shaped our reading an experience and living it. of what he wrote. Niall Ferguson also society and we should fight to preserve Therefore, literature has the ability observes in his book, ‘The Square and it. Without it we wouldn’t be who we to greatly influence our thoughts Furthermore, there is evidence of this the Tower’ that cities with a printing are today. and shape our opinions. For example, throughout history. In 1843, Charles press saw much more social and if a person were to read 1984, they Dickens published ‘A Christmas Carol.’ religious radicalism. Writing has been Dickens was inspired by his visit to a Bibliography would likely finish it concerned about unifying, dividing, and influencing the • ‘Did Charles Dickens really save poor children and clear up totalitarianism and, perhaps, look school for London’s street children general population for centuries. the slums?’, BBC News Magazine and aimed to inspire generosity in his • ‘The square in the tower’, Niall Ferguson out for signs of it in the future. The Another pivotal author of the 19th readers. The novella sold 6000 copies • ’10 things that happen to our minds when we read’, oedb. novel paints a vivid picture in the century, Jane Austen, also had org person’s mind and may subconsciously in its first week, and actually resulted • ‘A Christmas Carol’, Wikipedia.org

46 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 47 How #MeToo ignited a treatment.” In Israel, the Prime Me Too has engendered a culture be 257 years until the gender pay new upsurge in feminism. Minister’s spokesman, David Keyes, left where calling out inequality is gap will be overcome. However, I am his post after a politician, Julia Salazar, becoming more normalised. This hopeful that Me Too will inspire more accused him of sexually assaulting movement has also shifted how we movements like it, expediting the next BY MAE MACADAM her. In South Korea, An Hee-jung, a view power and gender more generally big push towards gender equality and governor and presidential contender, and has opened peoples’ eyes to igniting a feminist, fairer future. When Tarana Burke first started the resigned after his secretary accused show how prevalent and widespread global Me Too movement on the social him of raping her on trips. On the first harassment for women is. The UN Bibliography media platform MySpace in 2006, full day of Donald Trump’s presidency estimates that up to 50% of women • Criado Perez, C., Invisible Women her goal was to bring to light sexual in January 2017, millions of people in EU countries have been sexually • Pew Research Centre • Refinery29 harassment and assault which many participated in the Women’s March in harassed at work. The figure in China is women have to face on a daily basis, • www.everdaysexism.com Washington and across the globe, in thought to be over 80%. • ‘Global Gender Gap Report 2020’, World Economic Forum and to assist survivors. It took over a support of gender equality and civil decade and a celebrity endorsement rights. The floodgates had been opened. for the movement to ignite. In 2017, Another powerful trailblazer and actor Alyssa Milano tweeted, “If all influential cultural commentator is the women who have been sexually A recent example of the influence of Laura Bates, a leading figure in the harassed or assaulted wrote ‘me too’ Me Too is Harvey Weinstein’s rape case. fourth wave of feminism and a regular as a status, we might give people a Scores of women made accusations Guardian columnist. In 2012, she sense of the magnitude of the problem.” of Weinstein assaulting them, while started the Everyday Sexism Project, This triggered a global response from thousands shared similar stories with collecting stories to educate younger people of all ages, including Jennifer the same ‘punchline’ about abuse by girls on feminism. Her website is an Lawrence and Uma Thurman, with the powerful men. Weinstein became a open forum which provides women hashtag being used on average 55,000 symbol of not only the gender power with an opportunity to report and share times a day; 19 million people came difference in Hollywood, but also of their experiences of harassment; it has forward with their stories on the first what women have had to endure in become a viral sensation and is now #METOOday alone. This explosion of awareness workplaces for hundreds of years. The used by over 80,000 people and 25 sparked a step change, with women powerhouse film producer was found countries. empowered to speak up and report guilty of two felony sex crimes on Monday 24th February this year, his sexual abuse without being ridiculed or It is easy to forget, in a feminist, conviction marking the final downfall of shamed. forward-thinking, all-girls school, that a towering figure who wielded his power sexism is still faced on a daily basis in in the movie industry. The trial is certain workplaces and society all over the A torrent of accusations subsequently to have far-reaching consequences for world. It’s also easy to downplay social poured forth: survivors spoke out, women in Hollywood and far beyond. media’s power and underestimate powerful men lost jobs, some went to Although it may provide inspiration for its ability to be a powerful force for prison, and our society began to view others who have yet to speak up about change. But the simple hashtag Me Too sexual harassment and abuse more their abusers, it raises the question as has undeniably helped to kickstart a seriously. Japan’s newspaper workers’ to how Weinstein managed to evade movement with renewed vigour – it has union complained, “Female reporters justice for so long. have had to suffer silently, despite being encouraged women to be brave and subjected to humiliating and mortifying to challenge unacceptable behaviours. A recent study suggested that it will

