SOHAIL (KHAN), M. and CAVILL, S., 2017. Re-Thinking the Effectiveness of Defecation Postures and Practices: It's Not What You Do It's the Way That You Do It
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ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of Materials Contributes to Disease, Shame, Confusion Questions
ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of materials contributes to disease, shame, confusion Questions Without proper materials for anal cleansing, students desires to wipe and to wash their hands after wiping. and their classmates are at increased risk of acquiring “Sometimes there is feces left on you and your hands diarrheal diseases through hand contamination. The and, say, you have bought doughnuts and shared lack of such materials at schools is a concern. Further- them with someone and then he will eat your dirt… more, latrines can be quickly filled if inadequate mate- and then he is sick and then you feel bad,” said a rials (such as rocks or corncobs) are used by students. grade 7 male from Kamunda. To better understand how anal cleansing can be ef- fectively communicated, SWASH+ researchers wanted Perceived personal risk of disease or illness was men- to know three things: tioned near the end of discussions as a reason to • How do students feel about anal cleansing? clean properly. Cholera was the illness mentioned first, • What materials are best for anal cleansing? and, followed by dysentery, typhoid and nyach (a term for • How much do students know about this area? any STI excluding HIV/AIDS). Emotional factors that motivate students to wipe in- Research clude a desire to avoid shame due to soiled clothing or smelliness. Students also mentioned that ineffective Since 2007, the SWASH+ program has been conduct- cleansing inhibits concentration. “When you smell, you ing research in rural Nyanza Province, Kenya, to assess cannot focus in class,” said a grade 7 female from the impact, sustainability, and scalability of a school- Bunde. -
Lifting the Lid on Washrooms There’S Something Quintessentially British When It Comes to Talking About Toilets
Lifting the Lid on Washrooms There’s something quintessentially British when it comes to talking about toilets Introduction The loo, the restroom, the powder room, the washroom - call it what you may - we all spend a lot more time noticing them and talking about them than you think. Even though research finds the average desk at work harbours 400 times more bacteria than the average toilet seat, our sense of serenity comes from how we regard our restrooms. In restaurants, they impact our perceptions of hygiene while in the workplace grubby washrooms conjure up visions of employers with similarly low standards. In short, toilets say a lot about their owners. All of this is against a backdrop of an emerging national debate about our basic facilities. Not only are their size, design and functionality all being looked at, there is now a serious debate about whether workplaces should allow members of the public, not just their employees, to use their loos. Around 40% of public conveniences have disappeared in the last decade and, in a speech to her fellow MPs in September 2017, Madeleine Moon MP called for business rate reductions as a reward for friendly employers who open their (toilet) doors to a wider clientele. Pragmatically, there is an economic reason behind wanting to maximise the net internal area of a toilet. Dwarfing this though, is an emerging conversation about whether workplaces should dispense with traditional male-female loo labels altogether, and instead only offer gender-neutral toilets - to help transgender and non-binary people feel more comfortable. If even the White House has done it, many are asking why the change can’t be made here too. -
Building and Operating Sanitary Facilities in Refugee Accommodation in Germany
October 2015 / Building and operating sanitary facilities in refugee View WASH e-paper in web accommodation in Germany browser October 2015 / Special issue Building and operating sanitary facilities in refugee accommodation in Germany The WASH e-paper is an online magazine published at regular intervals in German and English. Each issue takes a closer look at a current key issue in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector and related areas. It also provides updates on forthcoming national and international events, highlights current publications and projects, and reports on news from the sector. The WASH e-paper is published by the German Toilet Organization in close cooperation with the WASH Network and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. Issue no. 4 This fourth issue of the WASH e-paper is devoted to sanitary facilities in refugee accommodation in Germany against the background of the current situation in Germany. It is in large part based on an internal guidance document from the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW) drawn up in a close partnership between THW and the German Toilet Organization. The aim of this issue is to provide guidance for everyone currently involved in WASH aspects of setting up, managing and/or maintaining refugee accommodation and to enable them adequately to address cultural specificities and requirements for toilet facilities. We hope you enjoying reading this issue. In this issue… 01 Background / current concerns 02 Cultural diversity and specificities 03 Recommendations for building and using sanitary facilities in refugee accommodation 04 Calendar of key WASH events in 2015 / 2016 05 Recent WASH publications 01 Background / Current concerns The Syrian conflict that began in mid-March 2011 and its effects on European refugee policy have faced Germany with formidable challenges as it has begun receiving refugees in 2015. -
