Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and Teratogens
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COMBINED LIST of Particularly Hazardous Substances
COMBINED LIST of Particularly Hazardous Substances revised 2/4/2021 IARC list 1 are Carcinogenic to humans list compiled by Hector Acuna, UCSB IARC list Group 2A Probably carcinogenic to humans IARC list Group 2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans If any of the chemicals listed below are used in your research then complete a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the product as described in the Chemical Hygiene Plan. Prop 65 known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity Material(s) not on the list does not preclude one from completing an SOP. Other extremely toxic chemicals KNOWN Carcinogens from National Toxicology Program (NTP) or other high hazards will require the development of an SOP. Red= added in 2020 or status change Reasonably Anticipated NTP EPA Haz list COMBINED LIST of Particularly Hazardous Substances CAS Source from where the material is listed. 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide Acutely Toxic Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- Acutely Toxic 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU) Prop 65 KNOWN Carcinogens NTP 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) IARC list Group 2A Reasonably Anticipated NTP 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) (Lomustine) Prop 65 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea Acutely Toxic 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane IARC list Group 2B 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Prop 65 IARC list Group 2B 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p -chloropheny)ethylene (DDE) Prop 65 1,1-Dichloroethane -
Chemical Hygiene Plan Manual
CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY MANUAL FOR LABORATORIES This is the Chemical Hygiene Plan specific to the following areas: Laboratory name or room number(s): ___________________________________ Building: __________________________________________________________ Supervisor: _______________________________________________________ Department: _______________________________________________________ Telephone numbers 911 for Emergency and urgent consultation 48221 Police business line 46919 Fire Dept business line 46371 Radiological and Environmental Management Revisied on: Enter a revision date here. All laboratory chemical use areas must maintain a work-area specific Chemical Hygiene Plan which conforms to the requirements of the OSHA Laboraotry Standard 29 CFR 19190.1450. Purdue University laboratories may use this document as a starting point for creating their work area specific CHP. Minimally this cover page is to be edited for work area specificity (non-West Lafayette laboratories are to place their own emergency, fire, and police telephone numbers in the space above) AND appendix K must be completed. This instruction and information box should remain. This model CHP is version 2010A; updates are to be found at www.purdue.edu/rem This page intentionally blank. PURDUE CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN AWARENESS CERTIFICATION For CHP of: ______________________________ Professor, building, rooms The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that laboratory employees be made aware of the Chemical Hygiene Plan at their place of employment (29 CFR 1910.1450). The Purdue University Chemical Hygiene Plan and Hazardous Materials Safety Manual serves as the written Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) for laboratories using chemicals at Purdue University. The CHP is a regular, continuing effort, not a standby or short term activity. Departments, divisions, sections, or other work units engaged in laboratory work whose hazards are not sufficiently covered in this written manual must customize it by adding their own sections as appropriate (e.g. -
Biochemical and Pathological Effects of Methylazoxymethanol Acetate, a Potent Carcinogen1