48 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 49 What ignited the that by the 1900s, India was reduced end of WW2, Britain was verging on India’s last Viceroy, Mountbatten, was partition between India to poverty. This fuelled a growing bankruptcy, and reached out to America to hand back power by June 1948. resentment towards British rule and for help. President Roosevelt however, Mountbatten, though, was a man in and Pakistan? intensified the demand for Indian made his help conditional on Britain a hurry, and he moved the timeline independence. dismantling her global empire. forward to 15th August 1947, which he considered a lucky date. BY VRINDA MAHTANI By the 1930s, the nationalist fervour Churchill was reluctant to lose British The partition of the Indian subcontinent for independence grew, catalysed by dominance over India - especially since The task of drawing the line that would in 1947 is a subject that deeply a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Russia was becoming increasingly partition undivided India was assigned resonates with me, because my great My great grandfather, who was then powerful within Asia. Looking to to a barrister named Cyril Radcliffe grandparents were directly impacted a university student, participated protect Britain’s strategic interests, who was given 5 weeks to do the job. by it. My family had to uproot their in peaceful protests against British he proposed a solution whereby they Radcliffe had never before set foot in lives from present day Pakistan, and occupation, but was imprisoned for this, would support the creation of Pakistan, India, yet here he was, being asked to relocate as refugees across the border alongside others such as Gandhi himself so that even if Britain relinquished divide a country - cleaving through its in India, undertaking an arduous and Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of India, they would still have access to rivers, its villages, its people. journey which left bloodshed in its the Congress, India’s largest political the port of Karachi, providing them wake. They fled with nothing more party, who would go on to become with a military foothold against Russia’s than the clothes on their backs, living in It was this line drawn in haste that independent India’s first Prime Minister. growing presence and crucial access to refugee camps for months on end. Yet, would cause 1 million deaths and cause the region’s oil. they were considered fortunate; since 14 million people to become refugees. over a million lives were claimed in this During WW2, Britain decided that It was this line that would alter the cataclysmic upheaval. Indian soldiers would fight in the war. Mahatma Gandhi strongly opposed the course of history, festering like a wound Given that over a million Indian soldiers idea of the Partition. In an attempt to that one keeps picking the scab off. had already fought for the British keep India united, he suggested that It was this line that would ignite an Until 1947, India, Pakistan and in WW1, the Congress leaders were the Muslim League’s leader Jinnah ongoing border conflict that still claims Bangladesh were all part of one country staunchly against the involvement of be given the chance to be India’s first thousands of lives, 70 years after the - which at the time was colonised by Indian soldiers in a war they had little Prime Minister so that the Muslims felt Partition. the British Empire. While there is a to do with. They were jailed for voicing more represented. Nehru, however, was fair amount of controversy over what their protests. consumed by political ambitions of his exactly caused the Partition, it was Bibliography own and didn’t agree. The result of this • Drawing the Line, Hampstead Theatre various unrelated sparks that would stalemate was that it was decided to • ‘The Great Divide; The Violent Legacy of Indian Partition’, ignite this largest ever displacement of The second largest political party, The New Yorker partition India. people in human history. the Muslim League, capitalised on • ‘The Road to Partition 1939 – 1947’, The National Archives • ‘The Partition’, Partition Museum, Amritsar this to put forth their demand for an independent country of Pakistan, Before British imperialism in the mid- as they didn’t want to be part of a 1700s, India was globally recognised predominantly Hindu nation. as the wealthiest country in the world, owing to its abundance of natural resources and thriving trade. Over However, it was also other strategic the course of the next 200 years developments relating to the Cold War however, her economy was exploited that would play a pivotal role in why by the British Empire to such an extent the Partition finally happened. At the