Strategic Approach for Prioritising Local and Regional Sanitation Interventions for Reducing Global Antibiotic Resistance
water Article Strategic Approach for Prioritising Local and Regional Sanitation Interventions for Reducing Global Antibiotic Resistance David W. Graham *, Myra J. Giesen and Joshua T. Bunce School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; [email protected] (M.J.G.); [email protected] (J.T.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-191-208-7930 Received: 23 November 2018; Accepted: 18 December 2018; Published: 24 December 2018 Abstract: Globally increasing antibiotic resistance (AR) will only be reversed through a suite of multidisciplinary actions (One Health), including more prudent antibiotic use and improved sanitation on international scales. Relative to sanitation, advanced technologies exist that reduce AR in waste releases, but such technologies are expensive, and a strategic approach is needed to prioritize more affordable mitigation options, especially for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Such an approach is proposed here, which overlays the incremental cost of different sanitation options and their relative benefit in reducing AR, ultimately suggesting the “next-most-economic” options for different locations. When considering AR gene fate versus intervention costs, reducing open defecation (OD) and increasing decentralized secondary wastewater treatment, with condominial sewers, will probably have the greatest impact on reducing AR, for the least expense. However, the best option for a given country depends on the existing sewerage infrastructure. Using Southeast Asia as a case study and World Bank/WHO/UNICEF data, the approach suggests that Cambodia and East Timor should target reducing OD as a national priority. In contrast, increasing decentralized secondary treatment is well suited to Thailand, Vietnam and rural Malaysia. -
DOCTORAL THESIS Carrying Queerness Queerness, Performance
DOCTORAL THESIS Carrying Queerness Queerness, Performance and the Archive Hunt, Raymond Justin Award date: 2013 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Carrying Queerness: Queerness, Performance and the Archive by Raymond Justin Hunt, BA, MA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Drama, Theatre and Performance University of Roehampton 2013 ABSTRACT This dissertation responds to the archival turn in critical theory by examining a relation between queerness, performance and the archive. In it I explore institutional archives and the metaphors of the archive as it operates in the academy, while focusing particularly on the way in which queerness may come to be archived. Throughout I use the analytic of performance. This work builds on and extends from crucial work in Queer studies, Performance Studies and Archival Studies. -
The Cultural and Environmental Unsoundness of the Chinese Public Squatting-Type Toilet: a Case Study Toward a Sustainable Excreta Treatment System
Environ. Eng. Res. 2014 March,19(0), 0-0 Research Paper http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2014.19.0.0 pISSN 1226-1025 eISSN 2005-968X In Press, Uncorrected Proof The Cultural and Environmental Unsoundness of the Chinese Public Squatting-type Toilet: A Case Study toward a Sustainable Excreta Treatment System Jin-Soo Chang Molecular Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Biological & Genetic Resources Institute (BGRI), Hannam University (Jeonming), 505 Inno-Biz Park, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yeseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea Abstract The inconvenient truth of sustainable public squat toilet culture varies among nationalities. According to the adequate environmental management in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP), northern China, this culture may be comfortable to the people of China, yet uncomfortable to the non-Chinese. We conducted a series of field surveys and individual interviews (Chinese n = 1000 and non-Chinese (foreign visitors) n = 100) on several aspects of the public squat toilet: structural properties, waste disposal methods, important factors, and overall satisfaction level. The significant factors in response to the public squat toilets were cleanliness, odor, toilet paper, temperature, soap, other facilities, and presence of cubicles. These factors should be the policy priorities of local government. In addition, 66.2% of Chinese and 91% of foreign visitors desired type E toilets (two full-height partition walls per cubicle, with a door). The results illustrate the nature of a sustainable and aesthetic approach to the culturally and environmentally sound management of various types of public squat toilet in YKAP. The government needs to focus on the future-oriented and excreta treatment management of the sustainable toilet culture for the residents of, and visitors to, YKAP. -
