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Esperanto Phraseology
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 250-263, 2015 ESPERANTO PHRASEOLOGY Sabine Fiedler* University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.5 Received: 22 April 2014. Regular article Accepted: 9 June 2014. ABSTRACT The contribution deals with the phrasicon of Esperanto, i.e. the inventory of idioms, phrases, proverbs, catchphrases and other items of pre-fabricated speech that are stored in speakers’ mental lexicon. On the basis of origins, Esperanto phraseology can be classified into three groups: First, many phraseological units have entered the language through various other languages. This group includes classical loan translations especially from the Bible as well as ad-hoc loans introduced by speakers from their mother tongues more or less spontaneously. Secondly, there is a group of planned, i.e. consciously created, phraseological units. They mainly go back to Zamenhof, the initiator of the language, who published an Esperanto Proverb Collection (Proverbaro Esperanta) in 1910. Thirdly, there are phraseological units which have their origin in the language and the cultural life of the speech community. The paper will show that the planned language Esperanto, with its agglutinative character, free word order and flexible word formation, possesses the prerequisites for creating stylistically appealing and catchy phraseological units. An analysis of literary and journalistic texts as well as oral communication in Esperanto reveals that its phraseology is widely used and that authors like to modify phrases and idioms according to the textual situation. The use of phraseological units proves that Esperanto is a living language. Phraseology can be considered a criterion for assessing the successful development of the planned language system from a project to a full-fledged language. -
The International Language Esperanto a Course Ĉi Tiu Kurso Estis Adaptita El La Iama 10-Leciona Esperanto-Kurso Aǔ Free Esperanto Course
The International Language Esperanto A Course Ĉi tiu kurso estis adaptita el la iama 10-leciona Esperanto-kurso aǔ Free Esperanto Course. La materialo estis rearanĝata, por ke ĝi funkciu kaj rete kaj por poŝta, papera koresponda kurso kaj kiel kurso-libro en ĉeestaj kursoj. Grafike ĝin prilaboris Nino Vessella, Harnyos Ferenc kaj João Vicente. Kunordigis Renato Corsetti. Introduction WHAT IS ESPERANTO? Esperanto, the international language, is a language developed to make it easier for people of different cultures to communicate. Its author, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), published his "Lingvo Internacia" in 1887 under the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto". It is now spoken by at least two million people, in over 100 countries. There are thousands of books and over 100 periodicals published currently. But what makes it any more international than French, English or Russian? Incorrectly termed ’artificial’ (the right word is ’planned’), Esperanto is specifically intended for international/intercultural use, so those who use it meet each other on an equal footing, since neither is using his or her native language. With national languages, the average person isn’t able to express himself as well as a native speaker or the gifted linguist. Thanks to its simple, logical, regular design, anyone can learn Esperanto fairly rapidly. A LIVING LANGUAGE Esperanto is a living language, used for everything people use any other language for. But it’s much easier to learn than a national language. Even people who can’t remember a word of a language they studied for years in high school or college need only months of intensive study to become fluent in Esperanto. -
The Movement for Esperanto: Between Creolization and the Report Grin La Movado Por Esperanto: Inter Kreoliˆgokaj La Raporto Grin Renato Corsetti