50 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 51 How General Magic The reason no one’s ever heard of employees not only survived the serves on the boards of MIT and Vital helped ignite a new era in General Magic is because the company wreckage, but thrived, and went on Voices, was a member of the USAID was a tremendous failure, selling fewer to create the world we live in today, Advisory Committee on Voluntary Aid technology. than 3,000 units, all of which were developing many of the concepts and co-founded the Malala Fund. In purchased by friends and family, and that were imagined there. As Tom 2014 she was named as the first female ultimately having to file for bankruptcy Hershenson, a former General Magic Chief Technology Officer of the United BY CRINAN POTTER in 2002. Why? They had the perfect employee put it - “Failure isn’t the end, States and Assistant to President General Magic is the ‘most important product - they’d created the iPhone failure is actually the beginning” and Barack Obama, until 2017. Andy company to come out of Silicon Valley, more than a decade before Apple - how that’s what’s so exciting about the epic Hertzfeld went on to work at Google, that no one’s ever heard of’. They could it have crashed and burned so tragedy that was General Magic. Pierre Omidyar founded eBay. General created the programming language spectacularly? Magic employees also include the CTO Telescript, an early version of Java, today the most widely used language, General Magic’s problem actually was “Though no one has ever heard of the as well as developing the first-ever set that they had created the iPhone a of emojis. But General Magic’s most decade before Apple - they tried to company, the world would be a very notable claim to fame is that they (and make smartphones a reality when not Apple) invented the smartphone. most people didn’t even have an email; different place without its vision.” when the web barely existed; when it Tony Fadell, a junior engineer at of Twitter, the head of Google speech General Magic was founded in 1990, would take 7 hours and 24 minutes to General Magic, went on to lead the recognition, the Senior Vice President by Marc Porat, Andy Hertzfeld and download a single episode of Friends. team at Apple that created the iPod of Blackberry and Samsung, the head Bill Atkinson - three members of the Nowadays it can be done in 3 seconds. and the iPhone. He then founded of the Safari browser, and so, so many original Apple Macintosh team. Their They tried to make smartphones a Nest, which Google purchased for more. aim was to create "A tiny computer, reality when no one needed a computer a 3.2 billion dollars in 2014. Kevin that once you used it you won't in their pocket to keep them constantly Lynch is currently the vice president In conclusion, General Magic ignited a of technology at Apple Inc., joining revolution in technology, if not through “THEY TRIED TO MAKE SMARTPHONES in 2013 after working at Adobe. He its products, through its ideas and the developed the software for the Apple A REALITY WHEN MOST PEOPLE DIDN'T people it brought together. Though no Watch, which he demonstrated in one has ever heard of the company, the 2014 at the Apple Launch Event. John EVEN HAVE AN EMAIL.” world would be a very different place Giannandrea led Google Search and without its vision and employees, who artificial intelligence, before joining be able to live without”. And they connected no matter where they were went on to do so many incredible things Apple as a senior executive. He’s succeeded - their device ‘Magic Link’ or what they were doing, as there was that have changed all our lives. was launched in 1994, 13 years before nothing to stay constantly connected now senior vice president of Machine the iPhone. General magic had built a to. There was no Facebook, there was Learning and Artificial Intelligence Strategy at Apple. Megan Smith was Bibliography fully functioning smartphone, equipped no Instagram, no Google, no WhatsApp, • 'General Magic', 2018 documentary the product design lead at General with: Messages, Phone, Address Book, no YouTube, no nothing. • 'General Magic...why it failed', Vox interview Magic. After that, she was a vice • 'What Happened to General Magic?', Intelligencer Clock, Calendar, Notebook, Calculator, • '“General Magic” ... foresaw the mobile revolution', Fast and even a fax machine, all controlled president at Google for nine years, was Despite having to go through significant Company using a touch screen, which the general manager of Google.org, and stock drops and eventually company company developed itself. the former CEO of Planet Out. She liquification, the ex-General Magic