[CANCER RESEARCH 30, 801-812, March 1970] Biochemical and Pathological Effects of Methylazoxymethanol Acetate, a Potent Carcinogen1 Morris S. Zedeck, Stephen S. Sternberg, Richard W. Poynter, and Jane McGowan Divisions of Pharmacology and Cytology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10021 SUMMARY vealed that the agent is cleaved by the intestinal flora which possess a 0-o-glucosidase, and that the free agly Methylazoxymethanol acetate is known to induce tu cone methylazoxymethanol is the active carcinogen (13- mors in rodents. Effects produced by a single nonlethal 15, 34). Matsumoto et al. (19) synthesized MAM acetate3 dose on nucleic acid and protein synthesis have been in (Chart 1), which is stable and not dependent upon vestigated in rat and mouse liver, small intestine, and ,0-glucosidase cleavage for activity. Single or only a few kidney, the 3 organs most susceptible to carcinogenesis. doses of cycasin, or of the aglycone methylazoxymetha The agent induced early inhibition of thymidine incor nol, are required to induce tumors in rats which are pri poration into DNA of rat tissues. Rat liver was most sen marily of the kidney, intestinal tract, and liver (11, 15). sitive to this effect and was the only organ to show marked Aqueous extracts of cycad nut have also been shown to inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis. In mice, liver induce tumors of liver and kidneys in mice (21). The was more sensitive than small intestine or kidney and ex present investigation was undertaken to study the acute hibited an inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis; there pathological and biochemical effects produced by MAM were no changes observed in small intestine or kidney. -
Carbon Tetrachloride
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE Data were last reviewed in IARC (1979) and the compound was classified in IARC Monographs Supplement 7 (1987a). 1. Exposure Data 1.1 Chemical and physical data 1.1.1 Nomenclature Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 56-23-5 Chem. Abstr. Name: Tetrachloromethane IUPAC Systematic Name: Carbon tetrachloride Synonyms: Benzinoform; carbona 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae and relative molecular mass Cl Cl CCl Cl CCl4 Relative molecular mass: 153.82 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance (a) Description: Colourless, clear, nonflammable, liquid with a characteristic odour (Budavari, 1996) (b) Boiling-point: 76.8°C (Lide, 1997) (c) Melting-point: –23°C (Lide, 1997) (d) Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water (0.05% by volume); miscible with benzene, chloroform, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and ethanol (Budavari, 1996) (e) Vapour pressure: 12 kPa at 20°C; relative vapour density (air = 1), 5.3 at the boiling-point (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991) (f) Conversion factor: mg/m3 = 6.3 × ppm 1.2 Production and use Production in the United States in 1991 was reported to be approximately 143 thousand tonnes (United States International Trade Commission, 1993). Information –401– 402 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 71 available in 1995 indicated that carbon tetrachloride was produced in 24 countries (Che- mical Information Services, 1995). Carbon tetrachloride is used in the synthesis of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. It is also used as an agricultural fumigant and as a solvent in the production of semiconductors, in the processing of fats, oils and rubber and in laboratory applications (Lewis, 1993; Kauppinen et al., 1998). -
Studies in the Use of Magnetic Microspheres for Immunoaffinity Extraction of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins from Shellfish
Toxins 2011, 3, 1-16; doi:10.3390/toxins3010001 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Studies in the Use of Magnetic Microspheres for Immunoaffinity Extraction of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins from Shellfish Raymond Devlin 1, Katrina Campbell 1, Kentaro Kawatsu 2 and Christopher Elliott 1,* 1 Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (K.C.) 2 Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-28-9097-6549; Fax: +44-28-9097-6513. Received: 19 November 2010; in revised form: 10 December 2010 / Accepted: 14 December 2010 / Published: 4 January 2011 Abstract: Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a potentially fatal human health condition caused by the consumption of shellfish containing high levels of PSP toxins. Toxin extraction from shellfish and from algal cultures for use as standards and analysis by alternative analytical monitoring methods to the mouse bioassay is extensive and laborious. This study investigated whether a selected MAb antibody could be coupled to a novel form of magnetic microsphere (hollow glass magnetic microspheres, brand name Ferrospheres-N) and whether these coated microspheres could be utilized in the extraction of low concentrations of the PSP toxin, STX, from potential extraction buffers and spiked mussel extracts. The feasibility of utilizing a mass of 25 mg of Ferrospheres-N, as a simple extraction procedure for STX from spiked sodium acetate buffer, spiked PBS buffer and spiked mussel extracts was determined. -