Ano-Vesical Reflex: Role in Inducing Micturition in Paraplegic Patients
Paraplegia 32 (1994) 104-107 © 1994 International Medical Society of Paraplegia Ano-vesical reflex: role in inducing micturition in paraplegic patients A Shafik MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Surgery and Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. The reflex relationship between the anal canal and the urinary bladder was investigated in 14 normal volunteers and in seven patients with spinal cord injury of more than 2 years duration. The latter induced urination by dilating the anal canal with the finger. The vesical pressure was measured by a balloon-tipped catheter introduced into the urinary bladder which was filled with 100 ml saline. The anal canal was inflated with a balloon catheter filled with 2 ml air; inflation was increased in increments of 2 ml up to 10 ml. The vesical pressure in response to both slow and rapid anal distension was recorded. The external and internal anal sphincters were blocked separately and the test was repeated. Rapid anal inflation elevated the vesical pressure. The greater the anal inflation, the higher the vesical pressure. Slow anal distension induced insignificant vesical pressure changes (p > 0.05). Rapid anal distension with internal sphincter block induced insignificant vesical pressure changes (p > 0.05) while the vesical pressure showed a significant increase with external sphincter block. In paraplegic subjects, the vesical pressure increased on rapid anal distension with 6 ml air but did not further increase with greater distension. Vesical pressure increase was recorded after external sphincter block but there was an insignificant change after internal sphincter paralysis. The aforementioned results were reproducible. -
Owners Manual
Instruction Manual WASHLET C200 SW2044 (TCF6531U) SW2043 (TCF6530U) A200 SW2024 (TCF6501U) ■ Thank you for your recent purchase of the product. Please read the enclosed information to ensure the safe use of your product. ■ Be sure to read this Instruction Manual before using your product and keep it in a safe place for future reference. The available functions vary according to the model. Check your model name and write a check mark in this field as needed. Product name (Model) C200 A200 Part No. SW2044 SW2043 SW2024 Your Model Ref. Functions Page Rear cleansing ●●● Cleansing Rear soft cleansing ●●●16 Front cleansing ●●● Wand position adjustment ●●● Water pressure adjustment ●●● Basic Functions Changing the washing Oscillating cleansing ●●●16, 17 method Pulsating cleansing ●●● Personal setting lock ●●● Drying Warm air drying ●●— 16 Changing the temperature Temperature adjustment ●●●22, 23 Removing odors Deodorizer ●●— Sanitary 20, 211 Functions Bowl pre-cleaning Pre-mist ●●— Heating the toilet seat Heated seat ●●●- Convenient Functions Saving energy Energy Saver ●●●24, 255 Main Unit ●●●28 One-touch removal Maintenance Removable toilet lid ●●●29 Wand cleaning ●●●30 2 Table of Contents Introduction Safety Precautions ....................4 Operational Precautions .......... 11 Parts Names ........................... 12 Preparation .............................. 14 Basic Operations .....................16 Automatic Functions ................20 Operation DEODORIZER, PRE-MIST Temperature Adjustment..........22 Product name, Energy Saver Feature -
Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (Uddts) Overview of Design, Operation, Management and Costs
Technology Review of Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) Overview of design, operation, management and costs As a federally owned enterprise, we support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 (Bonn) T +49 61 96 79-0 (Eschborn) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 53113 Bonn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 F +49 228 44 60-17 66 Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany T +49 61 96 79-0 F +49 61 96 79-11 15 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Name of sector project: SV Nachhaltige Sanitärversorgung / Sustainable Sanitation Program Authors: Christian Rieck (GIZ), Dr. Elisabeth von Münch (Ostella), Dr. Heike Hoffmann (AKUT Peru) Editor: Christian Rieck (GIZ) Acknowledgements: We thank all reviewers who have provided substantial inputs namely Chris Buckley, Paul Calvert, Chris Canaday, Linus Dagerskog, Madeleine Fogde, Robert Gensch, Florian Klingel, Elke Müllegger, Charles Niwagaba, Lukas Ulrich, Claudia Wendland and Martina Winker, Trevor Surridge and Anthony Guadagni. We also received useful feedback from David Crosweller, Antoine Delepière, Abdoulaye Fall, Teddy Gounden, Richard Holden, Kamara Innocent, Peter Morgan, Andrea Pain, James Raude, Elmer Sayre, Dorothee Spuhler, Kim Andersson and Moses Wakala. The SuSanA discussion forum was also a source of inspiration: http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/34-urine-diversion-systems- -