52 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 53 How exercise ignites the neurones in the developing brain, I've also learnt how exercise equips you neurotrophins, increases spatial dendritic branching and synapses brain. to handle stress and feel less stressed in memory, and reduces stress levels, and in the adult brain. BDNF (Brain- general. A study conducted by Timothy all of these things lead to a stronger, derived neurotrophic factor) is a J. Schoenfeld articulates how exercise healthier and more resilient brain. Over BY LUCY SCRIMGEOUR protein involved in neurone function promotes the growth of neurones in time consistent exercise will strengthen and development. As a neurone the ventral hippocampus, so people and enlarge the hippocampus and My family has been directly impacted in fires and communicates, it releases who exercise tend to be able to handle prefrontal cortex shielding against the last few years by the effects of the BDNF back and forth, strengthening stress better. The hippocampus is a degenerative conditions and improving ageing process on the brain. Both my connections, and this is the foundation deep part of the brain which seems to cognitive reserve. grandmothers suffer from Alzheimer's of learning and memory. BDNF also be activated during physical activity. A disease and it’s hard to see this happen links to mental health and disease hippocampus of a person who lives a to people who are close to you and to This information is particularly relevant pathology. Depression is related sedentary lifestyle consists of younger know that there’s no cure for it. It made in this age especially considering the to decreased neural activity and neurones which are untrained, easily me wonder whether there was any fact that the majority of the middle formation of synaptic connections and excitable and fire when faced with a evidence that steps could be taken to class has an office job and can go hours both anti-depressants and exercise minor stressor. This makes situations, reduce the degeneration in the brain or without doing any form of exercise. can help restore BDNF levels. With decisions and thoughts appear more even stimulate or ignite the growth of My maternal grandfather is a great schizophrenia, there’s a correlation to stressful and make those that live new brain cells at a mature stage in life. example of these findings - he was a either too high or too low expressions this lifestyle more anxious than they very active man throughout his life and should. During physical activity, the is free from any cognitive impairments fight or flight system is activated in despite being 93 later this year. Another “EXERCISE INCREASES THE your brain which creates the same reason why exercise is important, with preconditions which overwhelm the ABILITY OF PEOPLE TO regards to the Coronavirus pandemic, hippocampus. During exercise, the is that it has been found to strengthen RECALL INFORMATION.” growth of specific neurones releases the immune system, as well as reducing GABA neurotransmitters (or the “anti- mortality from influenza-infected mice. One of the single best things of this protein. Therefore exercise is a anxiety molecule”), which prevent Since many countries, as of 10/04/20, someone can do to address neural big factor in controlling or even curing other neurones from firing so easily. are in full lockdown, with France, Spain degeneration is to exercise, especially many mental health problems. This helps your brain understand real and Italy prohibiting you from leaving aerobic activities. While exercising, threats from excessive neurone firing. your home without a permit, it is more oxygen saturation and blood vessel Schoenfeld found that a majority of There is also evidence for exercise crucial than ever to keep active and growth occur in areas of the brain neural creation is located in the ventral increasing the size of the brain and boost your immune system. connected with rational thinking part of the hippocampus which is improving memory. A study conducted and social, physical and intellectual associated with emotional processing, by American researcher Kirk Erikson performance. Exercise also drops stress so those who frequently exercised were Bibliography showed that in a randomised trial with • Erickson, KI., ‘Exercise training increases size of hormones and increases the number of better equipped to manage stress and 120 adults, the increase in the size hippocampus and improves memory’ neurotransmitters like serotonin which control their emotions. • Schoenfeld, T.J., ‘Physical exercise prevents stress- of the anterior hippocampus of 2% induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local are known to accelerate information inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus.’ (provoked by aerobic training) improved processing and contribute to the • Lowder, T., Padgett, D.A., Woods, J.A., ‘Moderate exercise the spatial memory of the participants. In conclusion, exercise increases protects mice from death due to influenza virus’ hyperstimulation of the mind. This means that exercise increases the blood vessel growth, drops stress Exercise also upregulates ability of people to recall information. hormones which accelerate information neurotrophins, which support processing, upregulates levels of the survival and differentiation of