Mycotoxins (Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, and Sterigmatocystin ) and Toxigenic Fungi in Grains and Other Agricultural Products
MYCOTOXINS AND TOXIGENIC FUNGI Mycotoxins (Ochratoxin A, Citrinin, and Sterigmatocystin ) and Toxigenic Fungi in Grains and Other Agricultural Products Peter M. Scott,” Wilhelmina van Walbeek, Barry Kennedy, and Defenser Anyeti Ochratoxin A was detected in 18 out of 29 samples three samples of mixed feeds (one of which contained of heated grain from Saskatchewan farms at con- ochratoxin A), from four samples of dried white centrations of 0.03 to 27 ppm. After development beans (three containing ochratoxin A), and from an of an appropriate screening method, 13 of these ochratoxin A positive sample of moldy peanuts. samples were also found to contain citrinin (0.07 to P. cyclopium Westling that produced penicillic acid 80 ppm). Sterigmatocystin was detected in one was isolated quite frequently, particularly from mixed grain sample. Strains of Penicillium ciridicatum feeds, although the mycotoxin itself was not found in Westling or P. palitans Westling, producing either the samples. Zearalenone was identified in a culture ochratoxin A or citrinin or (usually) both toxins of Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. isolated from a concomitantly, were isolated from 22 grain samples wheat sample. (including 16 of those containing ochratoxin A), from chratoxin A [(-)-N-[(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-l- [2,3-c]xanthen-7-one], a carcinogenic metabolite of Asper- oxo-7-isochrornanyl)carbonyl]-3-phenylalanine~, one gillus cersicolor, A. nidulans, A. rugulosus, P. luteum, and 0 of six closely related metabolites (Steyn and Holzapfel, a Bipolaris sp. (Ballantine et ai., 1965; Dean, 1963; Holzap- 1967), was first isolated from a strain of Aspergillus ochraceus fel et ai., 1966; Purchase and van der Watt, 1970), were also Wilh. -
2019 Minnesota Chemicals of High Concern List
Minnesota Department of Health, Chemicals of High Concern List, 2019 Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic (PBT) or very Persistent, very High Production CAS Bioaccumulative Use Example(s) and/or Volume (HPV) Number Chemical Name Health Endpoint(s) (vPvB) Source(s) Chemical Class Chemical1 Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Wood and textiles finishes, Cancer, Respiratory 11th ROC); WA Appen1; WA CHCC; disinfection, tissue 50-00-0 Formaldehyde x system, Eye irritant Minnesota HRV; Minnesota RAA preservative Gastrointestinal Minnesota HRL Contaminant 50-00-0 Formaldehyde (in water) system EU Category 1 Endocrine disruptor pesticide 50-29-3 DDT, technical, p,p'DDT Endocrine system Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP PAH (chem-class) 11th ROC; OSPAR Chemicals of Concern; EuC Endocrine Disruptor Cancer, Endocrine Priority List; EPA Final PBT Rule for 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene x x system TRI; EPA Priority PBT); Oregon P3 List; WA Appen1; Minnesota HRV WA Appen1; Minnesota HRL Dyes and diaminophenol mfg, wood preservation, 51-28-5 2,4-Dinitrophenol Eyes pesticide, pharmaceutical Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; NTP 11th Preparation of amino resins, 51-79-6 Urethane (Ethyl carbamate) Cancer, Development ROC); WA Appen1 solubilizer, chemical intermediate Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Research; PAH (chem-class) 11th ROC; EPA Final PBT Rule for 53-70-3 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Cancer x TRI; WA PBT List; OSPAR Chemicals of Concern); WA Appen1; Oregon P3 List Maine (CA Prop 65; NTP 11th ROC); Research 53-96-3 2-Acetylaminofluorene Cancer WA Appen1 Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Lubricant, antioxidant, 55-18-5 N-Nitrosodiethylamine Cancer 11th ROC); WA Appen1 plastics stabilizer Maine (CA Prop 65; IRIS; NTP 11th Pesticide (EPA reg. -
Assessment of Dietary Intake of Ochratoxin a by the Population of EU Member States
Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation Report of experts participating in Task 3.2.7 January 2002 Assessment of dietary intake of Ochratoxin A by the population of EU Member States Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 1 TASK 3.2.7 "ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY INTAKE OF OCHRATOXIN A BY THE POPULATION OF EU MEMBER STATES" Co-ordinators: Marina Miraglia and Carlo Brera Istituto Superiore di Sanità – Rome – Italy Collaborators: Barnaba Pazzaglini and Silvana Grossi Istituto Superiore di Sanità – Rome – Italy 2 CONTENTS Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… OA Occurrence in food……………………………………………………………………….. Consumption data…………………………………………………………………………….. OA Dietary intake…………………………………………………………………………….. OA Occurrence in biological fluids…………………………………………………………... · Estimate of the OA dietary intake on the basis of OA level in serum/plasma………... · OA level in human milk and estimated dietary intakes for babies…………………… Discussion and Conclusions………………………………………………….…………….… Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………… Annex 1 Basic information on Ochratoxin A Annex 2 Timetable Annex 3 Instructions for participants Annex 4 Glossary Annex 5 List of participants Annex 6 References 3 FOREWORD According to Council Directive 93/5/EEC "on the assistance to the Commission and co-operation by the Member States in the scientific examination of questions relating to food" Member States of the European Union can co-operate on problems facing the Commission in the area of food. Directive 93/5/EEC also indicates that an inventory of Tasks to be undertaken has to be published as a Commission Decision at least every six months. For each Task, the participating Member States, the Member State which provides co-ordination and time limit for completion will be indicated. The rationale for each Task is to provide harmonised and reliable information to be used by the Commission for the management of problems related to food. -
Safety Data Sheet - Version 5.0 Preparation Date 6/19/2013 Latest Revision Date (If Revised) 10/3/2016 SDS Expiry Date 10/2/2019
Safety Data Sheet - Version 5.0 Preparation Date 6/19/2013 Latest Revision Date (If Revised) 10/3/2016 SDS Expiry Date 10/2/2019 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING 1.1 Product Identifier Chemical Name Ochratoxin A-d5 Catalogue # O148492 1.2 Relevant Identified Uses of the Substance or Mixture and Uses Advised Against Product Uses To be used only for scientific research and development. Not for use in humans or animals. 1.3 Details of the Supplier of the Safety Data Sheet Company Toronto Research Chemicals 2 Brisbane Road Toronto, ON M3J 2J8 CANADA Telephone +14166659696 FAX +14166654439 Email [email protected] 1.4 Emergency Telephone Number Emergency# +14166659696 between 0800-1700 (GMT-5) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION WHMIS Classification (Canada) WHMIS Symbols (Canada) D1A Very Toxic Material Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects Toxic by Ingestion D2A Very Toxic Material Causing Other Toxic Effects Reproductive Toxic/Teratogen/Carcinogen D2B Toxic Material Causing Other Toxic Effects Moderate Skin/Eye Irritant Mutagen 2.1/2.2 Classification of the Substance or Mixture and Label Elements GHS Hazards Classification (According to EU Regulation 1272/2008 and US OSHA 1910.1200) Acute Toxicity, Oral (Category 2) Skin Irritation (Category 2) Carcinogenicity (Category 2) Reproductive Toxicity (Category 2) Specific Target Organ Toxicity, Repeated Exposure (Category 2) Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment, Long-Term Hazard (Category 4) EU Classification (According to EU Regulation 67/548/EEC) Very toxic if swallowed. Irritating to the skin. May cause cancer. Possible risk of harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility. -
Cannabis Scientist
AUGUST 2018 # 05 the Cannabis Scientist Upfront Upfront Feature Sitting Down With Mobile testing hits UK relaxes rules on Who are your cannabis THC trailblazer, Raphael the road medical cannabis scientists of the year? Mechoulam 6 10 20 – 23 26 – 27 Smashing the Grass Ceiling Cannabis – a fresh opportunity for women in science? 12 – 19 www.theanalyticalscientist.com REFINE™ NEW YOUR WORKFLOW UCT'S ALL NEW REFINETM 96 WELLPLATE AND COLUMNS FEATURE A UNIQUE SUBMICRON FRIT COMBINATION FOR EFFECTIVE CANNABIS FILTRATION PRIOR TO LC-MS/MS ANALYSIS UCT. INC • 2731 BARTRAM RD, BRISTOL, PA 19007 • 800.385.3153 • UNITEDCHEM.COM ™ NEW REFINE Contents YOUR WORKFLOW 12 TM 05 Editorial Features 26 UCT'S ALL NEW REFINE 96 WELLPLATE AND COLUMNS The Great Divide, by Charlotte Barker 12 Smashing the Grass Ceiling FEATURE A UNIQUE SUBMICRON FRIT COMBINATION FOR EFFECTIVE Meet seven successful female scientists blazing a trail in the CANNABIS FILTRATION PRIOR TO LC-MS/MS ANALYSIS cannabis industry. Upfront 20 Th e Cannabis Scientists 06 Take the High Road of the Year 2018 The votes are in! Who were 08 Yes We Can(nabis)! your picks for the top cannabis scientists of 2018? 08 Trip Advisor 09 Leaving Them Breathless 24 Application Note 09 An FDA First Sitting Down With 26 Raphael Mechoulam, Professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. UCT. INC • 2731 BARTRAM RD, BRISTOL, PA 19007 • 800.385.3153 • UNITEDCHEM.COM www.theanalyticalscientist.com The Great Divide Editorial If we really want to fill the cannabis research vacuum, we need to disentangle the science from the politics. -
