KingdomKingdom ProtistaProtista

TheThe worldworld ofof :Protists: Animal-likeAnimal-like ProtistsProtists Plant-likePlant-like ProtistsProtists Fungus-likeFungus-like ProtistsProtists PROTISTSPROTISTS  DOMAINDOMAIN EUKARYAEUKARYA  KINGDOM PROTISTA  Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus, plant, or animal is a ProtistProtist DiversityDiversity

200,000200,000 speciesspecies comecome inin differentdifferent shapes,shapes, sizes,sizes, andand colorscolors AllAll areare eukaryoteseukaryotes –– havehave aa nucleusnucleus andand membrane-boundmembrane-bound organellesorganelles  COMMONCOMMON EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:  Amoeba, , Euglena, Volvox, Plasmodium  VERYVERY DIVERSEDIVERSE GROUPGROUP  mostmost areare unicellular,unicellular, microscopic,microscopic, aerobicaerobic  Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual, asexual  ENDOSYMBIONTENDOSYMBIONT THEORYTHEORY  Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells  Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells  Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria and chloroplasts  EXCRETIONEXCRETION ANDAND OSMOREGULATIONOSMOREGULATION  Water balance = osmoregulation  Done by contractile vacuole  Wastes removed by diffusion  REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION  Asexual  Mitosis and cytokinesis  Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent SEXUALSEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION  Union of gametes forms a diploid zygote = fertilization

44 typestypes ofof sexualsexual :reproduction: 1. Syngamy – fertilization between two individuals 2. Autogamy – two gametes fuse within one organism 3. – development of organism from gamete without fertilization 4. Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals ProtozoansProtozoans

Animal-likeAnimal-like ProtistsProtists ProtozoansProtozoans

UnicellularUnicellular –– mademade upup ofof oneone cellcell HeterotrophsHeterotrophs –– theythey eateat otherother organismsorganisms oror deaddead organicorganic mattermatter ClassifiedClassified byby howhow theythey movemove PhylaPhyla ofof ProtozoansProtozoans AmoebasAmoebas FlagellatesFlagellates CiliatesCiliates SporazoansSporazoans AmoebasAmoebas:: thethe blobsblobs NoNo cellcell wallwall MoveMove usingusing pseudopodspseudopods –– plasmaplasma extensionsextensions Amoebas: the blobs • Engulf bits of food by flowing around and over them NOTES HIATUS:

Complete the following activity: Amoeba Anatomy Worksheet FlagellatesFlagellates:: thethe speedboatsspeedboats (Phylum(Phylum Zoomastigina)Zoomastigina) UseUse aa whip-likewhip-like extensionextension calledcalled aa flagellaflagella toto movemove SomeSome causecause diseasesdiseases OthersOthers aidaid inin digestiondigestion ofof cellulosecellulose ((termitetermite gutgut faunafauna)) TrichomonasTrichomonas foetusfoetus :: cowcow diseasedisease TrichomonasTrichomonas vaginalis:vaginalis: anan STDSTD CiliatesCiliates:: thethe hairyhairy onesones MoveMove beatingbeating tinytiny hairshairs calledcalled ciliacilia

CiliateCiliate anatomyanatomy  TRICHOCYSTSTRICHOCYSTS –– spindlespindle shapedshaped alternatingalternating betweenbetween basesbases ofof cilia;cilia; usedused asas anchoranchor andand toto paralyzeparalyze preyprey  OralOral groovegroove –– shallowshallow furrowfurrow onon oneone sideside ofof cellcell usedused toto gathergather foodfood  LocomotionLocomotion –– cilia;cilia; avoidingavoiding reactionreaction  contactcontact withwith unfavorableunfavorable conditionsconditions andand willwill movemove awayaway Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water currents, electric currents, acidity and other chemicals NOTES HIATUS:

Complete the following activity: Anatomy Worksheet SporozoansSporozoans:: thethe parasitesparasites

Non-motileNon-motile -- DoDo notnot movemove LiveLive insideinside aa hosthost OneOne typetype causescauses malariamalaria ((Plasmodium)Plasmodium) MalariaMalaria inin redred bloodblood cellscells PneumoniaPneumonia inin AIDSAIDS patientspatients AlgaeAlgae

PlantlikePlantlike ProtistsProtists WhatWhat areare Algae?Algae?