58 Articles Jan 05 2012 The movement for Esperanto: between creolization and the Report Grin La movado por Esperanto: inter kreoliˆgokaj la Raporto Grin Renato Corsetti Bilingual original text / Dulingva originalo. InKoj. Interlingvistikaj Kajeroj 3:1 (2012), 58–78 ISSN 2037-4550 http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/inkoj/ CC InKoj. Dipartimento di Filosofia, Universita` degli Studi di Milano. 1 The situation of Esperanto now / La situacio de Esperanto 1 In a world increasingly aware of mi- En mondo ciamˆ pli konscia pri rajtoj nority rights and linguistic and cultural de malplimultoj kaj pri lingva kaj kultura diversity, the international language Es- diverseco, la internacia lingvo Esperanto peranto is gaining renewed attention from altiras atenton de influaj decido-farantoj. policy-makers. Non-governmental orga- Neregistaraj organizaˆojj premas por meti nizations are pressing to have the interna- la demandon pri internacia lingvo en la tional language question placed on agen- tagordojn de UN kaj Europa˘ Unio. La Ma- das at the United Nations and the Eu- nifesto de Prago, moderna deklaro de la ropean Union. The Prague Manifesto, valoroj kaj celoj de la Esperanto-movado, a modern restatement of the values and emfazas lingvan demokration. La fest- goals underlying the Esperanto move- ado de la 150-a datreveno de la naskigoˆ ment, emphasizes linguistic democracy, de Zamenhof (1859-1917), la iniciatinto de the celebration of 150 years since the birth Esperanto, ekis per simpozio en la sid- of Zamenhof (1859-1917), the creator of ejo de Unesko decembre 2008, kulminis Esperanto. The Prague Manifesto com- per la Universala Kongreso de Esperanto menced with a symposium at UNESCO en lia naskigurboˆ Bjalistoko kaj finigisˆ per headquarters in December 2008, culmi- simpozio en Novjorko kun ceestoˆ de UN- nated in the International Esperanto Congress diplomatoj. -
An Update on Esperanto October 2012
Universala Esperanto-Asocio en oficialaj rilatoj kun UN kaj Unesko Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, 3015 BJ Rotterdam, Nederlando √+31 10 436 10 44 f+31 10 436 17 51 [email protected] An Update on Esperanto October 2012 In a world increasingly aware of minority rights and linguistic has been used for virtually every conceivable purpose, some and cultural diversity, the international language Esperanto of them controversial or problematic: the language was is gaining renewed attention from policy-makers. Non- forbidden, and its users persecuted, by both Stalin, as the governmental organisations are pressing to have the inter national language of ‘cosmopolitans’. Esperanto, and by Hitler, as the language question placed on agendas at the United Nations ‘language of Jews’ (Zamenhof was Jewish). Although Esperanto and the European Union. The Prague Manifesto, a modern is intended as a second language, there now are also as many restatement of the values and goals underlying the Esperanto as a thousand native speakers of Esperanto who speak it as movement, emphasises linguistic democracy. The celebration their home language. of the 125th anniversary of the appearance of the first Esperanto Users. The Universal Esperanto Association (UEA), whose textbook in 1887 culminated in the 97th International Congress of membership forms the most active part of the Esperanto Esperanto in Hanoi. UEA (Universal Esperanto Association) community, has national affiliate associations in 70 countries is regularly proposed as a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize, and individual members in 120 countries. Based on the among others by the Polish Parliament in 2009. The number of textbooks sold and membership of local societies, Mongolian Esperanto Association became the seventieth member the number of people with some knowledge of Esperanto is in association of UEA. -
Reports to the General Assembly 1996
GENERAL BOARD 1 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN IRELAND ACCOUNTS 1995 — PREFACE A preface to the Accounts is submitted herewith. This takes the form of a memorandum Central Income and Expenditure Account and a graphical illustration in relation to this Income and Expenditure. This Income and Expenditure does not form part of the Audited Accounts of the Church. 1994 Column is period to 31 December 1994. 1995 Column is year to 31 December 1995. 