54 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 55 “We didn’t start the fire” life from 1949 - 1989. It is personal, the song has no melody, describing it nature of history. People and events by Billy Joel: a timeless, juxtaposing major world events, such as “a mosquito buzzing around your that had a huge significance at the as the Bay of Pigs invasion, with trivial head” and "not very interesting". The time are given no more than a few lyrical metaphor for the childhood memories, like “Peter Pan”, simplicity of the music puts all the seconds before being pushed aside for never-ending crises of and pop culture “Bob Dylan”. He gives focus on the lyrics. They excite the the next big thing. The Suez Crisis, a listener's curiosity: politics, history history. equal billing to the Tiananmen Square major worldwide conflict, is covered massacre, Princess Grace, Hula-hoops, and pop culture; both highbrow and simply by “Trouble in the Suez”. This and Fidel Castro. In this way, he lowbrow. A steady rhythm and rhyme rapid progression shows how even the BY LILLIAN SPARKS suggests we can only look at history is maintained. The structure is simple, largest of historical events eventually from our own experience. a verse-chorus-verse style, with the become mere footnotes: their impact "I want you to act as if the house is on verses being the relentless onslaught of and importance fade until they are fire, because it is." Greta Thunberg events and the choruses providing relief almost forgotten. challenged world leaders to tackle The first two verses are written through repetition. climate change: a problem created by chronologically with two lines for older generations but to be borne by each year covering events from World The song is a persuasive manifesto: The music may seem simple, but Joel young people. 30 years earlier a similar War 2 and through the Cold War. It aggressive, intense and passionate. incorporates a clever harmonic strategy accusation was made to Billy Joel, the reminds the listener that Joel grew Through carefully choosing the wide- to engage the emotions and move the award-winning US singer-song-writer. A up against the backdrop of the threat ranging, eye-catching, headline topics song forwards like the never-ending friend’s son claimed it was much harder of devastating nuclear conflict, which and embedding emotional melodic fire of history. Each phrase begins with to grow up in the 1980s than previously. could have wiped out the entire world. strategies, Joel successfully creates an a perfect (final-feeling) cadence and Joel was astounded that this young This was just as apocalyptic as the anthem for all generations. Although moves into an imperfect (unfinished- man didn’t know history: the pain, the threat of climate change today. things may seem bad, they have been feeling) cadence before another perfect conflicts and the turmoil of earlier bad before, and we have come through, cadence at the start of the next one. decades. It inspired him to write this on the world stage and in everyday life. Events from 1965 onwards are This makes each verse feel unsettled, song as a mini-history lesson, declaring compressed into just 8 lines: a jumbled like an emotional see-saw. This an amnesty for inter-generational rush through contemporaneous social contrasts with the chorus, which has a We didn’t start the fire, it was always blame. horrors. Perhaps Joel is suggesting steady bass line, and so has the feel of a burning... that history speeds up as we get reassuring, communal sing-along. older. These lists could have been The iconic repeated line, “we didn’t Bibliography start the fire” is an aggressive assertion monotonous, but Joel builds up the • “We Didn’t Start the Fire”, BillyJoel.com The song is in a major key, typically that each generation has to deal with tension in both the music and words, • “Around The Piano with Tom Odell: with Billy Joel“, BBC associated with happiness and positivity. Radio 2 problems they didn’t create. Joel and the final verse ends with the • “Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel”, CD Notes Perhaps this is another way of Joel claims that the “fire” was ignited by our deadly: “I CAN’T TAKE IT ANY MORE”. • Billy Joel – Q&A: Tell Us About – “We Didn’t Start The Fire?”, Oxford University 1994 However, the song doesn’t blow up and showing that despite all the setbacks, predecessors, and no matter what we • “We Didn’t Start the Fire”, genius.com/ songfacts.com humanity flourishes and life still goes do, the fire will keep going, forever. Joel reverts to his chorus manifesto: no matter how perilous things may seem on. today, they have always been and will This "list-song" has been dismissed by always be unstable. It is also fast and upbeat, constantly some critics as a gimmick. Nevertheless, moving, the steady pulse reflecting it was a number one hit, and Grammy- the ever-changing, never-lingering, nominated. The verses comprise rapid- Unusually, Joel wrote the lyrics before fire lists of over 100 events in Joel’s the music. He says that this is why

56 THE PILOT LIGHT ISSUE 01 Ignition Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 57 South Hampstead High School

The Pilot Light – the younger sibling of the Beacon journal – has been curated and edited by our Lower Sixth Chief Scholar. The girls presented their research at a series of symposia, with older scholars mentoring and guiding our younger scholars throughout, creating a sense of camaraderie and academic endeavour. Academic Scholarships are awarded based on performance in the entrance examination or, for pupils transitioning from the Junior School, as recommended by the Head of the Junior School.

South Hampstead High School South Hampstead High School is part of the Girls’ 3 Maresfield Gardens, Day School Trust, a limited company registered in London NW3 5SS England, number 6400, and a registered charity, [email protected] number 306983. www.gdst.net.

020 7435 2899 Cover artwork: Upper Sixth Academic Scholar, Saaya www.shhs.gdst.net Perera, took the flame photo featured.

Lower and Upper School Academic Scholars’ Journal of South Hampstead High School 59