MulticellularMulticellular –– mademade ofof moremore thanthan oneone cellcell PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic –– makemake theirtheir ownown foodfood NoNo roots,roots, stems,stems, oror leavesleaves EachEach hashas chlorophyllchlorophyll andand otherother photosyntheticphotosynthetic pigmentspigments PhylaPhyla ofof AlgaeAlgae

Divided into groups by pigment color

PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA EuglenophytesEuglenophytes:: TheThe SurvivorsSurvivors AquaticAquatic MoveMove aroundaround likelike animalsanimals CanCan ingestingest foodfood fromfrom surroundingssurroundings whenwhen lightlight isis notnot availableavailable

EuglenophyteEuglenophyte anatomyanatomy DiatomsDiatoms:: TheThe GoldenGolden OnesOnes

HaveHave shellsshells mademade ofof silicasilica (glass)(glass) PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic pigmentpigment calledcalled carotenoidscarotenoids –– givegive themthem aa goldengolden colorcolor

DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates:: TheThe SpinningSpinning OnesOnes

 SpinSpin aroundaround usingusing twotwo flagellaflagella  ResponsibleResponsible forfor RedRed TidesTides  CreateCreate toxinstoxins thatthat cancan killkill animalsanimals andand sometimessometimes peoplepeople  WhenWhen agitatedagitated undergoundergo reactionreaction thatthat producesproduces lightlight  bioluminescentbioluminescent

Icky. PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA Red algae, brown algae, golden algae

 DidDid youyou knowknow thatthat therethere’’ss algaealgae inin youryour house?house? AA LOTLOT ofof it?it? Well,Well, therethere is.is. HereHere’’ss anan assignmentassignment……

““ThereThere IsIs AlgaeAlgae inin YourYour House!House!”” RedRed AlgaeAlgae:: TheThe……uhuh……RedRed OnesOnes SeaweedsSeaweeds Multicellular,Multicellular, marinemarine organismsorganisms HaveHave redred andand blueblue pigmentspigments

BrownBrown AlgaeAlgae:: TheThe BrownBrown OnesOnes thatthat areare brownbrown

 TheyThey havehave airair bladdersbladders toto helphelp themthem floatfloat atat thethe surfacesurface –– wherewhere thethe lightlight is.is.  UsedUsed toto makemake aa varietyvariety ofof productsproducts  AsAs aa thickeningthickening agentagent inin puddings,puddings, iceice creamcream  UsedUsed asas foodfood forfor animalsanimals (processed)(processed)

GreenGreen AlgaeAlgae:: Yeah,Yeah, YouYou GuessedGuessed it,it, thethe GreenGreen OnesOnes

MostMost livelive inin freshfresh waterwater CanCan bebe unicellularunicellular oror multicellularmulticellular LiveLive alonealone oror inin groupsgroups calledcalled coloniescolonies ContainContain chlorophyllchlorophyll bb isis theirtheir mainmain typetype (which(which isis veryvery similarsimilar toto landland plants)plants)

Fungus-likeFungus-like ProtistsProtists CharacteristicsCharacteristics inin CommonCommon

AllAll formform delicate,delicate, netlikenetlike structuresstructures onon thethe surfacesurface ofof theirtheir foodfood sourcesource ObtainObtain energyenergy byby decomposingdecomposing organicorganic materialmaterial

PhylaPhyla ofof Fungus-likeFungus-like ProtistsProtists

PlasmodiumPlasmodium SlimeSlime MoldsMolds CellularCellular SlimeSlime MoldsMolds WaterWater MoldsMolds DownyDowny MildewsMildews SlimeSlime MoldsMolds

LiveLive inin coolcool moist,moist, shadyshady placesplaces wherewhere theythey growgrow onon damp,damp, organicorganic mattermatter PlasmodiumPlasmodium SlimeSlime MoldsMolds

FormForm plasmodiumplasmodium:: aa massmass ofof cytoplasmcytoplasm thatthat containscontains manymany diploiddiploid nucleinuclei butbut nono cellcell wallswalls oror membranesmembranes –– itsits feedingfeeding stagestage CreepsCreeps byby amoeboidamoeboid movementmovement –– 2.52.5 cm/hourcm/hour PlasmodiumPlasmodium continuedcontinued……

MayMay reachreach moremore thanthan aa metermeter inin diameterdiameter FormForm reproductivereproductive structuresstructures whenwhen surroundingssurroundings drydry upup SporesSpores areare disperseddispersed byby thethe windwind andand growgrow intointo newnew plasmodiumplasmodium

CellularCellular SlimeSlime MoldsMolds

InIn feedingfeeding mode,mode, theythey existexist asas individualindividual amoebicamoebic cellscells WhenWhen foodfood becomesbecomes scarce,scarce, theythey comecome togethertogether withwith thousandsthousands ofof theirtheir ownown kindkind toto reproducereproduce MayMay looklook likelike aa plasmodiumplasmodium

WaterWater MoldsMolds andand DownyDowny MildewsMildews

LiveLive inin waterwater oror moistmoist placesplaces FeedFeed onon deaddead organismsorganisms oror parasitizeparasitize plantsplants FuzzyFuzzy whitewhite growthsgrowths

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