2 ANNUAL REPORTS, BELFAST, 1996 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN IRELAND AND EXPENDITURE INCOME Contribut- Grand ions from Congregational United Total Congregation Assessments Appeal 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 General Board 18 37 8 15 — — 9 21 Business Board 8 10 —————— Publication Board 245 262 ————79107 Inter-Church Relations 385 362 368 348———— Overseas Board 1,307 1,236 17 23 — — 730 653 Home Board 405 602 39 29 4 — 243 219 Social Witness Board 3,855 3,801 13 15 — — 161 188 Evangelism & Christian Training 460 621 12 14 — — 210 308 Youth Board 554 435 2 1 — — 203 167 Education Board 142 201 2 15 — — 130 171 Studies of the Ministry 740 608 10 13 — — 313 238 Finance & Administration 1,017 934 — — 872 826 — — United Appeal 38 34 —————— Ministry & Pensions 3,653 3,527 — — 3,021 2,927 — — Presbyterian Women’s Association 708 713 —————— Sundry Other 62 61 —————— ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– Grand Total 13,597 13,444 471 473 3,897 3,753 2,078 2,072 ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– EXPENDITURE Employee TOTAL and Ministry Printing Administration Costs Stationery, etc 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 -
~[El~ANEWSLETTER News of the Language Problem and Esperanto As 0 Solution Sep-Oct 1988
~[El~ANEWSLETTER News of the Language Problem and Esperanto as 0 Solution Sep-Oct 1988 G'Day, Mates! IMaklng News This Issue Fromthe Central Office 4th Pacific Conference Mark Stephens, Director of ELNA's Central Office, provides alI the answers A long ride from Brisbane Airport through the city, past EXPO 88, brought Peg to the questions most commonly asked of Barkley and me to the College of Advanced Education in the hills of the suburb Mount the CO' s staff. If your own question isn 't Gravatt. answered here, let us know! We'd he We were welcomed at the Round House, a modemistic, architecturally prize- happy to respondo Just knock and it will winning conference center. Mter registering and checking into our comfortable he answered. Read the latest about the private rooms, we were reading to greet old and new friends-the social "get- ELNA Book Catalog, tapes, ete. acquainted" evening got an early start. See Page 6 Next day the fonnal opening was held in the great hall of the College theatre complex. Trevor Steele was the M.C. On stage were Ambassador Ralph Harry, lonel Onet, Romania & the U.S. president of the Australian Esperanto Association, Yoshimi Umeda (Japan), vice- Ionel Onet continues his series on his president of the Universal Esperanto Association, and senator Michael Macklin, experiences as an Esperantist immigrant Deputy Leader, Australian Democrats. Esperanto songs were heautifully sung by to the United States. This special section some 35 6th-graders from a local school which teaches Esperanto. is the first of many bi-lingual (Esperanto, Representatives of various Australian Esperanto districts greeted the convention, English) articles plannedfor theNewslet- as did representatives from various national organizations: New Zealand, China, tero Inner Mongolia, Japan, United States (ELNA by Cathy Schulze), Canada, New See Page 7-8 Guinea, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, West Germany, Great Britain. -
Nato: 1949 – 1999 – 2019
Publisher Institute for Eastern Studies ul. Solec 85 00-382 Warsaw Tel.: +48 22 583 11 00 Fax: +48 22 583 11 50 e-mail: [email protected] www.economic-forum.pl Layout Institute for Eastern Studies Print Warsaw 2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Poland License. Some rights reserved for authors and Foundation Institute for Eastern Studies. Permission is granted to any use of content - provided that this information license and identification of authors and Foundation Institute for Eastern Studies as holders of rights to the text. The content of the license is available on the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl. Preface: Anna Kurowska, Project Manager for the Balkans, Insti- 4 tute for Eastern Studies Chapters: 1. 20 years of Poland in NATO. 6 The History and the Future Kinga Redłowska 2. How Can New Cooperation Formats Complement 11 NATO in the Provision of Security in the Baltic Sea Region? Greta Tučkutė and Liudas Zdanavičius 3. Towards a Cold War 2.0? 18 Russia-NATO Relations in Crisis Donald Jensen 4. NATO Security from the Central European 23 Perspective Martina Heranová and Alexandr Vondra 5. NATO Enlargement - Albania’s Anchor to the West 28 Alba Cela and Ledion Krisafi 6. Mission Accomplished? A Reflection on 70 years 33 of NATO Jean-Vincent Holeindre Preface 2019 is an anniversary year both for Poland and NATO as it marks 20 years of Poland’s membership in NATO and the 70th birthday of the Alliance itself. This double anniversary provides an opportunity to take a closer look at NATO’s past and future and at Poland’s role in the Atlantic Alliance’s collective defence system.