Carcinogens CAS DOT SHHC Sources Number Chemical Name
2010 Right to Know Special Health Hazardous Substance List Substance Common Name Carcinogens CAS DOT SHHC Sources Number Chemical Name 3140 # ACEPHATE 30560-19-1 2783 CA 3 6 8 17 18 PHOSPHORAMIDOTHIOIC ACID, ACETYL-, O,S-DIMETHYL ESTER 0001 # ACETALDEHYDE 75-07-0 1089 CA MU TE F4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R2 15 17 18 20 21 ACETALDEHYDE 22 2890 # ACETAMIDE 60-35-5 3077 CA 3 6 7 17 18 20 ACETAMIDE 0010 # 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE 53-96-3 CA MU 1 4 5 6 18 20 21 ACETAMIDE, N-9H-FLUOREN-2-YL- 0022 # ACRYLAMIDE 79-06-1 2074 CA R2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 17 18 19 20 2-PROPENAMIDE 21 0024 # ACRYLONITRILE 107-13-1 1093 CA TE F3 R2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 17 18 19 2-PROPENENITRILE 20 21 22 3142 # AF- 2 3688-53-7 CA 7 2-FURANACETAMIDE, .alpha.-[(5-NITRO-2-FURANYL)METHYLENE]- 0029 # AFLATOXINS 1402-68-2 CA MU TE 5 7 AFLATOXINS 0033 # ALDRIN 309-00-2 2761 CA TE 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 14 17 18 19 20 21 1,4:5,8-DIMETHANONAPHTHALENE, 1,2,3,4,10,10-HEXACHLORO-1,4,4a,5,8,8aHEXAHYDRO(1R,4S,4aS,5S,8R,8aR)-rel- Page 1 of 55 2010 Right to Know Special Health Hazardous Substance List Substance Common Name Carcinogens CAS DOT SHHC Sources Number Chemical Name 0039 # ALLYL CHLORIDE 107-05-1 1100 CA F3 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 15 17 18 20 1-PROPENE, 3-CHLORO- 0069 # 2-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE 117-79-3 CA MU 5 6 7 18 9,10-ANTHRACENEDIONE, 2-AMINO- 4012 # 1-AMINO-2,4-DIBROMOANTHRAQUINONE 81-49-2 CA 5 9,10-ANTHRACENEDIONE, 1-AMINO-2,4-DIBROMO- 0072 # 4-AMINODIPHENYL 92-67-1 CA MU 1 2 4 5 6 7 18 20 [1,1'-BIPHENYL]-4-AMINE 0076 # 1-AMINO-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE 82-28-0 CA 5 6 7 18 9,10-ANTHRACENEDIONE, 1-AMINO-2-METHYL- -
Methodological Approach to Developing a Risk-Ranking Model for Food Tracing FSMA Section 204 (21 U.S. Code 2223)
Methodological Approach to Developing a Risk-Ranking Model for Food Tracing FSMA Section 204 (21 U.S. Code § 2223) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration U.S. Department of Health and Human Services August 2020 Contributors RRM-FT Development Team Yuhuan Chen, PhD (lead) Sofia Santillana Farakos, PhD (deputy lead) Régis Pouillot, PhD (model implementation) Aurelie Pohl, PhD (subject matter expert) Lori Papadakis (coordinated external peer reviews) Judith Spungen, MS (subject matter expert, consumption) RRM-FT Project Advisors Jane Van Doren, PhD Sherri Dennis, PhD RRM-FT Project Advisory Group #Previously University of Florida; *PAG member during earlier stage of development or retired. Acknowledgements FDA developed the Risk-Ranking Model for Food Tracing (RRM-FT) with technical assistance from RTI International and the Institute of Food Technologists, including conducting several external expert elicitations. We thank members of the external expert panels, members of the FDA project advisory group, and the many FDA CFSAN subject matter experts who provided invaluable knowledge and expertise, especially André Markon, Andrew Yeung, Alexandra Gavelek, Angela Alexander, Bhavini Patel, Brett Podoski, Cecile Punzalan, Cecilia Crowley, 2 Cerisé Hardy, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Daria Kleinmeier, David Ingram, David Oryang, Diane Gubernot, Donald Kautter, Elizabeth Noelia Williams, Fazila Shakir, Gerardo Ramirez, Girvin Liggans, Glenda Lewis, Guy Skinner, Hao Pang, Insook Son, Jane Cluster, John Sheehan, Karen Swajian, Kari Irvin, Kathleen D'Ovidio, Kevin Smith, Lauren Robin, Laurie Bucher, Leslie Smoot, Lisa Ross, Mary Tijerina, Mehran Niazi, Michael Mahovic, Michael Mignogna, Michelle Trachy, Monica Metz, Nancy Bufano, Nichole Nolan, Obianuju Nsofor, Olivia Dominic, Paul South, Pete Koufopoulos, Quynh-Anh Nguyen, Richard Podolak, Samir Assar, Sarah Winfield, Steven Bloodgood, and Tami Cloyd.