Arxiv:2101.11990V1 [Physics.Flu-Dyn] 28 Jan 2021 in the Study Reported That All of the Restroom Surfaces Appeared Teria Recovered from Air Samples
Aerosol generation in public restrooms Jesse H. Schreck,1, a) Masoud Jahandar Lashaki,2, b) Javad Hashemi,1, c) Manhar Dhanak,1, d) and Siddhartha Verma1, e) 1)Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA 2)Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA (Dated: 29 January 2021) Aerosolized droplets play a central role in the transmission of various infectious diseases, including Legionnaire’s disease, gastroenteritis-causing norovirus, and most recently COVID-19. Respiratory droplets are known to be the most prominent source of transmission for COVID-19, however, alternative routes may exist given the discovery of small numbers of viable viruses in urine and stool samples. Flushing biomatter can lead to the aerosolization of microorganisms, thus, there is a likelihood that bioaerosols generated in public restrooms may pose a concern for the transmission of COVID-19, especially since these areas are relatively confined, experience heavy foot traffic, and may suffer from inadequate ventilation. To quantify the extent of aerosolization, we measure the size and number of droplets generated by flushing toilets and urinals in a public restroom. The results indicate that the particular designs tested in the study generate a large number of droplets in the size range 0:3mm to 3mm, which can reach heights of at least 1:52m. Covering the toilet reduced aerosol levels but did not eliminate them completely, suggesting that aerosolized droplets escaped through small gaps between the cover and the seat. In addition to consistent increases in aerosol levels immediately after flushing, there was a notable rise in ambient aerosol levels due to the accumulation of droplets from multiple flushes conducted during the tests. -
Sanitation Options
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 11.479J / 1.851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Spring 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. On-site Sanitation Brian Robinson and Susan Murcott Week 12 - MIT 11.479J / 1.851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Mass. Institute of Technology May 8, 2007 On-site Sanitation • Sanitation ladder: options in sanitation • Ecological Sanitation • Case Study: Ecosan in Kenya Improved sanitation • connection to a public sewer • connection to septic system • pour-flush latrine • simple pit latrine • ventilated improved pit latrine The excreta disposal system is considered “adequate” if it is private or shared (but not public) and if it hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. "Not improved“ = service or bucket latrines (where excreta are manually removed), public latrines, latrines with an open pit. Sanitation “Ladder” Technology Hygiene 1. Open defecation, “flying toilet” 2. “Cathole” burial 3. Pit latrine 4. VIP 5. EcoSan 6. Pour-flush 7. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection 8. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection + treatment 1. No Poop sanitation *S. Murcott (T.P.) 2. “Cathole” burial Sanitation “Ladder” Technology Hygiene 1. Open defecation, “flying toilet” 2. “Cathole” burial 3. Pit latrine 4. VIP On-site sanitation 5. EcoSan 6. Pour-flush 7. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection 8. Water-sealed toilets + neighborhood wastewater collection + treatment 3. Pit latrine – with pit Drainage? 3. Pit Latrine, No Pit 4. Ventilated Fly screen improved Air (ventilation) pit latrine (VIP) Vent pipe Seat cover A dry latrine system, with a screened vent pipe Pedestal to trap flies and often Pit collar Cover slab (May be extended to with double pits to base of pit in poor allow use on a ground conditions) permanent rotating basis. -
Bangor University MASTERS by RESEARCH Born to Throw, Climb
Bangor University MASTERS BY RESEARCH Born to throw, climb, squat AND run. Biomechanical evolution within the human lineage and its inference for health and fitness Gurnett, Scott Award date: 2020 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 Born to throw, climb, squat AND run. Biomechanical evolution within the human lineage and its inference for health and fitness Masters by research thesis- Bangor University Candidate: Scott Gurnett Project supervisor: Dr Isabelle Winder Author’s declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the results of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. All other sources are acknowledged by bibliographic references. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree unless, as agreed by the University, for approved dual awards.